/
`
`,'
`
`‘Ag
`
`..
`
`'7
`
`*~
`
`1.—‘
`0
`
`,
`
`I
`
`I
`I
`/--7 /
`1'
`,-
`‘J/‘V
`/Z‘L".‘.’
`-1 ‘iii’.
`x.
`._
`*
`
`l _ K3}
`
`.
`
`.
`
`)\
`
`5:_,
`
`.
`
`«
`
`I
`
`‘ r
`
`-'7'
`_r L]
`
`/C,“.:7‘<L:—w,;
`\_/--— ~
`
`4'
`"""l"7J,n.'*’
`_:;:_:«;JJ
`
`'7J’f.'2‘ T7 H’: ’7~".:~"/;‘
`u L;H...J\_‘ K,/TJJ
`\;7..
`
`fin./:3 ,.:j_"‘_’.‘,.V__,,,-_=,
`fi’“”.)’-.,J U./1./c/§y‘.:.-),;./{J
`
`‘-
`
`
`
`=
`=
`
`l
`‘
`l
`
`ll
`
`l
`l
`
`y
`
`.
`
`5.
`
`[\H
`
`ill
`
`.
`
`l
`
`5
`
`i 1,
`-8
`
`-ll
`
`i'_
`
`l
`
`T
`
`0
`
`Telecommunications 0 Networking 0 Information Technologies
`The Internet 0 Wired, Wireless, Satellites and Fiber
`WANs, MANS, LANs, SANS and PONs 0 Wi-Fi and WiMAX
`§“‘i““[ DSL, Cable and BPL - VolP and IPTV - Ethernet and VPNS
`i
`and everything voice, data and video — moving or still
`
`
`
`2 rd Updated and Expanded Edition
`
`Harry Newton
`
`KPN EXHIBIT 2001.001
`
`KPN EXHIBIT 2001.001
`
`

`
`NEWTON's TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`copyright (c) 2007 Harry Newton
`email: Harry@HorryNewton.com
`book site: www.NewtonsTelecomDicfionary.com
`personal web site: www.HorryNewton.com
`
`All rights reserved under lnternofional and Pan-American Copyright convenfions, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever.
`
`Published in the United Stoles by
`Flatiron Publishing
`50 Central Pork West
`New York, NY 10023
`email: Harry@HorryNewton.com
`www.FlotironBooks.com
`
`Distributed by
`National Bonk Network
`4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200
`lanham, MD 20706
`
`Orders
`Phone toll·free 1·800·462·6420
`Direct 1·717-794-3800
`Fox 1-800.338.4550
`custserv@nbnbooks.com
`
`ISBN Number 0-9793873·0-2
`March 2007
`Twenty Third Edinon
`Steven"Schoen, Contributlng Editor
`Gail Soori, layout and Producfion Artist
`Soul Roldori and Domien Castenedo, Cover design
`
`Stay In Touch
`For suggestions, corrections, updates, special offers, please send on email to
`Horry@HorryNewton.com.
`
`I promise you I won't give your nome to anybody. Nobody. Promise.
`~1\1~
`
`KPN EXHIBIT 2001.002
`
`

`
`adaptive interframe transform coding • address field
`
`adaptive interframe transform coding A doss of compression olgo-
`information corried in the path itself (source routing). See VWP.
`add/ drop The process wherein o port of the information carried in o transmission
`rithms commonly used in video codecs to reduce the dolo transmission rote.
`Adaptive Multi·Rate Speech Codec AMR. Technology deployed into GSM
`system is demultiplexed (dropped) at on intermediate point and different information is
`multiplexed (added) for subsequent transmission. The remaining traffic passes straight
`networks to increase voice capacity by up to 4 times. GSM equipment vendors ore deploy·
`through the multiplexer without additional processing.
`ing EDGE and AMR into GSM/GPRS networks simultaneously.
`Adaptive Predictive Coding APC. Narrowband onolog·to-digitol conversion Add/Drop multiplexer See ADM.
`add·in card An expansion boord that fits into the computer's slots and is used to
`that uses a one-level or multilevel sampling system in which the value of the signal ot
`each sampling instant is predicted according to o linear function of the post values of the
`expand the system's memory or extend the operation of another device.
