Digital Television
`A Glossary and Bibliography
`
`6
`
`SMPTE Journal
`
`Jonaaryl??? Volumedti
`
`system to a S25-line system (and vice
`
`the speed at which encoded in-
`bit rate:
`formation is transmitted. to digital tele-
`vision. where an 8-bit PCM encoding of
`each sample is commonly required for
`acceptable quality when a sampling fre-
`quency of 10.? M Hz is used. the bit rate
`is approximately 85/86 million hits per
`second (usually expressed as Mbit/s).
`bit stream:
`the flow of encoded informa-
`tion
`byte: a sequence of adjacent binary digits
`which is operated upon as a unit and
`usually shorter than a word (q.v.). A byte
`usually is made up ofB bits.
`buffer: a device used as a temporary store
`from which information is taken out in a
`different manner from that in which it
`was entered
`codec:
`a contraction of “coder and de-
`coder," used to imply the physical com-
`bination of the coding and decoding cir-
`cults
`comb filter: a wave filter whose frequency
`spectrum consists of a number of equi-
`spaced elements. It has repetitive pass and
`stop bands (resembling the teeth of a
`comb) and is usually implemented with a
`transversal filter.
`compending:
`a contraction of “com-
`pressing and expanding." Compression is
`used at one point in the communication
`path to reduce the amplitude range of the
`signals, followed by an expander to pro-
`dose a complementary increase in the
`amplitude range.
`contouring:
`a deleterious effect on the
`restored picture. Diminished shading ef-
`fects and sharply visible contour lines
`around the picture components are caused
`by lack of a continuous range of gray-
`scale values.
`coring:
`a system for reducing the noise
`content of circuits by removing low-
`amplitude noise riding on the baseline of
`the signal
`crispening: a means of increasing picture
`sharpness by generating and applying a
`second time derivative of the original
`signal
`DAC [D/A converter): digital-to-analog
`converter
`data compression: a technique for saving
`storage space or transmission bandwidth
`by eliminating gaps. empty fields. re-
`dundancies or unnecessary data to
`shorten the length of records or blocks
`data rate:
`the rate at which data are
`transferred from one part of the system to
`another
`the simplest form of
`delta modulation:
`DPCM (q.v.) in which one of only two
`codes is transmitted for each sample. in-
`structing the receiver to either add or
`subtract a fixed unit change tour from an
`accumulating total signal
`
`Digital processing of television signals has
`been investigated experimentally for sev-
`eral years. Much of the theoretical foun-
`dation for the current activity among
`broadcasters
`and manufacturers of
`broadcast equipment was laid by Bell
`Telephone Laboratories in their experi-
`mental work with the video-telephone
`(some of which is acknowledged in the
`section of the bibliography devoted to
`" Picture Coding") and was further devel-
`oped by the BBC.
`The first practical application of digital
`techniques to broadcast television came in
`early 1973 when the digital
`time-base
`corrector was introduced at the National
`Association of Broadcasters Convention.
`In the same year Contact Corp. demon-
`strated the feasibility of digital television
`with their DlTEC system for satellite
`communication links.
`I914 saw demonstrations of the feasi-
`bility model of a digital video recorder by
`the BBC and the introduction of Digital
`Intercontinean Conversion Equipment
`(DICE) by the Independent Broadcasting
`Authority. Digital
`frame synchroniners
`became commercially available in 1975.
`and in 1976 the first commercial digital
`video recorder was introduced in the form
`of the Electronic Still Store (588).
`The acceptability of digital processing
`to the broadcaster is emphasized by the
`rapid emergence ofan impressive number
`of digital products. At the National Asso-
`ciation of Broadcasters Convention in
`1976. the digital equipment demonstrated
`included: 12 time-base correctors. 6 digital
`synchronizers. l standards converter. and
`I digital recorder (ESS).
`The introduction of digital signal pro-
`cessing techniques into the new environ-
`ment of broadcasting has produced a large
`body of literature, of which the most sig-
`ni ficant part is listed below, and a special-
`ized vocabulary listed and defined in the
`following glossary.
`
`GLOSSARY
`ADC. (A i D converter): analog—to-digital
`converter
`
`algorithm: a prescribed set of well-defined
`rules or processes for solvinga problem in
`a finite number ofsteps
`baud: a unitof signaling speed equal to the
`number of discrete conditions or signal
`events per second; e.g., one baud equals
`one bit per second in Morse Code and one
`bit per second in a train of binary sig-
`nals
`bit:
`a contraction of “binary” and "digit"
`to define a unit of information
`A contribution submitted on is November I976 by
`Gwyneth Davies Hcynctt.Arnpex Corp.,401 Broadway.
