lb 203 891
`
`noraon
`TIILE "
`INSTITUTION
`PUB BITE
`
`DOCUIBIT RESUIE
`
`In 009 805
`
`aoore. Robert c.
`Hone Information Systens: 1 Primer.
`Nest Virginia iesleyan Coll. Bucknannon. 3. Va.
`Jul 81
`
`30?:
`
`33p-
`
`EDRS PRICE
`DESCRIPTOR S
`
`IDERTIFIBRS
`
`5201/pcoz Plus Postage.
`*Broadcast Television: *Cab1e Television;
`Connunications: iranily Environment: Information
`Networks: Information Retrieval; *In£ormation
`systens; Hicroconputers: *0n1ine systems;
`*Te1econ|unications: Video Equipment
`Home Infornation Systensg *Videotex
`
`the
`
`'
`ABSTRACT .L
`The evolution of online home information systems.
`'
`nature and function of such systems, and their potential for
`wide-scale use are discussed in detail- Different types of home
`information systems. including one- and tuo-way interactive
`television, are described, and the unique technological features of
`the teletext, vieedata, and videotext systems are revieued. The
`state-of-the-art of each of these types of systems is outlined. 1
`nunher of experimental commercial systems, among these Earner nmex's
`QUBE.
`iT5T's Vientron, and ConpuServes's Eicronet. are briefly
`discussed. Sore of the barriers to the immediate grouth of
`.
`interactive video-based infornation systems are mentioned, and the
`issues of control over the flow of information and preserving
`individual privacy are addressed. A table listing terms commonly used
`in the discussion of video-based infornation systems and teo figures
`supplenent
`the text.
`A 56-item bibliography is also provided.
`(JL)
`
`titilitllttitfifiiiiitiitfififitttiififiiiiiififitfiIiiiifififilfiifififififiiitiitiitilli
`
`# #
`
`Reproductions supplied by BDR5 are the best that can be made
`*
`from the original docunent.
`*
`iii?ififififitfifiiitititfifififiitttifififiiitfifitfi*###l#####J$$###ififitflififiiilttitli
`
`I
`
`{ ICE;
`
`it
`'\
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 1
`Page 1
`
`

`
`3
`
`\
`
`
`
`I
`
`LI 3. DEIMRTMENT OF EDUCATION
`nrmougg IfiIS'lI‘I|.lTE or EDUCATION
`enucnrsoum RESOUSICES INr(}I=IMAn0N
`CENIEH {ERIC}
`.1:
`Xvms (luculncfil has been n||)r01JllCl'lI
`1-Ecewuq |.-gm me pemon Of
`uI(_;.|r'IJ'.‘lIIon
`on:_]n‘I.1lar4j -I
`Nlanou Chang.-o, h.w.~ been n\.II1n: Tu ""I"°"|‘
`rL‘:)f0l|ul.0\In I]I.l 3||t\‘
`
`_
`9 00...:-, 0!‘ mm. uI:u:||l'I-U113 am--tl >-I lhnvllit I:
`mum .!u out m-u.-..-...r v |t'I="'W"' """\‘-" N"
`1~n:.u|.on on (auuur
`
`‘,
`
`HOME INFORMATION SYSTEMS:
`A PRIMER
`
`‘
`
`r-#
`
`o~
`
`co
`co
`Q
`
`(\I
`
`Q L
`
`u
`
`\
`
`Department of Educational Media Services
`W Est Virginia’-I esleyan College
`Buckhannon, v‘ V 26201
`
`_
`
`Robert C. Moore, Director
`July, 1931
`
`_h
`
`.
`
`-
`
`"PERMISSION TO REPFIOOUCE THIS
`MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
`
`
`Robert C. Moore
`
`TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
`INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC! "
`
`-.
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 2
`Page 2
`
`'
`
`‘
`
`'0
`
`Qb
`
`e
`UN
`
`0 ‘
`
`O Q
`
`_-
`
`I
`
`~
`
`