`quantized signals. APC is related to linea~ P!edictive_c?ding (lPC) in ~~ot bot~ use odop~ve add·on 1. A telephone system feature which allows connecting o third telephone to on
`predictors. However, APC uses fewer prediction coeffiCients, thus requmng o h1gher somplrng
`existing conve1sotion. This "odd·on" feature is initiated by the originator of the coli. The
`rote than LPC. See also Multipulse-excited LPC.
`feature is also known os "Three.Woy Coiling."
`Adaptive Pulse Code Modulation APCM. A way of encoding analog voice
`2. Hardware, often referred to as peripheral equipment, that is added to o system to
`signals into digital signals by adoptively predicting future encodings by looking at the im·
`improve its performance, odd memory or increase its capabilities. Voice moil, Automated
`mediate post. The adoptive port reduces the number of bits per second that another rival
`Attendant and Cull Detail Recording Equipment ore examples of PBX odd-on devices. lucent,
`ond more common method coiled PCM (Pulse Code Modulo lion) requires to encode voice.
`Norte! and some other manufacturers coli them applications processors.
`Adoptive PCM is not common because, even though it reduces the number of bits required to
`3. A coli center/marketing term. A technique to increase the revenue of on order, for
`encode voice, the electronics to do it ore expensive. See Pulse Code Modulation.
`example, two dozen instead of one dozen or, two green shirts bought and sold with match·
`adaptive radio A radio that monitors its own performance, monitors the path qual·
`ing green tie.
`add·on conference A PBX feature. Almost always used in conjunction with on·
`ity through sounding or polling, varies operating characteristics, such as frequency, power,
`or dolo rote, and uses closed·loop action to optimize its performance by outomoticolly
`other feature coiled consultation hold, this feoture.ollows on extension user to odd o third
`selecting frequencies or channels.
`person to on existing two·person conversation. The user places on existing central office coli
`adaptive retransmission algorithms Used by self·odjusting timers to
`or internal coli on Hold, and obtains system dial tone. The user con then coli another internal
`determine and dynomicolly set timers to effectively adjust dolo traffic in the event the link
`extension or on outside party. After speaking with the "consulted" party, the originating
`is slower than usual due to congestion or their network conditions.
`phone reactivates the initiating command (typically o button push) and creates o three·porty
`adaptive routing A method of routing pockets of data or datu messages in which
`conference with the cull previously placed on Hold.
`add·on conference ·· intercom only Allows o telephone user to odd
`the system's intelligence selects the best path. This path might change with altered traffic
`patterns or link failures.
`someone else. to on existing intercom (within·the-some office) conversation.
`adaptive site A web site tho! learns the habits of its visitors, or asks the visitors for
`add·on data module Plug-in circuit cords which allow o PBX to send and receive
`their preferences and presents them with personalized pages each time they
`onolog (voice) and digital (doto) signals.
`adaptive speed leveling A modem technology that allows o modem to re-
`added bit A bit delivered to the intended destination user, to the intended user infor·
`spond to changing line conditions by changing its dolo rote. If the line quality improves,
`motion bits ond the delivered overhead bits. An added bit might be used to round out the
`the modem attempts to increase the dolo rote. If the line quality declines, the modem
`number of bits to some error checking scheme, for example.
`added block Any block, or other delimited bit group, delivered to the intended des·
`compensates by lowering the datu rote. This is also known as adoptive equalization.
`adaptive switching The adoptive switch is on intelligent node tho! sits in the
`tinotion user in addition to intended user information bits ond delivered overhead bits. See
`network ond evoluotes the pockets that ore coming through the network. The switching will
`also Extra Block.
`make the decision around what it wonts to do with those pockets. This platform sits on the Additional Call Offering See ACO.
`edge of the network in the Gotewoy GPRS Support Node (GGSN) or acts os o replacement Additional Cooperative Acceptance Testing See ACAT.
`additional per1od Billing periods charged after initial, first or minimum period
`to the GGSN. It con only force QoS on o network-wide basis.
`adaptive timeout Retry with exponential timeout: first attempt· 1 sec and the
`on o coli. Usually, long distance toll/ODD hos o one-minute initial period ot premium rote;
`lost attempt· 16 sees. A Coblelobs definition.
`subsequent "additional" minutes (period) ore billed ot o lower rote. Additional period billing
`Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding. See ATRAC3.