`Itode City. CA 91-063.
`
`By GWYNETH DAVIES HEYNES
`
`differential pulsemde mention (DPCM!
`a PCM variant in which the coded value
`transmitted for each sample represents
`the quantized difference between the
`present sample value and some combi-
`nation (e.g.. the integrated sum) of all
`previously transmitted values. For signals
`having strong correlation between suc-
`cessive samples. fewer levels may be used
`to quantize differences than would be
`required for quantizing sample values
`with comparable precision.
`DITEC: acronym for Digital Television
`Communications System developed by
`Comsat Corp. for mtellite links. (Sec refs.
`18. 33. 46.)
`dither signal: a simulated noise waveform
`combined with the signal before quanti-
`zation (q.v.) to compensate for the con-
`touring effects caused by quantization. It
`effectively reduces the number of bits
`required to produce an acceptable pic-
`ture.
`DPCM: seedifferential pulse-code mod-
`ulation
`ECL: emitter-coupled logic
`coding
`error detection Ind correction:
`schemes incorporated into the informa-
`tion before it is transmitted [or stored) in
`such a way that errors which may arise in
`transmission can be detected and cor-
`rected before restoration or retrieval. ln
`PCM systems. error correction effectively
`improves the SN R of the system.
`error rate:
`the ratio of the number of bits
`incorrectly transmitted to the total num-
`ber of bits of information received
`eye pattu-n: oscilloscope pattern produced
`by random waves introduced to verify the
`ability to test for the presence orabsence
`of pulses in a digital system
`Fourier Transform:
`a transformation in
`which the orthogonal generating func-
`tions are sets of sinusoids
`Hadamard Transform: a transformation
`algorithm which may be used to encode
`picture signals. It lends itself to imple-
`mentation in such a way as to reduce the
`bit rate toa level lower than that required
`by PCM encoding. See W. K. Pratt, et al.,
`“Hadarnard Transform Coding," IEEE
`Proceedings. 57.- 53—60. Jan. 1969.
`interface:
`interconnection between two
`equipments having different functions
`interbframe coding:
`coding techniques
`which involve separating the signal into
`segments which have changed signifi-
`cantly from the previous frame and seg-
`ments which have not changed
`interpolation:
`the technique of filling in
`missing information in a sampled sys-
`tCI'I'l
`in television standards
`Interpolation, line:
`conversion, the technique for adjusting
`the number of lines in a oils-line television
`
`PMC Exhibit 2032
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 1
`
`

`

`impairing the picture
`
`distinct values
`RAM:
`random access memory: a storage
`device from which information may he
`obtained at a speed which is independent
`of the location of the data, and from any
`required location. without searching all
`information sequentially
`read-only memory: a device in which in-
`formation is stored in such a way that it
`may be read but not modified
`real time: when the processing ofa signal
`takes place during the time that the re-
`latcd physical process is actually taking
`place. the signal may be said to be pro-
`cessed in “real time"
`ROM:
`sec read-only memory
`sampling:
`the process of obtaining a series
`of discrete instantaan values of a signal
`at regular or intermittent intervals
`Shannon's Theorem: a criterion for esti-
`mating the theoretical limit to the rate of
`transmission — and correct reception of
`information with a given bandwidth and
`signal-to—noise ratio. (See C. E. Shannon.
`“A Mathematical Theory of Communi-
`cation." Bell System Technical Journal.
`27: 379-423. July 1948.)
`shift register:
`a set of serially connected
`memory cells in which the stored contents
`of all cells may be simultaneously shifted
`forward or backward by one or more cell
`locations. At the time of shifting. new
`contents may enter at one end of the reg-
`ister while previous contents are displaced
`and lost at the other.
`a scheme for
`sub-Nyquist sampling:
`sampling at a frequency lower than that
`prescribed by the N yquist Sampling
`Theorem (q.v.)
`"ITL:
`transistor-transistor logic. One of
`the families of integrated-circuit logic
`gates. Others are: emitter-coupled logic
`(ECL), diode-transistor logic (DTL). and
`resistor-transistor logic (RTL).
`trtlrtsl’orm coding:
`a method of encoding
`a picture by dividingcach picture into
`sub-pictures. performing a linear trans-
`formation on each sub—picture and then
`quantizing and coding the resulting
`coefficients
`Walsh-Hadamard Transform the most
`commonly used version ofthc Hadamard
`transformation in which the orthogonal
`functions are sets of Walsh functions.