`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`Since the creation of man,
`
`there has been a need to communicate.
`
`Starting as a simple transfer of ideas (to hunt,
`
`to eat,
`
`to love.) communi-
`
`cation grew to encompass formal conversation for purpose and for socialization.
`
`‘
`
`‘Learning,
`
`to insure the permanence of society and culture, required the
`
`retrieval of knowledge so that it might be passed on to the young; writing
`
`and recording systems and utensils were developed.
`
`In fact,
`
`the stone and
`
`cave wall were probably the first extensions of man's commfinication ability -
`
`the first applications of communication technology.
`
`Using man's knowledge to develop systems and hardware to enhance the
`
`quantity and quality of man's communication ability in modern times has
`
`traditionally been thought of as the mail,
`
`telegraph,
`
`telephone, and
`
`television (21, 268). Not until recently has the impact of television,
`
`beyond the entertainment and nefie medium, been explored with regard to its
`
`role in more advanced communication, and its promise for the future.
`
`Since its introduction in the late forties,
`
`television has revolutionized
`
`the leisure and information environment of the world. Vast sums of money
`
`are spent on the devices. meals are scheduled around its programming,
`
`,
`
`furniture has been arranged around the set, and it has become a source of
`
`recreation for countless millions of people. Although passive in nature,
`
`]
`
`"television appears to (have become)
`
`in America an agent of socialization
`
`(18, 16)."
`
`It is primarrly a medium of entertainment programming, rather
`
`than a source of special ir_1formation. but none the less contlnues to
`
`nesmerize individuals daily.
`
`A fa,\,'orj_t,e theme ‘of
`
`futurists in general
`
`seems to be an "intelligent"
`
`television set, or large screen home "manager" that can te talked to, and
`
`talks back.
`
`It can control all household functions, provide entertainment,
`
`ad through it, one can communicate with friends and relaiives, much like
`
`kl
`
`3:533
`
`r
`
`‘J
`1 ;
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016-00753
`Page 3
`Page3
`
`

`
`
`
`a telephone. Early reports of the Bell Systems Picturephone seemed to
`
`confirm the arrival of "l98b." Yet to the layman,
`
`these "visions" never
`
`came true; people soon forgot about them.
`
`No longer on the horizon, but now in the homes of thousands of Americans
`
`is,-what surely will be,
`
`the ultimate conmmnications invention,
`
`the home
`
`in
`
`ap
`
`ti
`
`ystem.
`
`The extension of oomnunication is facilitated by the
`
`of the family television set and a computer.
`
`These systems will
`
`record, retrieve, edit,
`
`transmit, and process all
`
`types of information.
`
`Similarly,
`
`the unit can provide endless forms of entertainnent and conven—'
`
`tional television programing — all within the confines of one‘:-; own living
`
`room at an unbelievable low cost.
`
`"The basis of our (lives is) going to be changed to a degree that (has
`
`not been changed) since the well—born German goldsmith, Gutenberg, began
`
`that mysterious ten year process that eventually led to the creation-of a
`
`quickly reproducible....bookmaking maChine....(Home information systems)
`
`will be the "impossible ideal." all information in all places at all times
`
`(26, 1)." Alvin Toffler, author of Future Shocg, and now The Third Wave.
`
`comments on this communication revolution. He sees the use of television
`
`evolving in three stages:
`
`first, "it will be passive entertainment and
`
`information,
`
`the second stage will be the utilization of (television) for
`
`interactive consumer purposes, and the third stage will be the use cf.....
`
`television and the‘wired society for work (61, 13).“ Recent communication
`
`developments in the field of television have shown that society is readily
`
`adopting a swift movement from stage one to stage two.
`
`Toffler believes that all these predictions will occur via cable television,
`
`i.e.,
`
`the transmission of information will utilize that utility rather than
`
`by telephone or tmoadcast. These mediums of transmission will be explored
`
`_ 9 .
`
`I-,-L
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`MmbmPMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 4
`Page4
`
`

