DOWNLOAD REMOTE NODE USING ETHERNET BOOTSTRAP
`
`by
`
`Kuo-Sheng Hsiao
`
`A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the
`
`DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
`
`the Requirements
`In Partial Fulfillment of
`for the Degree of
`
`MASTER OF SCIENCE
`
`In the Graduate College
`
`THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
`
`1 9 8 4
`
`Copyright 1984 Kuo—Sheng Hsiao
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 1
`Page1
`
`
`
`by
`
`Kuo-Sheng Hsiao
`
`A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the
`
`DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
`
`the Requirements
`In Partial Fulfillment of
`for the Degree of
`
`MASTER OF SCIENCE
`
`In the Graduate College
`
`THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
`
`1 9 8 4
`
`Copyright 1984 Kuo—Sheng Hsiao
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 1
`Page1
`
`
`
`STATEMENT BY AUTHOR
`
`submitted in partial
`been
`has
`This thesis
`fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at
`The University of Arizona
`and is deposited
`in
`the
`University Library to be made available to borrowers
`under
`the rules of the Library.
`
`this
`from
`Brief quotations
`allowable without special pernission,
`that
`provided
`accurate acknowlegement of source is made.
`Request
`for
`permission
`for
`extended quotation
`from
`or
`reproduction of
`this manuscript
`in whole or in part
`may be granted by the copyright holder.
`
`thesis
`
`are
`
`SIGNED:
`
`‘-as 22%; figs‘;
`
`APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR
`
`This thesis has been approved on the date shown below:
`
`
`RALPH MARTINEZ
`Associate Professo
`of
`
`
`Electrical and Computer Engineering
`
`4/424532
`Date
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 2
`Page2
`
`
`
`©1984
`
`KUO—SHENG HSIAO
`
`All Rights Reserved
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR2016-00753
`Page 3
`Page 3
`
`
`
`ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
`
`The author wishes to express his appreciation to
`
`his advisor and committee chairman, Dr. Ralph Martinez,
`
`for his guidance and professional assistance throughout
`
`this
`
`thesis.
`
`The
`
`author would
`
`also
`
`like to
`
`thank
`
`the
`
`other
`
`comnittee members, Dr. Fredrick J. Hill and
`
`Dr. Robert Swanson, for their suggestions.
`
`Special
`
`thanxs are
`
`due to Mr. Hugh Bynum and
`
`Mr. Rajiv Dhingra
`
`of
`
`the Intel Corporation
`
`for
`
`their
`
`assistance in developing network software.
`
`The author would like to thank his father,
`
`his
`
`wife and children, for their support and encouragement.
`
`This work is dedicated to them.
`
`iii
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 4
`Page4
`
`
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS...
`.
`oocuoooioounocsooooon
`
`ABSTRACT......
`
`1
`
`INTRODUCTION....... OIIICIIIOOOIIIUIOOOIIIIICIIIOOII
`
`101
`
`ooalooontnoocccs
`Approach......................
`10:7
`1l1l1EthernetllfllbilllIIIIIOIICOIIIIIIIOU
`OI?
`NOdES.......o......
`1.1.2
`noooootuuooounne
`1.1.5 iAPX86 Family......
`
`LOCAL AREA NETWORK SYSTEM STRUCTURE..............1fl
`
`..............11
`2.1 Logical Structure.........
`2.1.1 Ethernet..............................14
`2.1.2 NI1B1E. NI2fl1@, and iSEC55Z...........15
`2.1.5 REMOTE BOOTSTRAP and FOOT LOADER......17
`Software Residency..........................1B
`2.2.1 NI1fl1®, M12910 and LSI-11, PDP-11
`Fami1y................................15
`2.2.2 1SBC55fl and ISBC36/30......
`...26
`
`2.2
`
`FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION.........
`
`.....22
`
`3C1
`3.2
`
`oaolonuooooalcloouzg
`Overall Block D1agran.....
`uonuounocozé
`Programming Interface.............
`5.2.1 Nllwlw and NI2B1Z.....................24
`5.2.2 1SBC55@...............................27
`5.5 Functional Operation........................51
`5.5.1 Nllfllfi and NI2@1$.....................52
`5.5.2 iSBC55@...............................55
`5.5.5 REMOTE BOOTSTRAP and BOOT LOADEH
`Routines..............................55
`5.5.4 Connectivity . . . . .
`. . . . . .
`.
`.
`. .
`.
`.
`. .
`.
`.
`.
`. . ..58
`no-oounocu-00049
`5.5.5 Flow Control.......
`uuouég
`5.5.5 Error Control........
`
`EXAVPLE APPLICATION PROGRAMS . .
`
`.
`
`. . . . . .............$2
`
`REMOTE PROCESS Examples.....................42
`4.1
`4.2 MACRO-11 Examples...... . . . .
