[191
`United States Patent
`[45] Date of Patent:
`Jeffers et all.
`Apr. 19, 1988
`
`[11] Patent Number:
`
`4,739,510
`
`s
`
`4,-124.532‘?/1934 den Toonderet al.
`4,484.21‘.-' 11/1934 Block etal.
`4,531,020 1/3935 Wechselbergeretal.
`4,s31.o21
`1/1935 Bluestein et al.
`4,536,’.-'91
`3/1935 Campbell
`4,515,155 3/I936 Schoeneherger
`
`
`
`ass/:20
`353,014
`353/123
`353/122
`.. 353/114
`353/120
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`“zeitmultiplex analog-er Signal-Komponenten fiir das
`Satelliter-Fernsehen,” Funk-Technik 39 (1984), Heft 6.
`pp. 228-231.
`McGowan, Michael J ., “Process Bus Protocol Orches-
`tratcs Distributed or Centralized Control," Control En-
`gineering, September, 1980, pp. 129-132.
`
`Primoay Examr'ner—Stephen C. Buczinski
`Assistant Exam:'ner—MeIissa L. Koltak
`
`[511
`
`ABSTRACI‘
`
`Audio and control signals are digitized and inserted in
`the horizontal blanking intervals of the distributed com-
`posite television signal. The control signals are in the
`form of a data stream which includes a header contain-
`ing group address, sync, and program-related informa-
`tion applicable to all receiving units, and a plurality of
`portions which are addressable to and contain infonna-
`tion applicable to the control of particular individual
`receiving units in the addressed group. The information
`in the addressable portions can be altered on a real time
`basis such that the system operator has direct control
`over certain functions of individual receiving units from
`the transmission end.
`
`32 Claims, 9 Drawing Sheets
`
`MIC R0 -
`
`CON TROL L E R
`AND
`MEMORIES
`
`VIDEO PROCESSOR
`70 RECIEVER
`FOR
`DI5fi|_.nY
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`[54] DIRECT BROADCAST SA'I'ELLITE SIGNAL
`‘TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
`
`[75]
`
`Inventors:
`
`John M. Jefiers, Downsview;
`Donald R. Horne, Don Mills; 5.
`Wayne Mnndy, Brampton. all of
`Canada; Joseph B. Glnb, New
`Hope, Pa.
`
`[73] Assig-nee: General Instrument Corp., New
`York, N.Y.
`
`[21] Appl. No.: 35,262
`
`[22] Filed:
`
`Apr. 2, 1987
`
`Related US. Application Data
`
`[63]
`
`Continuation of Ser. No. 729,290. May 1, I935, aban-
`doned.
`
`Int. Cl.‘
`[51]
`[52] US. Cl.
`
`[58] Field of Search
`
`HIMN 7/16'!
`380/15; 330/19;
`380/20; 358/34
`380/10, 20, 15, 19;
`358/84; 455/2
`
`[56]
`
`353/122
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`4,225,884 9/1930 Block et a1.
`4.292.650
`9/l93‘l Hendrickson
`4,388.6-i3 _ 6/1933 Amin_e_tzah
`4,333,545
`6/1983 Cox eta].
`4.393.404 T/1983 Cox etal.
`4.394.687
`7/1933 Huttetal.
`
`353'/1'15
`is/122
`3sE?i13'
`.. 353/14'!
`....................... .. 353/147
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`SEFERAYE ADDRESSAB |. E
`DATA STREAM
`LOOK AT
`H E ADE Fl
`COMPARE
`GROUP
`ADDREES
`NOT THIS
`THIS
`namemen. a(onIIét.
`GROUP
`CAPTURE
`CAPTURE
`DEER YPT AUDIO
`
`
`HEADER INFO
`HEADER INFD .
`HEADER IN 0
`""l
`A ADDRESS.-RBLE
`
`FACKET N-I
`
`
`ADDRESSABLE
`PACKET INFO—-4
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`
`_ Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-00755
`
`Page 1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`CAPTURE
`GLOBAL
`INFO
`
`DECRYPT
`MESSAGE
`
`
`STORED
`DECRFPTION
`KEY
`INFO
`
`CCM FARE ADDRE S S
`
`GLO EAL.