`
`shortly. However, it is the concept of the cable television "wire" that
`ll
`
`characterizes Toffler's "wired society" and
`
`electronic cottage," which have
`
`extended McLMhan's "global village." As such, vast networks will link
`
`- society seldom requiring an individual to leave his home - even to go to
`
`work. For, as is seen in stage three, man will utilize his home information
`
`system (and home) as a cottage industfy (an electronic cottage)...."the use
`
`of electronics for production rather than consumption (63,Al3)."
`
`Toffler says of his stage three, "there are millions of workers out
`
`there typipgt filing memos, writing out invoices, who will no longer need
`to be in central locations like offices.‘ They can do their work from their
`
`homes, sometimes with the aid of the rest of the family. And they can start
`new cottage industries_with/the Electronic information and services available
`
`to them within arms reach....all of this may sound utopian now, but....
`
`declining energy and improved telecommunications at favorable cost definitely
`
`points in that direction (63, 13)."
`
`Of primary concern here is the movement of the human based electronics
`of the home information systems into Toffler's stage two. ‘These innovations-
`
`in interactive television technology promise to change life as we know it.
`
`WHAT ARE HOME IHFOHMATION SYSTEMS?
`
`Information is an amplification of human intellect, and as such is
`
`fundamental to all aspects of life.
`
`The implications of a home information
`
`system, a network of instant communication,
`
`touch all of us.
`
`"....Advances
`
`in communications and data processing technologies provide unparalleled
`
`capabilities for developing an extremely powerful network for information
`
`exchange (22, 78)." At
`
`the heart of this "window of knowledge" is of course
`
`the television, but also computer technology.
`«.
`
`Jiml:
`
`_
`53
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 5
`Page5
`
`

`
`
`
`Computers have long provided for the storage and retrieval of data.
`
`Now the home information system can make use of, and take advantage of.
`
`the same abilities for the use andcimprovement of the average consumer.
`
`Computer/communication systems are resource sharing mechanisms "analogous
`
`in a superficial sense to conventional resource sharing utilities....but
`
`information is not really a commodity (it is an extension of man) (26, 70)."
`
`- Computers have managed, stored and ordered information for banks, credit
`
`card companies: word processing and electronic publishing have flourished,
`
`experiments in electronic mail and teleconferencing have met with a great
`deal of success.
`As
`the prime resource for facilitating these activities,
`
`the cycle will be completed when the computer's capabilities are put to work
`
`in the home.
`
`Current "interactiye" or "two—way television" systems are the first
`
`step toward a home information system similar to those visualized by Toffler
`
`and others. Essentially,
`
`there are two types of "interactive" home information
`
`systems currently in use. They are termed:
`
`one—uay interactive (also
`
`passive) and bi-directional.
`
`a one—way or passive system allows a consumer to request some information
`
`via a simple key pad.
`
`A built-in microprocessor "reads" the command and
`
`"grate" and displays the requested information on the home television screen
`
`for the consumer's use.
`
`Bi—directiona1 systems can be sutflivided into participational and
`
`interactive bi-directional services.
`
`A participational system operates much
`
`like a one-way system in the retrieval of information. However. an added
`
`feature allows a viewer, during special programs.
`
`to participate (or vote)
`
`by depressing certain buttons in response to questions aired during a
`
`television program.
`
`A master computer tabulates the polling and reports the
`
`G‘
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`MmbmPMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 6
`Page6
`
`