`(See Hadomard Transform.)
`word:
`a block of information composed of
`a predetermined number of bits
`
`'
`
`BIBLIOGRAPHY
`Hence Coding
`l. W. R. Bennett. "Spectra of Quantized
`Signals." Boil System Technft'ai Journal.
`27: 446—47]. July I948.
`. W. M. Goodall, “Television by Pulse-
`Code—Modulation.“ Bait Syrrem Technical
`Journal, 30: 33-49. January 195 L
`.I. B. O‘Neal.
`.lr.. “Delta Modulation
`Quantizing Noise Analytical and Computer
`Simulation Results for Gaussian and Tele-
`vision lnput Signals." Bell System Teri:-
`I 66.
`ugcaf Journal.
`4'5:
`llT-ltll.
`January
`
`.
`
`versa) without
`quality
`interpolation. movement: a technique used
`in standards conversion to compensate for
`the degrading effects of different field
`frequencies on pictures which contain
`movement. Different approximate pro-
`portions of successive input fields are used
`in each output field.
`LSD:
`least significant bit in the PCM
`representation of a sample value
`MSB: most significant bit in the PCM
`representation of a sample value
`Nyquist rate (limit): maximum rate of
`transmitting pulse signals through a
`channel of given bandwidth. If B is the
`effective bandwidth in hertz. then 2.8 is
`the maximum number of code elements
`per second that can be received with cer-
`tainty. The definition is often inverted. in
`effect. to read “the theoretical minimum
`rate at which an analog signal can be
`sampled for transmitting digitally.“ [See
`Nyquist Sampling Theorem.)
`a theorem
`Nyqnist Sampling Theorem:
`which holds that the minimum sampling
`frequency which can be used without in-
`troducing unwanted components into the
`decoded analog signal is equal to twice the
`highest frequency of the original analog
`signal. (See H. Nyquisl. “Certain Topics
`in Telegraph Transmission Theory.“
`AIEE Transactions. 4?: 6 l 7 -644. April
`1923.)
`the number of bits which
`packing density:
`can be stored per unit of dimension of a
`recording medium
`PALE: phase alternating line encoding.
`A method of encoding the PCM NTSC
`signal by reversing the encoding phase on
`alternate lines to align the codewords
`vertically. (See ref. 4|.)
`parity hit:
`an extra bit appended to an
`array of bits to permit
`subsequent
`checking for errors
`PCM:
`see pulse code modulation
`PDM: pulse duration modulation. Also
`known
`as pulse width modulation
`(qva.
`pet: picture element (see also pixel).
`pixel:
`smallest picture element
`(also
`knorvn as a poll to which are assigned
`discrete RGB values
`pulse-code modulation: modulation pro-
`cess involving the conversion ol'a wave-
`form from analog to digital form by
`means of sampling, quantizing and cod-
`ing. The peak-to—peak amplitude range of
`the signal is divided into a number of
`standard values each having its own value
`code. Each sample of the signal is then
`transmitted as the code word correr
`sponding to the nearest standard amp-1i.
`tude
`pulse width modulation (also
`PWM:
`known as pulse duration modulation). A.
`form of pulse-lime modulation in which
`the duration of a pulse is varied by the
`value of each instantaneous sample of the
`modulating wave.
`quantizatiqu the division of a continuous
`range of values into a finite number of
`
`'i'
`
`4. J. B. O‘Neal. Jr.. “Predictive Quantizing
`Systems {Differential Pulse Code Modu-
`lation) for the Transmission of Television
`Signals." 82!! System Technical Journal.
`4'5: 689-72'. May -Jun¢ 1966.
`. J. 0. Limit. “Source-Receiver Encoding of
`Television Signals.“ JEEE Proceedings."
`55: 364-379. March 1967.
`. H. C. Andrews and W. K. Pratt, “Television
`Bandwidth Reduction by Encoding Spatial
`Frequencies." J’. SMPTE 77: [279— 1281.
`December I968.
`. J. 0. Limb. "Design oiDithcr Waveform
`for Quantized Visual Signals." 391i Syrrmi
`Technical Journal. 43: 2555-2582. Sep-
`tember [969.
`. H. J. Landau and D. Slepian. “Some
`Computer Experiments in Picture Pro-
`cessing for Bandwidth Reduction.“ deli
`Sprism Tri'hniroi Journal. .50: l 525-] 540.
`May-June l9'll.
`. Paul A. Wintz. “Transform Picture Cod-
`ing." IEEE Prm'eedings. 60: 809-820. July
`[912.