`A DUE E S 5
`
`U NIT ADDRE S5 MATC H
`
`NOT E M ESSAGE
`
`T1‘ F E
`
`TNN DECRYFTION INFO
`
`GBYAIN MESSAGE
`
`GO TO NEXY I-IENJER
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 1
`
`

`
`tHm3PS.
`
`9.,1W
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`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 2
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 19, 1933
`
`Sheet 2 of 9
`
`4,739,510
`
`_____ __
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-00755
`
`Page 3
`
`
`
`AUDIO
`DE EMF’
`
`_
`
`'
`
`
`
`‘
`
`I I 11
`
`FROM
`’ RECIEVER
`:
`80‘_"\
`AUX. AUDIO
`
`82
`
`: AUDIO OUT
`
`54
`
`86
`
`AUDIO OUT
`
`A U X AUDIO
`
`|
`
`(3
`
`J
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 3
`
`

`
`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 19, 1988
`
`Sheet 3 of 9
`
`4,739,510
`
`AUDIO CLOCK
`
`32
`
`/
`
`AUDIO DATA
`
`
`‘ :
` PW‘
`
`'
`
`DATA
`
` DECRYPTION
`—
`CIRCUIT
`
`_ cmcun T 9:
`
`FROMFIG.2A
`
`SUPPLY
`
`
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-00755
`
`Page 4
`
`76
`
`[90
`
`AUDIO
`
`“U910
`
`DEWOD
`
`AUDIO CHECK
`
`COMPANDING DATAIll
`
`F I G 2
`-
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 4
`
`

`
`tHEaPS
`
`m.A
`
`S
`
`toob
`
`.4
`
`4
`
`3
`
`
`
`
`
`mommammw3._..._mtm4.._.<n_.3mtmmp om+m>muzm%zo_mmm_>z_:<mEm(EameowHomn:>.:.m__.m_:_m_<mmm_moo<mtmwz_23.Mmtmzofiumzmou
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`megs
`WV.n_uP
`mmmm
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 5
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 19, 1933
`
`Sheet 5 of 9
`
`4,739,510
`
`FIG.-4
`
`S‘I’ NC BITS
`
`START MODE
`
`SYSTEM ADDRESS
`
`GROUP AD DRESS
`
`
`
`
`
`I
`
`AUDIO MODE
`(STEREO
`ETC)
`
`DYNAMIC VIDEO
`
`INVERSION
`COLOR / BW
`1
`
`SYNC AND
`PARENTAL GUIDENCE LEVEL
`3
`ADDRESS
`ENCRYPTION
`KEY
`'N"ORMAT'ON
`NUMBER (USED TO SELECT
`KEY FRAGMENTS FROM
`
`
`
`8
`
`
`COMMON KEY TO DECRYPT
`PROGRAM
`AUDIO DATA STREAM)
`
`
`
`T ER
`R
`
`'
`P 069*”
`AUT HORIZATION
`
`
`RELATED
`INFORMATION
`
`
`
`PROGRAM ID
`TAG
`
`IM PULSE
`PAY PER
`VIEW DATA
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`MINUTES
`HOUR
`DAY
`
`<3
`5
`5
`
`PREVIEW TIME
`
`PROGRAM COST
`
`4
`
`2
`
`
`
`CHECKSUM
`
`=i=|= 2
`
`1G
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-00755
`
`Page 6
`
`
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 6
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 19, 1988
`
`Sheet 6 of 9
`
`4,739,510
`
`SUBPACKET
`
`060 BITS)
`
`BITS
`
`MESSAGE
`TYPE 2
`
`BITS
`
`CALL IN DAY
`
`CALL IN HR
`
`CALL IN MIN
`
`CREDW/DEBH
`VALUE
`
`T RANSACTION
`NO.