`increments vary by long distonce company.
`ADAS Automated Directory Assistance Service. A service from Northern Telecom which
`additive primaries By definition, three primary colors result when light is viewed
`automates the
`and inquiry portion of the directory assistance coli. With ADAS,
`directly os opposed to being reflected: red, g~een and blue (RGB). According to the tri-stimu·
`directory assistance c s ore greeted by the automated system ond asked to stole the
`Ius theory of color perception, oil other colors con be adequately approximated by blending
`nome of the city and the listing they ore seeking. They ore then connected with on operator.
`some mixture of these three lights together. This theory is harnessed in color television and
`The AOAS service knocks o few seconds off each directory assistance cull.
`video conimunicofions. It doesn't work so well in color printing where special colors are
`ADB Apple Desktop Bus. A low-speed serial bus used on Apple Macintosh computers to
`often printed separately.
`connect input devices to the Macintosh CPU (central processing unit). Normally the ADP Additive White Gaussian Noise AWGN. See White Noise.
`ADD MD Administrative Directory Management Domain. A X.SOO directory management
`connects via on B·pin round or DIN connector.
`ADC 1. Analog·to·Oigital Converter or Analog to Digital Conversion. A method of sampling
`domain run by a PIT (Posts, Telegraph, and Telephone administration) or other public net·
`and encoding analog signal to creole a digital signal. The process is accomplished by a
`work provider.
`address An address comprises the characters identi~ing the recipient or originator of
`coded, also known as o OSP (Digitol Signal Processor). See also Analog to Oigitol Converter,
`transmitted data. An address is the destination of a message sent through a communico·
`Codec and OSP.
`2. Automated Dolo Collecfion. A variety of technologies that provide for outomofion of
`tions system. A street address (i.e. 123 Elm Street, Normal, OK) is your physical address.
`the function of dolo collection. Examples include bar code readers, OCR (Optical Character A telephone number is considered the address of the coiled person. In computer terms, on
`Recognition), OMR (Optical Mark Recognition), voice recognition, and smart cords.
`address is o set of numbers that uniquely identifies the physical or logicollocotiori of some·
`ADCCP Advanced Onto Communications Control Procedures, A bit-oriented ANSI-standard
`thing- o workstation on o LAN, o locution in computer memory, o pocket of doto traveling
`communications protocol. It is o link-layer protocol. ADCCP is ANSI's version of SOL(/
`through a network. On the Internet, addresses ore based on the IP protocol, which uses
`HOLC.
`a 32-bit code in the IP header to identi~ host addresses. Web URls and e-mail addresses
`ADCU Association of Onto Communications Users.
`ore arbitrary text addresses that correlate to IP addresses. They ore maintained in directory
`add path request A request mode by the network to add o path using the Add
`service databases. Foro longer explonotion, see internet address.
`Path pocket, which establishes o multi·hop path between two network nodes. Although the Address Complete Message ACM. A CCS/SS7 signaling message that
`two nodes ore usually the source and destination nodes of o Virtual Wavelength Path, there
`contains coll-stotus information. This message is sent prior to the coiled customer going
`ore cases in which other nodes might wont to estoblish o path between them. Unlike the
`off-hook.
`address field In doto transmission, the sequence of bits immediately following
`Restore Path request, the Add Path request is never flooded; it is instead forwarded using
`93
`
`KPN EXHIBIT 2001.003
`
`

`
`chairman • channel definition format
`
`chairman In the late 1700s, many houses consisted of o large room with only one
`Thus, the Channell bond, 44 to 50 MHz, was reassigned for mobile radio use.
`channel aggregator Also known os inverse multiplexors. Devices that allow very
`choir. Commonly, o long wide board was folded down from the wall and used for dining.
`Iorge amounts of do to to be sent down the narrow bond chon nels of ISDN. The oggregotor
`The "head of the household" always sat in the chair while everyone else ate sitting on the
`floor. Once in a while, a guest (who was almost always a man) would be invited to sit in
`effectively pulls together ISDN channels ot one end to form o higher bandwidth ond then
`this choir during a meal. To sit in the choir meant you were important and in charge. Sitting
`re·synchronizes the information ot the other end. Re·synchronizofion is necessary because
`during transmission the ISDN channels may send the information along different routes, so
`in the choir, one was called the "chair man."