`
`Digital Television Principle: and Techniques
`ID. V. G. Dcvereaux. "Digital Television:
`ADC‘s. DAC‘s. and Preferred Parameters
`for Coding." lnrernnrr‘onnf Broadcasting
`(bohemian —— Proceedings. 69—70. 1970.
`. V. G. Devereux. “Pulse Code Modulation
`of Video Signals: li-Bit Coder and Decod-
`er." flflC'Resmrt-h Report. No. I970f25.
`ll pp.. [910.
`. L. Stenger. “Possibilities of Digital En-
`coding and Transmission olColour Televi-
`sion
`Signals." Norhrit'irtrntet'imi.rrite
`Zeirscitrifi, 32l -325. June I97].
`. L. S. Golding and It. K. Garlow. "Fre-
`quency Interleaved Sampling of a Color
`Television Signal." PEEE Trans. Comm u-
`uiratirm Terhnoiognyai. (‘om 1'9: 93'2-
`9‘i9. December l9”.
`. W. K. Pratt. “Spatial Transform Coding of
`Color Images." iEh‘E Trans. Communi-
`cation Tet-liming. Voi. Com i9: 9BD~992,
`December I971.
`.' .I. E. Thompson. “A 36 Motifs Television
`Coder: Employing Pseudorandom Quanti-
`zation." M‘Ee‘ Trans.
`('rmynmiic-urionr
`Technology. Vol. Com 19:872-879. Dc-
`cember I‘JTI.
`J'. E. Thompson. "Differential Coding for
`Digital Transmission of PAL Colour Tole-
`vision Signals.“ intrrnoiiomi B‘madmsring
`Commotion -— Prm-erdings. 26 -]2. l9'i'2.
`. A. Brown and R. W. King “Digital Video:
`Reduction of Sampling Frequency to I 1.9
`MHZ." BBC Research Report, No.
`Hill/36. JT pp..0i:tober I912.
`. L. S. Golding. “DITEC — A Digital
`Tcicvision Communications System for
`Satellite Links." 2nd inrrrnotirmui (bri-
`frn-nrr an Digitai Satellite (’ommunira-
`rim" —- Proceedings, November I972.
`. B. F. Smith. “High Speed A] D Converters
`Bring You Archie Bunker in B Bils." Eter-
`mmir Engineer. 31': 20-24. November
`1972.
`. L. Stcngcr. "Experiments on Coding Tole-
`vision Broadcast Signals." [In German)
`intomorirmaio Eiektmnischr- Hundscirau.
`27: [8- 2LJanuary i913.
`. L. Verhoeycn. “More Aspects of Quanti-
`sation Noise Associated with Digital Cod-
`ing of Colour-Television Signals." Elec-
`rmnir-
`l—t'i'ft'rs. 9: 69-70. February 8.
`I973.
`22. F. G. Parker. "Why Digital? Part I. Some
`Pros and Cons.“ Rayai Television Society
`
`.
`
`Haynes:
`
`Digimf TV Giursary and Bibiiography
`
`PMC Exhibit 2032
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 2
`
`

`

`41.
`
`42.
`
`.
`
`J. P. Roast. "Color Doeodinga PCM NTSC
`Color Television Signal." J. SMPTE. 83:
`489—495. June 1974.
`F. H. Steele. “The Management and Eco-
`nomic Control of Digital Engineering Sys-
`tems." In Use of Digital Techniques in
`Broadcasting. EBU Tech BZUB-E. pp.
`2149. June I974.
`. S. Konig. “Fitment Stateof Development of
`Digital Recording of Television Signals."
`[In German). Fermelr-and-Klnotealtnr‘k.
`23: 217-219. August [974.
`. V. G. Devereux. "Application of PCM to
`Broadcast Quality Video Signals. Part II:
`Subjective Study of Digit Errors and Tim-
`ing Jitter." Radio and Electronic Engineer,
`44: 463-472. September 1974.
`. T. A. Moore. "Digital Video: Number of
`Bits Per Sample Required for Reference
`Coding of Luminance and Colour-Differ-
`ence Signals." BBC Research Report. No.
`I975f42. 10 pp. December [974.
`l. Dinstein. “Study and Simulation of a
`Variable Length Code DPCM for the Lu-
`minance Signal
`in DITBC." Corneal
`Technical Review. 5: 215—299. Fall 1975.
`. T.
`lshiguro. “NETEC System — Inter-
`frame Encoder l‘or NTSC Color Television
`Signals."
`international Conference on
`Digital
`Satellite Communication: —
`Proceedings. pp. 309—314. I975.