`
`TE LE PHONE
`
`PASSWORD
`
`CR EDIT CARD
`
`PASSWORD
`
`
`
`
`
`SIGNATURE
`
`(USED
`NUMBER
`TO
`SELECT KEY
`
`FRAGME NTS
`SUBSCRIBER
`
`FROM
`
`SIGNATURE
`
`KEY
`
`TO
`
`DECRYPT
`
`FOLLOWI N (3
`
`EN CRY PTED
`
`SUBSCRIBER
`ADDRESS
`
`MESSAGE TYPE
`
`MESSAGE
`
`
`
`
`
`ME SSAGE
`
`
`ENCRYPTED
`
`
`
`CHECKSUM
`
`OVERFLOW
`MESSAGE
`CALL
`IN
`TYPE 1
`LEVE L.
`AUTHORIZATION
`BIT MAP
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-00755
`
`Page 7
`
`
`
`FIG.6B
`
`
`
`COMMON
`AUDIO KEY
`
`HOME
`CHANNE L
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 7
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 19,1988
`
`Sheet 7 of 9
`
`4,739,510
`
`F|G.6C
`
`MESSAGE
`
`TYPE 3
`
`3,75
`
`CALL
`
`IN
`
`TELEPHONE
`
`NO.
`
`MESSAGE
`TYPE
`4
`
`BITS
`
`CHANNEL
`
`ASSIGNMENT
`
`TABLE
`
`FOR
`
`8
`
`FIRST
`CHANNELS
`
`Fl G.6D
`
`
`
`ALTERNATE
`
`CALL IN
`
`TELEPOHONE
`
`NO.
`
`MESSAGE
`
`TYPE 5
`
`BITS
`
`CHANNEL
`
`ASSI G NMENT
`TABLE
`FOR
`SECOND
`8
`
`CHANNELS
`
`F l
`
`
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-00755
`
`Page 8
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 8
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 19, 1988
`
`Sheet 3 of 9
`
`4,739,510
`
`FIG.6F
`
`ME SSAGE
`
`TYPE
`
`6
`
`BITS
`
`MESSAGE
`
`TYPE
`
`7
`
`BITS
`
`PERIPHERAL
`DEVICE
`
`SIGNATURE A
`
`DEVICE
`
`SIGNATURE B
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-00755
`
`'
`
`Page 9
`
`
`
`F|G.6G
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`DIRECT
`
`CONTROL.
`
`OF
`
`4 DIG I T
`
`SEGMENT
`7
`
`DISPLAY
`
`
`CONTROL
`RESET
`
`AND
`
`FUNCTIONS
`
`PERIPHERAL THRESHOLD
`
`AUDIO
`
`DATA
`
`THRESHOLD
`
`Z I P CODE
`
`BLACKOUT
`
`MASK
`
`BLACKOUT
`
`BYTE
`NO.
`
`
`TRAP
`
`
`
`M E SSAGE
`
`BIT MAP
`
`FOR
`
`PERIPHERAL
`
`INTERFACE
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 9
`
`

`
`
`
`NOTE MESSAGE
`
`TYPE
`
`
`
`STORED
`DEC RYPT ION
`KEY
`INFO
`
`
`
`DE C RYPT
`MESSAGE
`
`OBTAIN DECRYPTION INFO I
`
`I OBTAIN MESSAGE
`
`GO TO NEXT HEADER
`
`F I
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-00755
`
`Page 10
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 19, 1988
`
`Sheet 9 of 9
`
`4,739,510
`
`RECIEVE TV SIGNAL
`
`MICROCOMPUTER
`
`CHANNEL
`SELECT
`COMMAND
`
`DIGITAL
`
`TUNE SELECTED CHANNEL
`OR TIER
`
`
`MICRO-
`CONTROLLER
`
`
`AND
`
`
`SEPERATE VIDEO FROM
`MEMORIES
`
`
`DIGITAL
`
`
`
`SEPERATE ADDRESSAB L E
`DATA ST R EA M
`
`LOOK" AT HEADER
`
`VIDEO PROC ES SOR
`
` CONTROL
`
`TO RECIEVER
`FOR
`
`
`E g
`DISPLAY
`NOT THIS
`- I-
`GROUP
`g E
`CAPTURE
`CAPTURE
`3: +
`
`
`HEADER INFO
`HEADER INFO I
`
`
`
`
`
`
`PROCESS AUDIO
`
`DECRYPT AUDIO
`
`COMESSEESSROUP
`
`
`
`
`LOOK AT ADDRESSABLE
`PACKET
`N='I
`
`HEADER
`
`INFO
`
`ADDRESSABLE
`PACKET INFO..__...--"
`
`CAPTURE
`
`GLOBAL
`
`INFO
`
`
`
`COMPARE ADDRESS
`
`YES
`
`GLOBAL
`
`ADDRESS
`
`UNIT ADDRESS MATCH
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 10
`
`

`
`1
`
`4,739,510
`
`DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE SIGNAL
`TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
`
`This application is a continuation of application Ser.