`
`J
`
`results instantly on the screen.
`
`Interactive hi—directional systems are
`
`the most advanced home information services available today. The viewer
`
`is permitted to enjoy all the functions of the two previously mentioned
`
`formats, but also to produce, record, and transmit their own personal iaia.
`
`All three systems are made up of a keyboard (keypad), display device
`
`(television screen), and for the "intelligent" systems, a ling between the
`
`units microprocessor and a host computer.
`
`These two types of home information, interactive systems provide a
`
`combination of microprocessor and visual display between man and machine.
`
`Generally,
`
`these systems are referred to as videotext, which is used here
`
`as catch—all term referring to information service systems.
`
`A further
`
`delineation can be made with regard to the type of system.
`
`0ne—way operations
`
`can be generically referred to a teletext operations: bi-directional systems
`
`as yiewdata, as such the terms are presented in the lower case. This point
`
`is made because a tremendous degree of confusion exists as to names,
`
`especially since several videotext operations have chosen close approximations
`
`of the terms as their proper names.
`
`THE TECHNOLOGY OF TELETEXT
`
`Teletext, or a one-way interactive home information system,
`
`transmits
`
`text in digital form, augmented with graphics,
`
`to a consumer's color television
`
`receiver.
`
`In the most simple operation,
`
`the digital code is included in a
`
`television troadcast signal and is cyclically repeated. These analog
`
`representations of digital bits are inserted on two lines of the television
`
`receiver's vertical blanking signal.
`
`On command from a keypad, a decoder
`
`built in, or added to the receiver, “grabs” the information item of interest
`
`selected by the viewer and displays it on the screen (14, 63).
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`MmbmPMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 7
`Page7
`
`

`
`
`
`The home television set is a functional part-of the system. This is a
`
`very important aspect in the development and adoption of
`
`this new technology
`
`because such a large percentage of individuals already own televisions (and
`
`the prohibitive cost of trying to get consumers to buy a separate terminal.)
`
`In addition, maintenance of the hope receiver will be cheaper, and possibly
`
`most inportant, it is a fandliar piece of
`_.f
`.
`
`technology; Display is lindted to
`
`CRT representation, at least until low cost printers are available.
`
`Technically, "(the teletext} system is based upon a decoder using four
`
`LS1 (Large Scale Integration) devices with a page. memory, a remote control
`\
`
`system using a low cost LSI encoding IC in the transndtter and a signal
`
`decoding IC in the receiver (56, 63)." Essentially what occurs 15 that infer-
`
`mation is continually broadcast over the vertical blanhing interval in a "page'
`
`(or full screen of information) format. Via a keypad, resembling a hand—held.
`
`calculator,
`
`the units microprocessor is accessed.
`
`The user is presented with-
`
`a hierarchical list of key words representing 4tc'ories of infornation. After
`Fl
`- ----mu.
`
`selecting the number of a corresponding category, a second list appears giving
`
`specific information available in the'category chosen. Once the desired
`
`information is located, pages (or screens) of
`
`information in that category
`
`begin to appear.
`
`The user simply stops the sequence when a page of interest
`
`comes on the screen.
`
`'
`
`Information retrieval is theoretically infinite,
`
`limited only by data
`
`capacity of the VBI and the transmission computer. Problens with quantity
`
`of data and wait time are being reduced by a technique callediFP teletext
`\
`I
`
`(front—porch.) This nethod conveys two bits of information on each front-
`
`porch of the V31 thus significantly reducing retrieval tine.
`
`There are four different ways a user can ndx television and teletext:
`
`one nedium at a time (either television or teletext), partial television
`
`picture with partial teletext information, a television picture with a small
`
`r
`
`;
`
`,
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`MmmwPMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 8
`Page8
`
`