`chalk talk A PowerPoint presentation.
`it arrives at its destination ot fractionally different times.
`challenge email Let's say you're sick of all the spam mail. You set up a system
`Channel Associated Signaling CAS. A form of circuit state signaling in
`whereby to every email that comes your way, you send an email asking the sender of your
`which the circuit state is indicated by one or more bits of signaling status sent repetitively
`email a question. If the person replies to your email the correct way, they are allowed to
`and associated with that specific circuit.
`channel attached Describing the ortochment of devices directly to the input/out·
`send emoils to you. This method of cutting back on spom is called "challenge email."
`Challenge·Handshake Authentication Protocol CHAP. An outhen·
`put channels of o (mainframe) computer. Devices attached to o controlling unit by cables
`rather than by telecommunications circuits. Some as locally attached (IBM).
`ticafion method that can be used when connecting to on Internet Service Provider. CHAP
`channel bank A multiplexer. A device which puts many slow speed voice or data
`allows you to log in to your provider automatically, without the need for a terminal screen.lt
`is more secure than the Password Authentication Protocol (another widely used outhentica·
`conversations onto one high-speed link and controls the flow of those "conversations."
`lion method) since it does not send passwords in text format. An Internet term.
`Typically the device that sits between o digital circuit- soy o T·l - ond o couple of dozen
`challenge·response A type of authentication procedure into a system in which o
`voice grade lines coming out of o PBX. One side of the channel bonk will be connections
`for terminating two pairs of wires or o coaxial cable - those bringing the T·l carrier in. On
`user must respond correctly too challenge, usually a secret key code, to gain access.
`challenged Indicating on undesirable or unappealing condition. People who ore "intel·
`the other side are connections for terminating multiple tip ond ring single line analog phone
`lectuolly challenged" are stupid.
`lines or severol digital data streams. Sometimes you need channel banks. Sometimes, you
`chalk talk When your professor explains it on the blackboard, thors called chalk tolk.
`don't. For example, if you're shipping o bundle of voice conversations from one digital PBX
`This term has now been extended to anyone using foils, overheads or PowerPoint.
`to another across town in a T·l format- and both PBXs recognize the signal- then you will
`change +A woman marries o mon expecting he will change. He doesn't. +A man mar·
`probably not need a channel bonk. You'll need a Channel Service Unit (CSU). If one, or
`ries o woman expecting that she won't change. She does. Both ore disappointed.
`both, of the PBXs is analog, then you will need o channel bank ot the end of the transmis·
`change freeze I'm sitting in Air New Zealand's lounge in the Auckland Airport. They
`sion path whose PBX won't toke a digital signal. See Channel Service Unit ond T·l.
`channel blanket topology A wireless LAN architecture that involves enabling
`hove wireless Internet access. But they hove blocked off access to POP3 and SMTP email. I
`don't know why and there is no logic for this decision, since every other air lounge provides
`each radio channel to be used everywhere, i.e., on every wireless access point on the
`it. A mon called Sean Kemboll, Network and Web Operations Manager for Air New Zealand
`WLAN, to creole blankets of coverage. A switch on the network keeps track of radio channel
`agrees with me. He says they ore changing in the New Year. I osk "Why not today?"
`usage on all access points and controls channel allocation in reol·time in order to maxi·
`He replies, "Although I agree thot the change is not technically difficult, the purpose of o
`mize channel re·use network-wide while avoiding co·chonnel interference. Vendors offering
`change freeze is to ensure stability of our core systems during o time when we hove reduced
`channel-blanket WLAN solutions claim that o chonnel·blonket topology improves bandwidth
`levels of technical support available, ond os I'm sure you con appreciate, this means we
`utilization up to tenfold over traditional WLAN designs, which are based on meticulous
`need to apply additional scrutiny to all changes. This is a common approach taken by most
`RF cell-planning designed to ovoid co-channel interference. A user-experience benefit of
`Iorge organisations, and balances a reduced level of agility against a higher level of systems
`chonnel·blonket topology, in theory at least, is that the ubiquitous ovoilobility of every radio
`channel reduces hondoff latency for mobile users.
`availability and defined service." The good news: Two weeks later, on January 5, I revisit
`channel capacity A measure of the maximum possible bit rote through o channel,
`Air New Zealand's lounge. SMTP and POP3 em oil access are working perfectly. Their change
`subject to specified constraints.