`No. 729,290 filed May I, 1935 now abandoned.
`The present invention relates to video distribution
`networks and, more particularly, to a reliable, secure
`transmission system for video, audio, and control sig-
`nals for use in microwave, cable. and, particularly. in
`direct broadcast satellite communications.
`Direct broadcast satellite services include Pay-TV.
`tele-conferencing, tele-seminar, private broadcast net-
`works. and the like. The availability of small, low-cost
`television receive-only terminals in recent years has
`resulted in an increasing demand for such services. As
`receive-only television antenna technology improves
`and the cost of television receive-only terminals de-
`creases, further increases in demand for direct broad-
`cast satellite services are expected.
`For this reason, the present invention is described in
`the content of a direct broadcast satellite system. How-
`ever,
`it should be understood that the principles in-
`volved are applicable in other types of communications
`systems such as cable and microwave systems presently
`in use, as well as to systems of various types being de-
`veloped.
`Unlike land lines and terrestrial microwave links,
`satellite transmissions lack privacy. Such transmissions
`can be received by any TV receive-only terminal whose
`antenna is situated to receive the satellite signals. Ac-
`cordingly, the secure transmission of video and audio
`programming and data signals is required to provide the
`privacy essential to many applications.
`A simple example of a direct broadcast satellite net-
`work in which security is required is one which broad-
`casts television signals Since any receiver having an
`antenna in the broadcast signal area can receive the
`satellite signals, it is necessary that the signals be en-
`coded in a way which can be decoded only by subscrib-
`ers’ receiving units. In addition. certain subscribers may
`have paid for certain programs or program groups.
`whereas others may have paid for other programs or
`program groups The signals must -th be further en-
`coded such that subscribers who have paid for particu-
`lar programs or groups of programs can receive same,
`while other subscribers cannot.
`It may be desirable to design the system such that a
`particular subscriber can preview a program and then,
`at that time, decide whether he/she wishes to watch the
`program and, hence, pay for the privilege. In such an
`impulse pay-per-view (IPPV) system, the decision of
`the subscriber must be recorded and communicated to a
`billing facility for appropriate billing. In such instances,
`the control signals to the subscriber’s receiving unit
`instructing the unit how to communicate with the bill-
`ing ofiice must be secure in order to eliminate the possi-
`bilities for theft of the service.
`The system of the present invention is designed to
`shift equipment complexity towards the transmitting
`end of the network, while keeping the receiving equip-
`ment inexpensive and reliable. State of the art crypto-
`graphic techniques are employed to provide a secure
`transmission system for the broadcast signals.
`' The video signal is processed and transmitted in ana-
`log form. The audio signal is digitized and transmitted
`in digital data form. Addressable control data is orga-
`nized into packets according to address and transmitted
`
`5
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`S5
`
`65
`
`2
`in the same digital data form as the audio signals. All of
`the signals are combined in baseband using time-divi-
`sion-multiplex techniques. The combined baseband sig-
`nal is modulated and then transmitted over the satellite
`link to subscribers’ receiving units.
`This signal structure eliminates the requirement of a
`sub-carrier for sound and control data, allowing the
`deviation of the video signal can be increased and video
`signal-to-noise ratio improved. Moreover, since all of
`the signals are time multiplexed in baseband, only one
`FM demodulator is required in the receivers for all
`signals.