`
`window for teletext, or a programmable override of the television picture
`
`(for*éE%Ey important or significant events). Teletext
`by the teletext signal
`is not utilized as a passive information source but requires active acquisition-
`
`the service is most frequently utilized
`and reading by the user. Therefore,
`when an individual has time to sit and watch.
`
`‘Teletext information and graphics, on most systems, can be highlighted
`
`in up to eight colors (and countless variations,) displayed on a background
`
`of one of these colors, made to flash, display characters double height, or
`
`even partially conceal an item until the viewer decides to reveal the "answer."
`
`Theréfl
`
`s currently no inexpensive method of providing half‘tone photographs
`
`'.
`ia teletext.
`"\ \
`Tz£E_TEdImoLocY OF VIEWDATA
`‘l
`
`Viewdata is a fully interactive computer/communication system that uses
`I
`
`a telephone or cable televigion line as a link with a host computer. The
`
`user interacts directly with that computer by accessing it directly through
`his own microcomputer which is an essential component that makes Vigwdata
`
`different from teletext. Viewdata has the capability to perform all the
`
`previously mentioned functions of teletext in retrieving and displaying
`
`information, however it has the added ability to store that information for
`
`-2 I
`
`later use.
`
`Interactive bi—directional systems can also produce,store, edit,
`
`and trangmit information on command.
`/*’K viewdata system does not "grab" a page of information, it sends a
`
`request to the host computer for a specific item which is then specially
`
`sent to that "address." Effectively with an infinite capacity for storage
`
`and retrieval of information,
`
`this unique system allows for diverse applications
`
`of technology thus creating a home computer system.
`
`Q‘
`
`I_;
`“=“=fl=
`i*'
`'
`'
`
`-
`
`-
`
`2
`
`-
`
`«
`
`.
`
`9
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMCEmmHm10
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 9
`Page9
`
`

`
`
`
`As such, userslcan plug into and search large computer databases.
`
`In
`
`fact, "it is not beyond the realm of imagination that multinational computer
`
`linkages could put the resources of the world's largest libraries (and other
`
`information depositories) at the command of the smallest neighborhood library
`
`(or your home)
`
`(4%, 10).”
`
`'
`
`Viewdata, as an extension of teletext systems, is made up of the same
`
`components with the addition of a microcomputer (for cursor location) and
`interface circuits between the microcomputer and host computer via telephone
`
`or cable television lines (59. 6?).
`\
`
`With this added memory and requirement
`
`of a physical link to information providers and their computers, search,
`I
`Q
`access, retrieval of information can be billed to the user (53, 18). The
`I
`
`access of material is once again via hierarchial trees or menu, although
`
`other methods are being explored and will be discussed‘later.
`The bi—direction:l user input is primarily accomplished via keyboard,
`
`light matrix, sound pen, light
`but can be done via several other methods:
`pen, potentiometer, and graphic tablet (all of which use the screen of
`
`the television as the means of giving feedback to the computer.) Experi-
`
`mentation has shown screen feedback to be an exciting alternative to the
`
`keyboard, and the graphic tablet as the most promising. This method involves
`
`the projection of a keyboard onto the receiver screen for use by the ‘consumer.
`
`Presently, "a person sitting in his living room can just push a button
`
`on a lap—size computer and connect with view data central computers (27, 56).
`The user can then select numerous channels of information, entertainment,/>r
`regular television programming.
`A versatile home terminal must have the
`
`following features:
`
`independence of oral communication,
`
`frame grabber or
`
`modern interface with the host computer, display unit (or printer,) signal
`
`for confirmation of input, keys to restrict access in owner absence, and
`
`1 U
`
`_
`
`‘
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`MmbmPMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 10
`Page 10
`
`

`
`
`
`possibly a key to set a dollar limit for purchases and information use
`
`charges (21, 192).
`
`In essence,
`
`the home information system is designed for
`
`. maximum use of technology, minimum mistakes, ggd realistic operation for
`
`an untrained consumer.
`
`It may seem that teletext and viewdata are competitors. That is not
`
`true. Viewdata
`
`is a highly specialized system and needs teletext operations
`
`so that it can be released from routine information retrieval tasks of
`
`certain types that would otherwise jam the viewdata
`
`switchboard to the
`
`computer. Viewdata complemen“s teletext services because the latter can't
`
`\
`
`fully handle the needs of special users or business. Because of system
`
`capacities and characteristics, it is unlikely that either system will
`
`try to duplicate the other. More likely will be the evolving of two different
`
`services which may be likened to newspapers and magazines.
`I
`
`VIDEOTEXT TRANSMISSION
`J-
`
`.a
`
`There are three methods by which videctext systems can transmit
`
`information s_gnals to the home. These are:
`
`broadcast
`
`(open air),
`
`telephone
`
`link, and cable television link.
`
`Only teletext services can utilize any one of the three modes of
`
`transmission. Most commonly, teletext information is sent via broadcast over
`
`the vertical blanking interval (VBI) of a television signal. First,
`n.
`3
`VBI is an interval of time that is required for a receiver's electron
`
`the
`
`scanning beam to travel from the bottom of a picture back to the top of the
`
`screen to rescan a picture. This interval is enough time to send the equiva-
`
`lent of twenty—one scanning lines of video information. Since sone of these
`
`extra lines are used for pulsing and synchronization purposes, teletext has
`
`available to it ten to sixteen lines. Therefore,,every 1/30 of a second,
`I
`
`‘ll
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`MmmwPMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 11
`Page11
`
`