`freeze was temporary. They got it fixed.
`change management Change management is the process of introducing con·
`channel capture A condition tho! occurs when the Ethernet MAC Ioyer temporarily
`trolled change during the project life cycle. The intent behind o change control process is to
`becomes biased toward one workstation on o loaded network, thereby making that one
`station the contention winner more times than would randomly occur.
`evaluate the risk, ot the end·user level, against the urgency and importance of the change.
`channel checks When on analyst asks questions of o company's customers, suppli·
`IT organizations must establish o specific change control process for every type of change
`ers, employees and even rivals in order to find out how well o business is really doing, he
`and consider o procedure specific to rapid ond emergency changes. The creation of these
`(or she) is doing what Wall Street coils "channel checks." Channel checks are meant to be
`processes must involve several groups, including users, developers, and operations. Sue·
`on integral part of a serious Wall Street analyst's job description.
`cessful change management is not only o molter of skill ond expertise, it is also o question
`channel coding The process of adding redundant information into a transmitted bit
`of where the team draws its support from the company hierarchy. Source Gigo Information
`Group. See also change freeze.
`stream before transmission in order to protect the bit stream from errors that may occur.
`channell. Typically what you rent from the telephone company. A voice-grade trans·
`Channel coding therefore reduces the error rote in o channel, but increases the amount of
`mission facility w~h defined frequency response, gain ond bandwidth. Also, o path of com·
`information (overhead) that must be transmitted. Typical methods of channel coding include
`munication, either electrical or electromagnetic, between two or more points. Also called a
`forward error correction, error detection schemes, and interleaving of bits.
`channel compression The process offitting more than one program into o single
`circuit, facility, line, link or path.
`2. An SCSA term. A transmission path on the SCbus or SCxbus Data Bus that transmits
`channel. See Analog Channel Compression and Digital Channel Compression.
`channel conflict Channel conflict happens when o manufacturer wonts to sell over
`data between two end points.
`3. A channel of a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver consists of the circuitry
`the web, but o brick·n·mortor retailer that manufacturer sells through says, "If you sell
`necessary to tune the signal from a single GPS satellite.
`your products directly on your web site, we'll stop carrying your brand or relegate it to
`4. A shortened way of saying "distribution channel." Let's say you make a product
`the bottom shelf." The physical distribution channel is in conflict/competition with the
`e·commerce distribution channel. Somefimes this problem is solved by the manufacturer
`- hardware or software. You need to hove some way of selling it. You can sell it yourself
`agreeing to keep his prices ot full retail on his web site. Other times irs solved by the
`with your own salespeople. Or you con give it to distributors to sell. Such distributors could
`manufacturer simply saying- Sorry, but we're going oheod anyway. Other times it is solved
`be wholesalers, small retailers, Iorge retail chains, direct moil catalogs, etc. Each one of
`by the manufacturer dropping its ideo of selling on the web and simply having its web site
`these categories is called o "channel." See also Channel Conflict, Channel Management
`os on product information site, with links directly to its retailers - some of which may run
`ond Channel Ready.
`sell over the Internet.
`5. A Fibre Channel term. A point·to-point link, the main task of which is to transport do to
`channel converter A device which converts signals from one channel to another
`from one point to another.
`Channel 1 When the FCC first allocated broadcast TV frequencies in 1945 in the
`channel. There ore two types- heterodyne converters and those which use frequency mul·
`tiplicotion principles. See Heterodyne Converter and Processor.
`United States. Later, the FCC decided that TV was taking up too much broadcast spectrum.
`channel definition format An open standard announced by Microsoft in
`Each channel requires o bandwidth 600 times os wide os on individual radio station does.
`227
`
`I
`
`KPN EXHIBIT 2001.004
`
`

`
`dynamic • dynamic load & stress testing
`
`"fuzzy" dots, dye sub is not recommended for sharp-edged "computer-y" graphics or type.
`But it does turn out gorgeous photo-like images.
`dynamic In English, dynamic means that things ore changing. In telecomese, it tends to
`me on thor our equipment - hardware and/ or software - con respond instantly to changes
`os they occur. For example, dynamic routing in the coli center world means thor we con
`switch incoming coils from moment to moment. We may wont to do this because we wont
`coils from the east to go to our coli center in the west when our eastern coli center is busy.