`. C. W. B. Rois. “Anyone for Digits?"
`BKS‘IIS Journal. 57; 110-] I5. I975.
`. V. G. Devereutt. “Digital Video: Sub-
`Nyquist Sampling of PM. Colour Signals.“
`BBC Research Report. No. [WIS/4.15 pp..
`January 1975.
`. R. V. Harvey. “An Experimental B-Pltase
`Modulation System for Distribution of
`Digital Television Signals.“ BBC Research
`Report. No. 1975!"). 19 pp.. March
`1975.
`. J. G. Wade. “Cross-Correlation Method for
`Analysing Phase and Gain Errors in PCM
`Systems for Colour Television." lEl-I Pro-
`ceedings. l22: 2367468. April I975.
`. M. E. B. Moflatt. “Some Applications of
`Coding Theory to Broadcasting.“ Royal
`Television Society Journal. 15.- 304-31 I.
`May-June I975.
`. E. S. Busby, Jr., "Principles of Digital
`Television Simplified." .l. SMPTE. 84':
`542-545.July I975.
`. D. A. Howell. "A Primer on Digital Tele-
`vision." J'. SMPTE. 84: 538-54], July
`1975.
`. J. P. Rossi. "Digital Television Image En-
`hancement.” J. SMPTE 34: 545-551, July
`1 975.
`. C. K. P. Clarke. “Hsdamard Transforma-
`tion: Walsh Spectral Analysis ol'l‘elevision
`Signals.“ sec Report. No. 1915/25, 30
`PP-.Septembct I975.
`. J. E. Thompson. “Methods of Digital
`Coding for Television Transmission," Royal
`Television Society Journal. t5: 3B4—39I.
`September-October 1975.
`. M. Weston. “Pulse Code Modulation of
`Video Signals: Visibility of Level Quantis~
`ing Effects in Processing Channels.“ BBC
`Research Report. No. 1975! 3|.
`l2 pp.
`October 1975.
`. K. Iinun-ta et al.. “lnterframe Coding for 4
`MHz Color Television Signals." lEEE
`Transactions on Communications. Vol.
`Con: 23: Idol-I466. December 1975.
`J. P. Rossi. “Sub-Nyquist Encoded PCM
`NTSC Color Television." SMPTE .l.. 85:
`Hi January I976.
`M. 0. Felix. "Differential Phase and Gain
`
`60.
`
`6i.
`
`SMPTE Journal
`
`January 7977 Volume 86
`
`.latrrltal. M: 204-105. May-June 1973.
`. D. J. Connor. ‘Techniques for Reducing the
`Visibility ol‘ Transmission Errors in Digi-
`tally Encoded Video Signals." lEEE Tram.
`on Communimlim. Technology. Vol. Com
`2i: 695-706. June I973.
`V. G. Devereux. "Digital Video: Differential
`Coding of PAL Signals Based on Differ-
`ences Between Samples One Subcarrier
`Period Apart." 38C Research Remrl. No.
`1973/7. I! pp. June I973.
`. V. G. Devercux. and G. C. Wilkinson. .
`"Digital Video: Effect of PAL Decoder
`Alignment on the Acceptable Limits for
`Timing Jitter." 88C Research Report, No.
`l973/I. 6 pp.. February I973.
`. J. E. Thompson. "Predictive Coding of
`Composite PAL and NTSC Colour Tele-
`vision Signals." lEEE International Con-
`ference on Communication: — Prat-eeri-
`lags. Vol. Il.pp. 48/32-38June I973.
`. W. G. Simpson. "Why Digital? Part II.
`Distribution Links and Telecommunica—
`tions." Royal Television Society Journal.
`t4: 236-237. July-August 1973.
`. A. A. Goldberg. “PCIVI Encoded NTSC
`Color Television Subjective Tests." .l'.
`SMPTE. 32: 649-654, August I973.
`. J. L. E. Baldwin, “Why Digital? Part III.
`The Digital Television Studio Centre.“
`Royal Television Society Journal. M:
`261-264. September-October l973.
`. J. P. Chambers. "The Use of Digital Tech-
`niques in Television Waveform Generation“
`international Emerarling convention —
`Pmedings. pp. 40-46. I974.
`. V. G. Devcreutt and Ct. J. PhiIIiPBCWI Rate
`Reduction of Digital Video Signals Using
`Differential PCM Techniques." interna-
`rional Bmdrastt‘ng Convention — Pro.
`endings. pp. 83-89. I974.