`'
`Two audio channels are broadcast. In Pay-TV ser-
`vices, both audio channels may be used for stereo sound
`broadcasts. In other applications. one of the audio chan-
`nels may be configured as a data channel for services
`such as transmission of text, messages, facsimiles, etc.
`In general, the transmission end equipment consists of
`a program processing unit and a real time controller.
`The program processing unit performs video signal
`processing and scrambling, audio digitization, encryp-
`tion of the audio data, and baseband signal time multi-
`plexing. The real time controller generates the audio
`cryptographic keys, encrypts the addressable control
`messages, generates the packet messages in accordance
`with the transmission protocol. maintains the user data
`base and communicates with other processing units.
`The receiving units each include an addressable con-
`troller-decoder designed for use with a receiver which
`has the necessary interface for interaction with the de-
`coder. The addressable controller-decoder dernulti-
`plexes the baseband signal, controls the receiver, de-
`scrambles the video signal, decrypts the audio data, and
`converts the audio data into analog form.
`The transmitted composite television signal utilizes a
`format which includes an active video portion and hori-
`zontal blanking interval portions. Two digital audio
`channels and a control data channel are allotted por-
`tions of the horizontal blanking intervals. Video frame
`synchronization information and the zero-level refer-
`ence are transmitted during the vertical blanking inter-
`vals. Audio data and the control data are transmitted in
`a burst, synchronous mode.
`. A two-level video scrambling system is used to
`achieve the best combination of performance, cost, and
`security. The first level is achieved by removing the line
`and frame synchronization pulses completely from the
`video signal. A unique sync word is transmitted in the
`vertical blanking interval for synchronization purposes.
`The addressable controller-decoder establishes syn-
`chronization by searching and locating the sync word.
`Once the sync word is located, all the sync pulses are
`reconstructed with reference to the sync word. This
`technique is used in conjunction with video signal in-
`version, which is the second security level.
`In order to avoid picture degradation. the video in-
`version is performed on a scene-change/frame basis.
`The sequence of video inversion is controlled by a bi-
`nary bit stream at the transmitting end. The same bit
`stream is used to recover the inverted signal at the re-
`ceiving end. The binary bit stream is derived from a
`synchronous stream cipher. The key for the stream
`cipher can vary for each transmission session. The
`video inversion is controllable at the transmission and
`can be changed even during a communications session.
`For audio digitization, the present invention employs
`a new delta modulation system developed by Dolby
`Laboratories of San Francisco which achieves the nec-
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`
`Apple v. PMC
`|PR2016-00755
`
`Page 11
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 11
`
`

`
`4,739,510
`
`4
`Each of the addressable portions contains one of a
`plurality of different messages. Each message contains
`instructions to control a function of the addressed re-
`
`ceiving unit. For example, a message may advise the
`addressed receiving unit as to which programming tiers
`are authorized for viewing on a subscription basis or
`which programming tiers are eligible for impulse pay-
`per-view transactions, etc.
`Since the information contained in the messages is
`alterable in real time, the system operator can exercise a
`great degree of control over the system and, particu-
`larly, the operation of the individual receiving units.
`This makes the system of the present invention more
`versatile and better able to provide individualized ser-
`vices suitable to particular subscribers.
`Another important feature of the present invention
`relates to the manner in which the receiving unit cap-
`tures and uses the control data to process and recon-
`struct the video and audio information. The composite
`television signal contains information relating to a plu-
`rality of channels or tiers of programming, each on a
`differt frequency. The signal associated with each
`frequency contains video information, encrypted audio
`information, and an addressable data stream including
`header portions and groups of addressable portions
`associated with each header.
`When a program is selected, the corresponding fre-
`quency is tuned and the video and audio information is
`separated from the data stream. Each header contains
`sync information, group address and information relat-
`ing to the selected program. This information is used by
`all receiving units. Each addressable portion contains a
`unit address and control information for the addressed
`receiving unit only or a group address and control in-
`formation for all receiving units in the addressed group.
