lectron
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ics
`
`
`
`
`
`
`DIGITAL AGE
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Petitioner Samsung - SAM1010
`
`001
`
`Petitioner Samsung - SAM1010
`
`
`
`

`
`CONTENTS
`
`of mectronics
`
`A: Resistor Colour Code
`B: Resistance Value Coding
`C: Symbols
`D: Graphical Symbols
`E: Web Sites of Interest
`
`viii
`
`1
`
`461
`463
`464
`465
`468
`469
`
`~,pu:blis1hed 1988
`onrl""'rliiHnn published 2004
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
`retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
`permission of the publisher. This book is sold subject to the conditions
`!!hall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or
`<~,;.: ... ··ciJ:ruJ:ated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or .
`• othet than that in which it is published and without a similar condition
`lp:tpoSed on the subsequent publisher.
`
`hereby asserts his moral right to be identified as the author of
`and the publishers undertake to observe such assertion and impose
`condition on its licensees.
`
`Davidson Pre-Press Graphics Ltd, Glasgow
`
`bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives pic.
`
`002
`
`

`
`••*'N•r.d•lltE!c;tlon and correction or error
`control or erro ... reductlon methods
`any •ALGORITHM that will detect and correct
`ertorsi ranging from PARITY methods or
`CYQ.IC REDUNDANCY CHECK to more .
`elaborate methods that can correct all but
`gross errors.
`errored seeond . one second of a digital .
`communication that contains at least one
`error.
`error extension or error multiplication
`a problem of SCRAMBLER circuits or CODE
`coNVERTERs in which one bit of error in a
`signal can cause up to four eriors in the
`decoded data, particularly if the error
`arises in a FEEDBACK signal.
`error function a calculation of probability
`of digital BIT ERROR RATil made assuming
`GAUSSIAN NOISE.
`error rate see BIT ERROR RATil.
`erro,..reduction methods see ERROR
`DBTBCI10N AND CORRECTioN.
`error signal or error voltage or sptem
`deviation
`in a control system, ·the
`differeru;e between a set level (e.g. of
`temperature) and the achieved level.
`error spread a set of errors caused by a
`single bit error (see BIT ERROR RATil) and
`ERROR EXTENSION.
`error voltage see ERROR SIGNAL.
`Esald diode see TUNNEL DIODE.
`escape ray an electromagnetic.wave that
`strikes the IONOSPHERE at more than the
`·
`CRITICAL ANGLE, so that it escapes into
`space and is not reflected.
`ESD see ELECI'ROSTATIC DISCHARGE.
`ESR · . see EFFl!Cl'lVIl SERIES RESISTANCE.
`etched PCB a PRlNTilD q:RCUIT BOARD
`created by etching rather than by drawing
`with a conductive ink.
`etching· the dissolving of material by a
`chemical process, particularly with acids;
`. Etching is used to produce PRlNTilD .CIRCUIT
`BOARDs (using solutions of materials such
`as ferric chloride), and in the production
`of TRANSISI'ORS and INTEGRAT!lD oRClHTS.
`etch-resistant· ink a type of ink used to
`mark .out PRINTED CIRcutt BOARDS. The
`areas of ®Jlper covered by the ink will
`not be etched (see ETCHING) away.
`ETF See JlLBVEN TO FOURTEEN MODULATION.
`
`ethanol or ethyl alcohol a cleaning
`that absorbs water. Ethanol is toxic,
`particularly to the liver, and highly
`flammable.
`Ethernet a widely used HALF-DUPLllX
`computer network using 5-ohm
`cable, maximum length 2.5 km. The
`is 10Mb/ S, using a MANCHFSTER CODE
`ethyl alcohol see ETHANOL.
`ETSI see EUROPEAN TllLECCIMMlUNlCA'l10r
`STANDAEDS INSTITUI1l.
`EU directives regulations that affect
`many aspects of electronics,
`CE MARK and the LOW VOLTAGE
`Euro.AV connector see SCARr
`Eurocard any of a set of standard
`CIRCUIT BOARD sizes, used for
`work.