`. V. G. Devereux. "Comparison of Picture
`Impairments Caused by Digital Coding of
`PAL and SECAM Video Signals." BBC
`newt-ct. Report. No. tart/16. 4 pp. April
`I974.
`. L. S. Golding. “Digital Television Tech-
`niques." NAB dreath Engineering Corp.
`Proceedings. pp. [ES—I28. I974.
`. M. Hausdorfel'. “Contribution to the Digital
`Transmission of Colour TV Signals.” lu-
`ternational Broadcasting Convention —-
`Proceedings. pp. 274-278. I974.
`. N. May ct 311.. "Bit Rate Reduction in PCM
`Colour Television Transmission by Ana-
`logue Baud Reduction with Frequency In-
`terlace and Line Delay (BFL-PCM)." NTZ
`Narltrirlttenterlmtrelte Zeitrrllrm‘ Cont-
`munications Journal, 2?: 80-83, February
`1974.
`. R. Walker. “Hadamard Transformation:
`A Real-Time Transformer for Broadcast
`Standard PCM Television.“ BBC Research
`Report. No.
`I974/7. 7 pp. February
`1974.
`. R. Walker and C. K. P. Clarke. “Walth-
`Hadatnard Transformation of Television
`Pictures." BBC Research Report, No.
`IS'l-UIJ. 8 pp. March 1974.
`. S. Ct. Pursell and H.
`.I. Nearby. “Digital
`Frame Storage for Television Video." .7.
`SMPTE. 83.- 300-301. April 197:.
`. S. M. Solidsy at al.. “Picture Quality
`Judgments in a Digital Television System.“
`Human Factors.
`in: 139445. April
`1974.
`. M. Remy. "Prospects for Utilisation of
`Digital Techniques in Television." In Use
`of Digital Techniques in Broadcasting.
`EBU Tech 3208-5, pp. lit-19. June 1974.
`
`63.
`
`68.
`
`70.
`
`30.
`
`Intercontinental Digital Standards Con-
`
`Measurements in Digitired Video Signals.“
`SMPTE .l.. 81' 76- 79. February 1976.
`. A. A. Goldberg. “Digital Techniques
`Promise to Clarify the Television Picture."
`Electronics, 43: 94—100, February 5.
`I976.
`T. A. Moore.”Digital Vidam A Theoretical
`Assessment of the Quantising Noise Spoc-
`tta Arising From a Change in the Sampling
`Freq ueney of PAL Signals.“ BBCResearclt
`Report. No. I976/10. 3 pp.. May I976.
`TIM-EISBEW Correction
`64. J. R. Chew. “Digital Methods for the
`Timing Correction oi Television Signals.”
`53C Research Report.
`l973fl5. 5 pp"
`August [973.
`. S. M. Edwardson. “The Digital Timing-
`Correetion oi Video'Tape Recorded Colour
`Television Signals." lERE Conference on
`Video and Data Recording -— Proceedings.
`pp. 27-39. I973.
`. D. .I. M. Kitsch et at. "Digital Time Base
`Correction.“ international Proadearting
`Convention - Proceedings. pp. 119426.
`1974.
`. D. E. Actor and R. H. McLean. “Digital
`Time-Base Correction for Video Signal
`Processing,“ SMPTE .l. 85: 146—50. March
`I976.
`M. L. Sanders. "Digital Time Base Con-
`rection of Videotape Recorders." Monitor
`I9 6.
`(llgtEE Proceedings). 3?: IIB-I23. April
`Frame Synchronization
`69.
`S. M. Edwardian and A. H. Jones. “Digital
`TV Synchronizers and Converters." Wire-
`less World. 77: 4797482. October I97].
`R. J. Butler. “Operational Implementation
`of a Broadcast Television Frame Synchro-
`nizer. .l. SMFTE. 84.- 125-128. March
`I975.
`. K. Kano, “Television Frame Synehronizer.
`.l. SMPTE. 84: l29-134. March 1975.
`. K. Itoh ct al.. "TelcVision Frame Synchro-
`nizers and Their Operations." NEE Re-
`search and Development. 70-82. April
`I976.
`. J. B. Matley. “A Digital Framestore Syn-
`ehtonizer.“SMP7'£.l.. 85: 385-383. June
`I976.
`Standards Conversion
`74. A. V. Lord at al.. "Digital Linc-Store
`Standards Conversions."
`International
`Broadcasting Convention — Proceedings.
`pp. 24—27. I970.
`. R. Walker. "Digital Line-Store Standards
`Conversion: A Feasibility Study." BBC
`Research Report. No. I971 {44. 12 pp,
`[97].