`Each header is examined and the information therein,
`including program-related information. sync infonna-
`tion and impulse pay-per-view information. is captured
`and stored. If the header includes a group address
`matching the receiving unit group address, indicating
`that an addressable packet may be present which is
`addressed to the receiving unit, each addressable por-
`tion is examined in turn. After the addressable portions
`are all examined, the next header will be monitored.
`When an addressable portion is encountered which
`includes a global address or the address of the receiving
`unit, the control information therein is captured. The
`control information is hi the form of a message, as indi-
`cated above.
`
`The message is usually in encrypted form. The ad-
`dressed portion contains information which. when used
`in conjunction with information stored in the receiving
`unit, is used to decrypt the message.
`The control information and program-related infor-
`mation are stored for use in processing and reconstruc-
`tion of the video and audio information for display.
`Depending upon whether the program selected is
`within the subscription or can be viewed only on a
`pay-per-view basis, the subscriber may have to enter the
`necessary commands into the receiving unit to obtain
`the display.
`It is. therefore, a prime object of the present invention
`to provide a reliable, secure transmission system for
`video, audio. and control signals in a communications
`system.
`It is another object of the present invention to pro-
`vide a direct-broadcast satellite signal transmission sys-
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`essary performance levels. At the same time, this modu-
`lation system requires the use of a relatively inexpensive
`decoder at the receiving end.
`Unlike video scrambling, a highly secure audio en-
`cryption system can be achieved relatively inexpen-
`sively. The decryption circuit, being totally digital, can
`be implemented using semi-custom or custom inte-
`grated circuits. It is highly important that the encryp-
`tion system employed achieve zero transmission error
`propagation, that is, one bit in error in the encrypted bit
`stream results in only one bit in error in the decrypted
`bit stream.
`'
`The present system uses an encryption scheme in
`which the clear audio bit stream is combined with the
`bit stream generated by the stream cipher using an ex-
`clusive OR operation. The receiving end decrypts the
`audio bit stream using the same stream cipher bit
`stream. The stream cipher bit stream is generated by a
`key (common audio key) and an initializing vector. The
`common audio key is used for the duration of the com-
`munication session and is transmitted in encrypted form
`through the control data channel. The initializing vec-
`tor is used for the duration of each frame and is trans-
`mitted hi the clear form in the horizontal blanking inter-
`val.
`
`For further details of the cryptographic techniques
`employed in the direct broadcast satellite system of the
`present invention, the reader is referred to co-pending
`U.S. patent application Ser. No. 665,114 filed Oct. 26,
`1984 in the name of Donald Horne and entitled “Cryp-
`tographic System For Direct Broadcast Satellite Net-
`work", which describes the basic method, and co-pend-
`ing U.S. patent application Ser. No. 710,385, now U.S.
`Pat. No. 4,694,491 filed Mar. 11, 1935 in the names of
`John Jelfers and Donald l-lorne, entitled “Crypto-
`graphic System Using Interchangeable Key Blocks and
`Selectable Key Fragments", which is directed to cer-
`tain improvements therein. Both of those applications
`are assigned to the assignee hereof.
`The addressable control data channel carries sensitive
`information such as aud_io decryption keys and authori-
`zation tier levels. The present system is designed to
`prevent an eavesdropper from receiving this informa-
`tion correctly and to Prevent a legitimate terminal from
`receiving more information than is authorized. The
`encryption system utilized in the present invention uses
`the concept of multiple terminal keys. The common
`audio key is dilferently encrypted for use by each re-
`ceiving terminal. In this way, even in the unlikely event
`that a decrypting key is compromised, damage can be
`stopped quickly by deleting the key.
`The addressable control data are organized and then
`encrypted using a key which, in turn, is encrypted with
`a block cipher algorithm. The length of the block cipher
`key is 64 bits. Wlten compared with the conventional
`Data Encryption Standard algorithm, the present block
`cipher has a larger block and a longer key. Accord-
`ingly, brute force attacks on the cipher will take consid-
`erably more effort.
`One of the important features of the present invention
`is that it permits real time control over certain functions
`of the individual receiver units from the transmission
`end. In general, this is accomplished through the use of
`an addressable data stream, which forms a part of the
`composite television signal distributed by satellite. The
`data stream includes portions which are addressable to
`and only receivable by a particular receiving unit.