`
`—
`
`10
`
`data can at sent to the television receiver. As was said earlier,
`
`this
`
`_p
`
`information is sent cyclically and a decoder selects the information
`
`desired for display.
`
`an
`
`'
`
`Encoding data information on the VBI of a composite video signal is
`
`the most attractive method of transmission because existing transmitters and
`
`F
`
`I
`
`channels can be used to reach residents. Additionally, decoders utilize
`1.
`‘
`
`‘
`
`circuitry inherent in receivers and are therefore inexpensive.
`
`There are, of course,
`
`some problems with this “piggy—becked" data
`
`-
`
`Some picture faults and degradations acceptablefiorfitelevision
`transmission.
`may not be able to be tolerated for data services and may even causd some
`data recovery problems. Second,
`the ida-ta capacity of the vet is limited
`
`'
`
`,
`
`’
`
`since the rate of transmission is already at the top of the bandwidth.
`
`1
`
`Third, since the billing of users is impractical, operations must be
`
`subsidized in some way.
`
`A teletext alternative is to broadcast its signal on a dedicated channel
`
`(if one is available, and if the cost of building and licensing a station
`
`for that purpose is practical.) This choice would eliminate all but the
`
`billing problem. The best alternative would then be broadcast via land lifie
`
`(telephone or cable television which can provide a low cost dedicated channel.)
`‘\
`
`This nethod would eliminate broadcast
`
`interference and ghosts, provide for a
`
`billing framework (since one is billed for the amount of time he is actually
`
`in the data bank searching or retrieving,) and, at
`
`the save time, enable the
`
`system to expans to bi—directiona1 in the future. Cable links, depending on
`
`national or regional networks, are expected to be.the nest versatile and
`inexpensive of the alternatives, however, only 362 of the homes
`in the United
`
`States currently have cable television, and until that number increases, it
`
`is likely that V31 will continue to be the prine method of
`
`transndsston.
`
`. U _
`J
`
`/
`
`I 2
`
`'
`
`“
`
`"
`
`”'
`
`-
`
`-
`
`'
`
`'
`
`.
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 12
`Page12
`
`

`
`
`
`‘)
`
`'»"b
`
`‘11
`
`Two—way,
`
`interactive, or view data systems are much more complicated,
`
`and expensive. Eirst, data cannot be broadcast.
`
`It is digitally encoded and
`
`then modulated onto an audio frequency carrier that is usually transmitted
`
`over a telephone line or two—way cable television line. As such, a prime
`
`component of the system” in addition to the microcomputer and television
`
`receiver, is a modem to encode and decode the transmissions to the computer.
`
`'
`
`Data is sent to the user "on demand" and therefore requires that special
`link with the host computer.
`f
`
`I Since 95%'of all households have telephone; and nearly 30% Cable
`
`television,
`
`intercommunications between any two persons will be possible.
`
`As systems grow and eamand it is more likely that cable television will become
`
`the prime means of transmission since broadband communications can be multi-
`
`'“..
`
`plexed to reach large masses of people simultaneously and can handle a much
`
`larger data rate than telephone lines (21, 2&7). Likewise, picture telephone_
`
`type transmissions, via interactive systems will be more economically
`
`accommodated via television lines rather than telephone lines (21. 249)-
`
`The videotext picture has recently been c1ouded_by a unique (in the
`
`United States) hybrid system called hTouch—Tone Teletext."
`
`A combination of
`
`teletext and
`
`viewdata
`
`the user calls the teletext computer via telephone
`
`and requests a certain page of information. This page is then transmitted
`
`on the VBI
`
`(on the same frequency as the page the user currently has
`
`displayed on his screen.) ‘The decoder "grabs" and displays the new page.
`
`Although allowing some direct interaction with the computer, resulting in
`
`this system is still essentially a one way retrieval system.
`expanded data access,
`Interactive means on—demand cdamunication. That is,
`the audience can
`
`control the timing and content of messages, and transmit those messages to
`
`other individuals via mechanical means
`
`(21, 266).
`
`Just as the mail service,
`
`L)
`
`.
`
`£F~
`
`,
`
`_{ 3
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 13
`Page13
`
`