`. J. L. E. Baldwin. “A Standards Convener
`Using Digital Techniques." Royal Televi-
`sion Satier Journal. l4. 3-] I. January-
`Fcbruary. I972.
`. J. O. Brewery et 23].. "Digital Line-Store
`Standards Conversion: Preliminary Inter-
`polation Study.“ BBC Research Report,
`I972/ZB. l5pp.. 1912.
`. J. O. Drewcry. “Interpolation in Digital
`Line-Store Standards Conversion: A The-
`oretical Study.“ BBC Research Report.
`I972/28. LSqu I972.
`. Ct. M. LeCouteur. "Digital LinoStore
`Standards Conversion: Preliminary Inter-
`polation Study.“ BBC Research Report.
`l972/23. I4 913.. i973.
`.I. L. E. Baldwin et al.. “DICE: The First
`
`PMC Exhibit 2032
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 3
`
`

`

`Vcrtor." Royal Television Society Journal.
`l5: 140-159. September-October. 19M.
`. T. Kuruma. et at. “Digilal Fields Store
`Television Standards Converter.” lnter-
`national Broadcasting Convention —
`Pmmedingr. pp. 104 -I IS. 1974.
`.I. L. E. Baldwin and K. H. Barrall.
`“DICE — A Digital Field RatcTclevision
`Standards Converter.“
`international
`Broadth Engineer. 8: 36 4D. April—May.
`l9‘l5.
`
`.
`
`Recording
`8]. J. D. Lunn and M. E. B. Molfatt.“Possible
`Techniques for the Recording of Digital
`Television Signals." BBC Reward! Remit.
`Nu. Ives/42. 17 pp.. I969.
`. J. L. E. Baldwin. “Digital Television Rc-
`cording.“ l'ERE Confer-em on Video and
`Data Recording -— Proceedings. pp. 66—70.
`July. l9'13.
`.l. F. Chambers. "The Use of Coding
`Techniques to Reduce the Tape Consump-
`
`.
`
`tion ofDigital Television Recording.“ lb‘RE
`Conference on Video and Data Record-
`ing — Proceedings,
`pp. 95-104.
`July.
`1913.
`. D. W. H. Hampshire. “Digital Expanded
`Capacity Delta Modulation for Video Ro-
`oording.” HERE Conference on Video and
`Data Recording —- Proceedings. pp, 95-
`104. July. 1973.
`. A. H. Jones. “Digital Television Recording:
`A Review of Current Developments." Bfl‘t.‘
`Research Report. No. HTS/29. ll pp..
`November. IWJ.
`. A. H. Jones and F. A. Bellis. “An Experi—
`mental Approach to Digital Television
`Recording.“ international Broadcasting
`convention — Proceedings. pp. I14- 113.
`1974.
`. A. H. Jones. “Digital Television Recording:
`A Review ol'Currcrtt Developments.“ BBC
`Engineering. pp. ill—2?. May. I914.
`. F. Davidol'f. "Digital Video Recording for
`Television Broadcasting. J'. SMPTE. 34:
`
`552-555. July. I975.
`. A. H. Jones. “Digital Sound and Television
`Recording — The Requirements of the
`Signal.“ lEEE Transactions on Magnetics.
`Vol. Mag ll:
`l230—l233. September.
`1975.
`. C. D. Mothers. “Digital Video Recording:
`Some Experiments in Error Protection.“
`33C Research Report. Nat l9'lfi/ I . ? pp..
`February. l9'lé.
`. F. A. Bellis. “An Experimental Digital
`Television Recorder." BBC Research Re-
`port. No. I976/7. 'l pp.. I976.
`. W. G. Connolly and .l. Dicrmann. "The
`Electronic Still Store: a Digital System for
`the Storage and Display ofStill Pictures.“
`SMPTE J.. 8.5: bD9-ol3. August. I976.
`. C. E. Anderson, .I. Dicrmann. and W. G.
`Connolly. “The Electronic Still Store: a
`Digital System for the Storage and Display
`ol‘ Still Pictures.“ international Broad-
`casting Convention — Proceedings.
`pp.
`76—83. I976.
`
`The First Nationwide Live Stereo Simulcast Network
`
`By MARK SCHUBI'N
`
`9
`
`Unfortunately, unless such programs
`were transmitted within a single city. the
`unavailability of network audio lines of
`wide bandwidth (15 kHz). with low noise
`and capable of maintaining a phase rela‘
`tionship between the stereo channels.
`forced these programs to be distributed on
`tape.