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`which the addressable portion relates. All units can be
`accessed simultaneously through the use of a global
`subscriber address.
`The information in each of the addressable portions
`includes a selected one of a plurality of encrypted re-
`ceiver message types. In addition, information for de-
`crypting the selected message type is included, as is an
`indication of the type of message.
`For example, one type of message may include pro-
`gram authorization data and instructions to store same,
`as well as additional audio decryption data. It may also
`include data representative of a “home channel" which
`is to be selected when the decoder is in the quiescent
`mode.
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`Each of the receiving units may be provided with
`telephone communication capability with the originat-
`ing means. In this case, one of the message types may
`include impulse pay-per-view transaction data, identifi-
`cation data, call time data, and program value data.
`Also included may be program tier blocking data and
`telephone call-in number data. Other message types
`may include channel reassignment tables for use in case
`a particular program channel must be broadcast on a
`normally unused frequency due to transponder failure.
`The information in the addressable portions may also
`include message types which comprise display control
`data in order to control the digital displays of the vari-
`ous receiving units, erase and reset control function data
`for the operation of the receiving unit, program black-
`out data, and audio and data threshold data.
`In some instances,
`the receiving units are used in
`conjunction with one or more peripheral devices for
`processing, recording, or displaying broadcasting signal
`information. One message type may include peripheral
`device data. Another message type may include periph-
`eral device selection data.
`One of the advantages of the present system is that an
`error in the information in one of the addressable por-
`tions is not processed by receiving units other than the
`particular receiving units to which the error containing
`addressable portion relates. Thus. an error does not
`disrupt the function of the systern—only the function of
`a particular receiving unit in the system.
`In accordance with another aspect of the present
`invention, a method is provided for processing data
`received in a broadcast signal of the type including
`active video signal portions and horizontal blanking
`portions. The horizontal blanking portions include an
`encrypted audio data portion and a data stream. The
`data stream includes a header portion containing infor-
`mation applicable to all the receiving units, including
`group address data, signal synchronization data, and
`audio decryption data of a first type, and a plurality of
`addressable portions, each containing information appli-
`cable to the control of a particular addressed receiving
`unit in the addressed group, and including unit address
`data, encrypted message data, and message decrypting
`' data. The method includes the steps of determining
`whether the group address data matches the group
`address of the receiving unit, processing the header
`information to obtain synchronization data for the video
`portion of the broadcast signal, and audio decryption
`data of the first type. If the group address matches, each
`addressable portion is tested, in sequence, to determine
`whether the received unit address contained therein
`matches the address of the receiving unit. Information
`in the addressable portion with the matching receiving
`unit address is processed to obtain and decrypt the en-
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`tem which utilizes an addressable data stream inserted
`into the horizontal blanking intervals.
`It is another object of the present invention to pro-
`vide a direct-broadcast satellite signal transmission sys-
`tem wherein the addressable data stream is organized in
`a header packet followed by a plurality of addressable
`packets.
`It is another object of the present invention to pro-
`vide a direct-broadcast satellite signal transmission sys-
`tem wherein the information in the addressable packets
`in the data stream can be altered on a real time basis.
`It is another object of the present invention to pro-
`vide a direct-broadcast satellite signal transmission sys-
`tem wherein the header packet in the data stream re-
`ceivable by all receiving units contains synchronizing
`information, data related to the programs being broad-
`cast. and impulse pay-per-view data related to the pro-
`grams being broadcast.
`It is another object of the present invention to pro-
`vide a direct-broadcast satellite signal transmission sys-
`tem wherein the addressable packets in the data stream
`deoodable only by the addressed receiving unit controls
`individual subscriber authorization, encryption key dis-
`tribution. pay-per-view transactions, channel frequency
`re-assignment, and provides direct control over other
`functions of the addressed receiving unit and the display
`associated therewith.
`It is another object of the present invention to pro-
`vide a direct-broadcast satellite signal transmission sys-
`tem wherein the addressable packets in the data stream
`control the interface with receiver peripheral devices.