`So we moy wont to flip the coils over to our northern coli center when both our eastern and
`western coli centers ore busy. You get the ideo.
`dynamic adaptive routing See Dynamic Routing.
`dynamic address mapping service A service which provides o lookup
`function between text-based strings and IP addresses and/or telephone numbers, in which
`the result of the lookup con change relatively quick~ over time (hence the use of the word
`"dynamic")
`dynamic answer This o term typically used in Automatic Coli Distributors. The abil(cid:173)
`ity to dynamically assign the number of ring cycles (interrupt, more or less) to the queue
`period when agents ore unavailable. The implication of being able to assign this number
`allows return supervision to the coiling in person to be delayed and thus not allow billing
`on 800 INWATS lines to begin. This is o money saving feature. But it con cost you some
`customers if they get bored waiting for your phones to pieR up.
`dynamic backup A backup mode while the database is active.
`dynamic bandwidth allocation The copobilify of subdividing Iorge, high-co(cid:173)
`pacify network transmission resources among multiple opplicofions almost instantaneously,
`and providing each application with only that shore of the bandwidth that the application
`needs ot that moment. Dynamic bandwidth ollocofion is o feature available on certain high(cid:173)
`end T-1 multiplexers that allows the total bit rate of the multiplexer's circuits to exceed the
`bandwidth of the network trunk. This-works because the multiplexer only assigns channels
`on the network trunk to circuits thor ore tmnsmitfing.
`dynamic beam focusing When you hove o curved cathode my tube, the dis(cid:173)
`tance between the gun which shoots the electrons and oil the ports of the screen ore equal.
`When you hove o flat screen, the distance varies slightly. Some beams hove to travel
`further. When some hove to travel not so lor, Dynamic beam focusing, o term I first heard
`used by NEC. focuses each electron to the precise distance it must travel, thus ensuring
`edge-to-edge clarify on the screen.
`dynamic binding Binding is converting symbolic addresses in the program to stor(cid:173)
`oge-reloted addresses. Dynamic binding occurs during program execution. The term often
`refers to object-oriented applications that determine, during run time, which software rou(cid:173)
`tines to coli for particular dolo objects. Also coiled Late Binding.
`dynamic capacity allocation The process of determining and changing the
`amount of shored communications capacity assigned to nodes in the network hosed on
`current need.
`dynamic configuration registry A port of Chicago (Windows 4.0) which
`contains o list of oil the various hardware bits ond pieces that make up your computer. The
`dynamic configuration registry is o vital element of what Microsoft coils "Plug and Ploy;
`which is the ability to remove and odd bits and pieces of hardware while the machine is
`running and hove the machine outomoticolly recognize those hordwores and alert opplico·
`lions accordingly.
`dynamic data exchange ODE. A form of lnterProcess Communication (IP() in
`Microsoft Windows and OS/2. When two or more programs that support ODE ore running
`simultaneously, they con exchange information, dolo and commands. In Windows 3.xx this
`copobilify is enhanced with Object Linking and Embedding (OLE). See OLE.
`dynamic frequency selection. DFS. See 801.11 o.
`dynamic gain equalizer Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) ore one of the
`critical enablers of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). However, EDFAs hove
`o gain that varies across the wavelength spectrum, creating o problem in cascaded amplifier
`systems. II the gain varies by 1 dB between the best ond worst DWDM channels and there
`ore 10 amplifiers in o link, then the signals will vary by 10 dB by the end of the transmis(cid:173)
`sion line. Since the signal-to-noise performance depends on the received power, the worst
`channel will hove much poorer transmission qualify than the best channel. To ovoid this
`problem, if is important to make the gain constant across the wavelength spectrum of the
`EDFA, i.e. to flatten the goin. Storie approaches, such os pre-emphasis and gain flattening
`filters, exist to flotten the output of on EDFA. However, static approaches cannot respond
`to variations in the EDFA gain due to changes in channel usage, changing traffic patterns,
`amplifier aging or to the power transfer due to stimulated Roman scattering. These varying
`
`power differences ogoin limit the signal-to-noise ratio that con be achieved ot the receiver.