`Tape distribution would generally take
`one of several forms. Two videotapes might
`be distributed to be played simultaneously
`by two videotape recorders locked together
`by the SMP‘I‘E time code recorded on their
`cue trucks while one carried the left chan-
`nel on its audio track and the other the
`right. often causing problems for mono-
`phonic computibility; a single videotape
`might be distributed with one channel on
`its audio track and a second on its cue traclc
`(occasionally this would take the form of
`sum information on the audio track and
`difference information on the cue track);
`a single videotape might be distributed to
`modified videotape recorders with split
`audio heads for playing two audio tracks
`back from the space of the single audio
`track used on most machines. with the loss
`of SNR compensated for by noise reduc-
`tion equipment: or video and audio tapes
`might be distributed. to be locked together
`by the use of the SM PTE time code. ver-
`ticul drive pulses or other techniques.
`The difficulty of such tape distribu-
`tion -— aside from the obvious costs. com-
`promises and operational problems en-
`countered -— is that none of the methods
`could provide for the transmission of a live
`program.
`Even though network audio lines were
`inadequate for high-fidelity transmission.
`however, network video lines were capable
`of transmitting far more than the video
`information presented to them. For ex-
`ample. a large part of a video signal is de-
`
`For many years. television audio has been enhanced by the simultaneous transmission at high-
`fidelity, stereo audio inform-flan on an FM broadcast station with the Intermission utvideo and
`normal television audio inlormatioo on a television broadcast station. Unfortunately. due to the
`laclt of high-fidelity network facilities. such programs have had to be distributed on tape or. if
`Eve. confined to a single city. New: network has been assembled ior transmitting lire. high-fidelity.
`stereo slmulcssts nationwide via land lines. microwave and satellte. The network utilizes analog
`l-‘M subcarriers for the audio signsls. carried just above the video information on video circuits.
`The networlt has been used in conjunction with several programs transmitted by the Public
`Broadcasting Service, and it offers stereo simulcast: to potentially more than half of the United
`States television audience.
`
`IN 1972. the Media Development De-
`partment of Lincoln Center began a re-
`search program to perfect the techniques
`of transmitting performances of opera.
`ballet. theater and music on television.
`Since the performances to be transmitted
`were to be actual live performances before
`paying audiences.
`this research covered
`such areas as low-Iight-level
`imaging.
`contrast compression. unobtrusive camera
`and microphone placement. and prepara-
`tion of the television director for live
`transmission without
`interfering in the
`production.
`It was also decided that, since opera.
`ballot and music depend very heavily on
`high-quality sound for maximum enjoy-
`ment. every effort would be made to bring
`such high-quality sound to the home tele-
`vision viewer. One of the outgrowths of this
`aspect of the research was the first na-
`tionwide live stereo simulcast network. first
`utilized on 30 January 1916 for the trans-
`mission ol' the first “Live From Lincoln
`Center" program on the Public Broad-
`casting Service.
`
`Background
`though it may be
`Television sound,
`Presented on IS October Win at the Society‘s Tech-
`nical Conference in New York by Mark Schubin.
`Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. lnc.. 1865
`Broadway. New York. NY |0023.1'ltis paper was re-
`ceived on it September I916.
`
`transmitted on an adequate FM carrier.
`has always been poor in quality compared
`with FM radio sound. To begin with. it is
`picked up by microphones generally re-
`stricted from the camera's field olvicw and
`thus forced many feel From a performer. It
`is generally recorded on the audio track of
`a videotape recorder on a tape with mag-
`netic particle orientation optimized for
`transverse video recording and. therefore,
`wrong for longitudinal audio recording. a
`tape which is furthermore struck by a
`moving video head at a frequency near the
`peak of audibility. When television sound
`is distributed by a network. its upper fre-
`quency range is restricted to 5 kHz. When
`received in the home, it is amplified by an
`amplifier that accounts for a negligible
`fraction of the 0051 of the television set. and
`it is returned to sound by a speaker often no
`better than that
`found in inexpensive
`transistor radios.
`Fortu nately. it is possible to bypass the
`television sound system completely by the
`use of FM broadcast stations to simulta-
`neously transmit high-fidelity stereo audio
`while a television station transmits video
`and television audio. These simulcasts, as
`they are called. have been used for many
`years for the transmission of both classical
`(WN ET‘s Great Pety'ormances) and pop
`(ABC's in Concert. Don Kirshner’s Rock
`Concert) music programs.
`
`Volume 36
`
`January W77 SMPTE Journal
`
`PMC Exhibit 2032
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00755
`Page 4
`
`