`
`
`
`telegraph,
`
`quickly.
`
`telephone, and television grew, videotext promises to grow
`3
`.
`As demands increase and technology changes, home information systems
`
`will become an indispensible part of life.
`
`Just two of the more promising
`
`developments on the horizon are optical fiber cable and Direct Broadcast
`
`"Optical fibers provide a widebend transmission path of
`Satellites (DES).
`extremely small physical cross section that is free from power and radio
`
`frequency interference....(l#, 6a)." As DBS develops, home information
`
`terminals will of course be able to receive signals via roof—top earth
`
`C
`
`stations, but
`
`there may be prospects for local uplinks allowing simultaneous
`1'
`
`worldwide communication without the restriction of landlines and microwave
`
`networks, at a much cheaper cost.
`
`EHELY INNOVNTIQNS IN VIDEOTEKI
`
`.
`
`Videotext is still very much in it; infancy in the United States. But
`
`as long ago as the early l9?0's both Great Britain and France developed
`
`workable systems. Teletext arose from the efforts of. British television to
`
`transmit signals within the television network plant.
`
`An intermediate goal
`
`was captioning for the deaf, which began about 1971.
`
`By 1974, a teletext
`
`standard was developed and in l9',?6 the first public service_systerr. was in
`
`‘full operation. Viewdata
`
`grew out of teletext and was fueled by disappoint-
`
`ment over the inability to be able to provide picture telephone service,
`which was intended to transmit pictures as well as text and diagrams. Again.
`
`the British took the lead and developed the Prestel viewdata
`
`system.
`
`While systems were gearing up in Europe,
`
`the United States was only on
`
`the verge of studying interactive video.
`
`In 197k,
`
`the National Science .
`
`Foundation funded three erperimental studies of interactive video; studies
`
`were located in Reading, Pa., Spartansburg, S. C., and Rockford, Ill.
`
`,1
`
`jg
`‘
`
`\
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`MmmwPMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201 6—00753
`Page 14
`Page14
`
`

`
`13
`
`To date,
`
`these studies are still the only extensive research programs to
`
`be conducted and their results are still the basis for current pilot programs
`
`and planned expansion._ Prompted by a 1960's government report that, "cable
`
`couhd dvercome broadcast spectrum "scarcity;" cable, when combined with
`computers, would be the foundation for a wholly new information and communi-
`
`cation application for business, government, and private citizens: and that
`
`cable would ultimately be a public necessity (12,
`
`lh5)," the NSF funded
`
`consortiums of academic, public, governmental, and community associations to
`
`"create knowledge about
`
`the application of two way cable television to urban
`
`social-service delivery and administration (12,
`
`lH5)."
`
`./K
`
`The heading study was based on the needs of senior citizens with
`
`programming coming from educational institutions,
`
`local government, and
`
`social'service agencies (41, 16?).
`
`The experident evaluated two way cable
`
`exposure, groups viewing television but participating in programming via
`
`telephone call in, and those that had no access.
`The results showed that
`the
`experimental group exposed to two-way cable had greater awareness of community
`
`problems, knowledge of social services, and were much more involved in the
`
`socializatibfi/process.
`
`Spartansburg's experiment looked at the effects of interactive cable
`
`on education. Experimenting with a high school equivalency program at
`
`Spartansburg Technical College, students using interactive cable instruction
`
`did equally well as students in a traditional classroom situation (39, 175).
`
`Rockford evaluated the training of firefighters and inservice education
`
`of teachers via two way television.
`
`The firefighter training group, using
`
`digital return capability for answers and comments, showed significant
`
`differences in cognitive understanding of material when compared to the
`
`control group. The experiment for ihservice education was meant to diffuse
`
`. 0
`
`l
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`MmbmPMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 15
`Page15
`
`