`Eurocard prototyping boards a
`standardized printed circuit
`that are intended for testing
`of digital circuits.
`euroconnector see mc CONNECTOR;
`Eurocrypt
`the SCRAMBLER sys
`for D-MAC (see MAC) analogue
`transmissions in Europe. ·
`Eurocypher a form of scrambler
`for MAC broadcasts.
`Euronet
`the European Union
`commUnications system;
`SWITCHING and linked to the
`
`Eurosocket or IEC connector
`contact plug and socket arr;ang;em_,
`to connect small electronic
`the mains and designed so as
`. the risk of shock if the connection
`parted while still live. See Fig. 41,
`eutec:tic alloy a SOLDER alloy .
`lead which has the low•est.metnng
`(183"C) of all the possible
`compositions.
`
`153
`
`EXPANDJ:R
`
`plug
`
`socket
`
`Fig. 41. Eurosocket
`
`evaporated coating a film of metal
`produced by evaporating the metal in
`a vacuum, typically used to metallize
`an insulator in the construction of a
`CAP A erroR.
`even function a waveform that can be
`analyzed in terms of cosine temtl!. (see
`FOURIIlR SERIES) only, with an amplitude
`that is not zero at time zero. Contrast
`ODD FUNCTION.
`even parity a PARITY scheme in which the
`number of 1 bits in a byte must be even,
`otherwise an error is signalled.
`EVF see ELECI'RONIC VIEWFINDER.
`EVR see ELECI'RONICALLY VAJU6BLE RESISI'OR.
`exalted carrier reception a method of
`minimizing distortion in a transmission
`that uses reduced carrier powex; in which
`the remaining CARRIER (sense 1) is used
`to generate a larger modulated signal in
`phase, and this is then demodulated.
`See also REDUCED CARRIER TRANSMISSION;
`SINGLB~SIDEBAND.
`excess current protection a circuit that
`will cut off or reduce a supply voltage
`when excessive current flows. See also
`CROWBAR CIRCUIT.
`excess noise
`the difference between the
`NOISE generated in a component or system
`and the theoretical noise that would be
`emitted from an object (BLACK llODY) at a
`temperature of 290K.
`excess noise temperature a figure
`calculated from the ratio of NOIS!l
`TllMPERATUREs of transmitter and receiver.
`excess·l code a form of BCD code in
`which 3 is added to each denary digit
`before codinglo 8-4-2-1 BINARY (sense 1).
`
`In such a code any code below 0011 or
`above 1100 must be an error, making error
`detection easy.
`excess voltage protection a circuit that
`will reduce or cut-off a volt11ge supply if
`the output voltage exceeds a preset level.
`See also CROWBAR CIRCUIT.
`exchangeable card architecture (ECA)
`see PLUG AND PLAY.
`. excitation
`the addition of energy to a
`system, for example signals that form an
`input for a system such as an AMPLIFIER or
`OSCILLATOR.
`exclusive OR (XOR) gate a form ofLOGic
`GATE giving a logic comparison. The OR
`gate produces an output if any or all of
`its inputs are at logic 1. The XORgate
`excludes the case where more than one
`input is at logic 1. See Fig. 42.
`exosphere . the low'-density region: of the
`atmosphere lying beyond 400 Ian; · ·
`exotic supply a source of electrical power·
`that does not use conventiortal·m:echarlkal
`or chemical cell actions,such as' fti~lcells,
`nuclear cells, PHCl'I'OCBLLS arld:,thtttmal
`cells. The fuel cell is. in sucli.latge~cale ·
`production now as ~ostto be classed
`as conventional.
`exp_.d sW-~ep. a~ASJi;fofa •.
`CATHODE-RAYOScrLL~Ql'B in which the
`tiinebase amp)j,fu(fe can be greatly'
`increased• This allows the effect of fune-
`. magnification;;sp' that?astriall part of a·
`wavef()rm can be ex!UJ~iiled in greater
`detail Mtfiout;th:e',rteed ro switch to another
`timebase speed and resyncl:u:oruze.
`expander .a· circuit that increases the
`DYNAMIC RANGE of an audia :signal. Thiids
`
`0