`In accordance with one aspect of the present inven-
`tion. a method is provided for transmitting data in a
`communications system of the type including broadcast
`signal originating means, a plurality of broadcast signal
`receiving means, and means for distributing the broad-
`cast signal from the originating means to each receiving
`means. The method comprises the steps of generating a
`broadcast signal having active video signal portions and
`horizontal blanking portions. A an audio signal and a
`data stream are generated and inserted into the horizon-
`tal blanking portions. The data stream includes a header
`portion including group address information and pro-
`gram-related information applicable to all of the receiv-
`ing means and groups of addressable portions associated
`with the header. The addressable portions include infor-
`mation for addressing a particular one (or all, if a global
`address) of the receiving units in the addressed group
`and for the control of the functioning thereof.
`The method further comprises the steps of selecting
`addressable portions and altering the information
`therein. This permits individual receivers to be con-
`trolled at the transmission end on a real time basis.
`The information in the header includes inforrnation
`relating to the active video portion of the broadcast
`signal. For example, this information may include video
`synchronization information and program identification
`information. It may also be related to audio descram-
`bling and may include audio decryption information.
`This information may, in addition, include impulse pay-
`per-view data.
`Each of the receiving means is assigned a unique
`digital address including most significant bits (group
`address) and least significant bits (subscriber unit ad-
`dress). The information in the header includes the most
`significant bits of the digital address. The information in
`the addressable portions includes the least significant
`bits of the address for the particular receiving means to
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`7
`crypted message data The message data contains a
`second type of audio decryption data. The audio de-
`cryption data of the first and second types is used to
`decrypt the audio signal data.
`In accordance with another aspect of the present
`-invention, a receiving unit for use in a communication
`system is provided. The communication system is of the
`type which transmits a signal comprising video and
`audio information for a program, a header portion con-
`taining a group address, sync information, and informa-
`tion relating to the program, and a plurality of address-
`able portions associated with the header portion. The
`addressable portions contain information relating to the
`control of individual addressed receiving units in the
`addressed group. The receiving unit comprises a means
`for receiving the signal and means for selecting a pro-
`grain to be viewed. Means are provided for tuning the
`frequency of the selected program. Means are provided
`for separating the portions from the video and audio
`information and for examining the header portion to
`determine if the receiving unit is within the addressed
`group. Means are provided for capturing and storing
`the header information. Means are provided for examin-
`ing each addressed portion to determine if the receiving
`unit is within the addressed group. Means are provided
`for capturing and storing the control information in the
`addressed portion if the receiving unit is addressed.
`Means are also provided for processing and displaying
`the video and audio information in accordance with the
`stored header and control infonnation.
`The audio information is in encrypted form. The
`control information comprises audio decryption infor-
`mation. The processing and display means preferably
`comprises means for decrypting the audio information
`i.n accordance with the audio decryption information
`captured from a portion addressed to the receiving unit.
`Each of the addressed portions contains a message.
`The means for capturing and storing the control infor-
`mation comprises means for capturing the message. The
`message is transmitted in encrypted form. The ad-
`dressed portion further comprises information for de-
`crypting the message. The receiving unit further com-
`prises means for decrypting the message using the de-
`crypting information in the portion.
`Means are provided for storing message decrypting
`information. Means are provided for using the stored
`message decryption information and the decryption
`information in the addressed portion to decrypt the
`message.
`one of the addressed portions may contain control
`information addressed to all of the receiving units in the
`addressed group. The receiving unit further comprises
`means for capturing and storing the control information
`in such globally addressed portions if the receiving unit
`is one of the addressed groups.
`To these and to such other objects which may herein-
`after appear, the present invention relates to a direct
`broadcast satellite signal
`transmission system, as set
`forth in detail in the following specification and recited
`in the annexed claims, taken together with the accompa-
`nying drawings, wherein like numerals refer to like
`parts and in which:
`FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the overall system of the
`present invention;
`FIGS. 2A and 2B, taken together, for a block dia-
`gram of the addressable controller de