`
`lb
`
`\
`
`videas about new teaching methods. Discussions were successful, but adoption
`
`and use of the ideas or teaching behavior were not observed as part of the
`
`experiment and therefore results could not be reported.
`
`Generally,
`the results of the experiments can be summarized as successful.
`even though,problems with programming were experienced.
`The studies found
`
`that the applications of the medium were more complex than the technology
`
`(of the day,) point to point interactions were technically workable, and
`
`digital return of information was viable and socially acceptable (12, 1&7).
`
`The residents of Reading were so excited and pleased with their system,
`
`that the local community continued and financed its operation after the end ‘
`
`of the study.
`
`likewise, results were impressive enough,
`
`that Reading served
`
`as a foundation for the development of the Warner Amex QUBE interactive
`
`television system.
`
`VIDEUTEXT TODAY
`
`The NSF studies provided the basis and rationale for expansion of two-
`way television into U. S. homes. One early operation of telétext termed
`
`TICCIT, was established by the Mitre Corporation in hasten, Virginia for
`
`education. Shortly thereafter,
`
`the Digital Broadcasting'Corporation of
`
`McLean, Virginia established the first large scale teletext operation in
`
`‘
`Washington, D.C., Dallas, and San Francisco. Thisfoperation tends to
`1
`approximate electronic mail allowing subscribers;.lasically chain businesses,'
`:--
`Iu
`
`I
`,
`
`to transmit information to its branches.
`
`Probably the largest and most well known ophration is the Warner Amex
`
`E
`
`I
`
`QUBE interactive system which tegan operation in Columbus, Ohio in 197?.
`
`Offering a thirty channel capacity with satellite uplinks and participational
`
`interactive capability, Warner has been able to spread their success by
`
`'
`
`1
`
`_ k3,
`I;
`====fi=
`
`_
`
`,
`1 {)
`
`_
`
`—
`
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`PMC Exhibit 2110
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016—00753
`Page 16
`Page16
`
`

`
`securing cable franchises in Pittsburgh and Dallas - each offering eighty
`
`a
`
`channels of programming.
`
`15
`
`Warner's exclusive QUBE channel measures public response to broadcast
`
`questions by computer tabulation of viewers answers when they depress one
`
`of five response buttons on the QUBE channel selector. Seeing a demand for
`a truly bi—directiona1 system,
`just a few months ago Warner Amer introduced
`
`QUBE III, a home computer console that will go beyond simple viewer parti-
`
`cipation; it will allow data retrieval, video entertainment, home energy
`
`and security services, can accommodate up to 11C channels of programming
`
`and, say Warner officials, it can handle those services and demands likely
`
`to arise in the next decade.
`
`QUBE offers a much better than typical menu of movies, news, sports,’
`
`and a variety of networks. The interactive programming crosses a rather
`
`wide spectrum of interests.
`
`A full channel of children's programs are
`
`carried as are,
`
`local public interest programs, interactive game shows,
`
`religious programs, a book club, and programs on local and national consumer
`
`affairs.
`
`QUBE has also become "the medium of education for adults and
`
`children, a marketplace for goods and opinions....it has polled citizens
`
`on issues ranging from marijuana consumption to urban renewal,
`
`to the name
`
`of a new 'taby....(l5, 38)."0
`
`The most recent "full blown” interactive system was recentl