`Dynamic gain equalizers (DGEs), also coiled dynamic gain flattening filters (OGFFs), ore use
`to control the EDFA gain even when laced with varying amplifier gain effects. By dynom~
`colly adjusting the amplifier gain, the total gain error function con be reduced, enabling new
`extended-reach and ultra-long-houl DWDM systems.
`Commercial dynamic gain equalizer products ore available hosed on planar lightwave
`circuits, MEMS, liquid crystal, and ocousfo-opfic technology. Key parameters on the filtering
`performance of the device include the insertion loss, polarization dependent loss, dynamic
`range, residual gain ripple ond spectral response function. The control algorithm is olso crifi(cid:173)
`collor o dynamic device, and con affect the overall response time and iterations required to
`achieve the desired gain flattening.
`While there ore multiple technologies of dynamic goin equalizers, there ore two main
`approached used lor DGEs. The first approach creates o dynamic spectral response by con·
`trolling the amplitude of multiple sinusoidal filters with differing periods. The number of
`Fourier elements or singes used in the device determines the resolution of the DGE and the
`residual go in ripple. The ocousto-optic effect, either in o bulk crystal or directly in the fiber,
`liquid crystals and lotfice-filter planar lightwave circuits oil employ this approach to create
`the controllable response filter. With the Fourier filter approach, the control algorithm often
`uses o convergence method, iterating the response multiple times to arrive of the minimum
`error function.
`The second opprooch with o much more predictive control algorithm is bused on slicing
`the spectrum and controlling individual elements. These approaches employ o demultiplex·
`ing element to provide the spectral slices with the control provided by micro-electro-me(cid:173)
`chonicol systems (MEMS) or thermo-optic planar circuits. To obtain o continuous response
`function, the filtering element con be placed inside on interferometer, where the phose of
`the signal rather than the amplitude in controlled. The phose control creates attenuation
`when combined with the unaltered poth in the interferometer.
`dynamic gain flattening filters DGFFs. See Dynamic Gain Equalizer.
`dynamic host configuration protocol DHCP. A protocol for automatic
`TCP /IP configuration that provides static and dynamic address ollocofion and management.
`See DHCP lor o much longer explanation.
`dynamic HTML Dynamic HTML combines HTML, scripts and style sheets to bring
`animation to the Web. With Dynamic HTML, you con program your Web site such that o
`visitor surfing it alights on o button or some object and instantly o "help" or "explanation"
`balloon pops up. This balloon explains in greater de toil what will happen if the visitor clicks
`on the button. Or the type may change and suddenly become bigger. Dynamic HTML is
`being incorporated into both Netscope and Microsoft Internet Explorer. The World Wide Web
`Consortium is considering the various flavors of dynamic HTML os port of its DOM (Docu(cid:173)
`ment Object Model) specification. See also www.ostound.com.
`dynamic IP addressing The Internet has on address lor every "thing" attached
`to it ot that very moment. That 'thing" might be your browser-equipped tiny PC, or it might
`be o gigantic web site server with thousands of people grabbing files off it. Thor address is
`in o standard form and is coiled on IP (Internet Protocol) address. It is in the following form:
`xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx. You need on IP address so the Internet con route files, ernoils and mes(cid:173)
`sages bock and forth to your PC. There ore two lypes of IP addresses- static and dynamic.
`Static is on address you hove oil the time. II you're on o corporate network, you'll hove o
`static address. II you ore behind o hardware firewall, you'll hove o static address. A dynamic
`address is one that changes every time you connect to the Internet. For example, you might
`connect to the Internet, you might be assigned this address: 129.37.213.178. Next time
`you connect that might be changed to 32.1 01.8.205. Those numbers ore real. They're
`actually numbers I was assigned when I connected on two occasions one ofter another.
`The reason for dynamic addresses is thor it things easier for users and for ISPs - Internet
`Service Providers.ISPs, for example hove o limited number of addresses they con assign to
`their users. So they ossign them on the fly- the essence of dynamic IP addressing. Virtually
`oil the 500 or so million people who regulo~y surf the Internet do so through dynamic IP
`addressing. See Dynamic IP Addressing Allocation.
`dynamic IP address allocation Allows o user to be assigned on IP ad(cid:173)
`dress which is selected on the fly from o list of available addresses. See Dynamic Host
`Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and IP Network Control Protocol (I PCP). See also Dynamic
`IP Add