`.
`.
`.
`. . ............45
`4.5
`PL/M-B5 Examples . .
`.
`.
`. ... . . . . . .
`. .... . . . . .....45
`
`iv
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 5
`Page5
`
`
`
`5
`
`CONCLUSION...‘IIC.CICCCCOCCOIDOU.IC..............IU47
`
`Page
`
`5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages.................47
`5.1.1 Simplicity. Cost, and Expandibi1ity....47
`5.1.2 Media Access Protoco1s.................48
`
`5.2 Potential Application Areas..................49
`5.2.1 Automatic Test Equipment...............49
`5.2.2 Laboratory Automation..................5O
`5.2.3 Factory Automation.....................E@
`
`APPENDIX A:
`
`NI1Z1O AND NI2G1O COMMAND FUNCTION CODE....52
`
`APPENDIX B: NIIEIO AND NI201O COMMAND §TATUS CODE......54
`
`APPENDIX C:
`
`COMMAND REQUEST BLOCKS FOR iSEC55O
`C0NlI|FOLLkJRlOOIlII‘OIIOIUOIOUIOOICOIOOIIUOOISS
`
`APPENDIX D:
`
`BOOT LOADER LOGICAL DIAGRAM........ . . .
`
`. . . ..5S
`
`APPENDIX E:
`
`REMOTE BOOTSTRAP LOGICAL DIA3RAM...........6O
`
`APPENDIX F:
`
`REMOTE BOOTSTRAP PSEUDO CODE...............61
`
`APPENDIX C:
`
`BOOT LOADER PSEUDO CODE....................65
`
`APPENDIX H:
`
`EXAMPLE MAP FILE (PDl—11/44)...............66
`
`APPENDIX 1:
`
`EXAMPLE REMOTE PROCESS (FORTRAN)...........67
`
`APPENDIX
`
`:
`
`EXAMPLE REMOTE PROCESS (PL/M—86)...........68
`
`APPENDIX K:
`
`EXAMPLE BOOT IOADER (MACRO-11).............69
`
`APPENDIX L:
`
`EXAMPLE REMOTE BOOTSTRAP (MACRO—11)........7e
`
`APPENDIX M:
`
`EXAMPLE MIP USED FOR THIS PFOJECT..........?B
`
`APPENDIX N:
`
`CONTROILER$INlT EXAMPLE PROGRAM............87
`
`APPENDIX 0:
`
`PL/M-86 EXAMPLE BOOT LOADER PROGRAM
`
`0.1
`BOOT LOADER Definitions File.................91
`0.2 Library Routines for BOOT LOADER.............9E
`0.3
`BOOT LOADER Example Program..................97
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`App|ev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 6
`Page6
`
`
`
`vi
`
`APPENDIX P:
`
`PL/M-86 EXAMPLE BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM
`
`P.1
`
`REMOTE BOOTSTRAP Definitions Fi1e...........10@
`
`. ..1o4
`P.2 Library Routines for REMOTE BOOTSTRAP. . . .
`P.5
`REMOTE BOOTSTRAP Example Program...... . . . . ..1Z7
`
`LIST OF REFERENCES..
`
`IOIIOOIOOOOIIOCOIIUII
`
`..............1@8
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 7
`Page 7
`
`
`
`LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
`
`Page
`
`Outline of SMART NODE.......... oooocooooloous
`
`Outline of REMOTE NODE......................3
`
`LAN Topo1ogies......... -ooocouonunnbcoooctooe
`
`Typical LAN Conf1guration....... noounonnovlcs
`
`Ethernet LAN in CERL...........
`
`..9
`
`OSI Reference Model..... uaoonaooooanouunooolz
`
`Frame Encapsu1ation..... .-....-.-....o.....12
`
`LAN Protocol hesources.....................13
`
`Ethernet Architecture Layering.............13
`
`Typical Message Frame Format on
`Ethernet LAN... otocoouonuouuooontolnoouols
`
`Implementation of NI1010 and NI261C........16
`
`Implementation of
`
`iSFC55%..
`
`.........16
`
`PDP-11 and LSI'11 BOOTSTRAP Fe5idency......19
`
`BOOTSTRAP Residency (iSEC8fi/3%)............21
`
`BOOT LOADER hesidency (MDS)................21
`
`BOOTSTRAP Overall Logical Diagram..........
`
`3
`
`Command and Status Register....
`
`..26
`
`Transmit Frame Format
`
`(NI1@1O and NI2610)..28
`
`Receive Frame Format
`
`(Nllfilz and NI2Z10)...28
`
`General Format of Command Request B1ock....30
`
`Major Components of BOOT IOALEH and
`REMOTE BO0TSTRAP....
`
`........34
`
`vii
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 8
`Page8
`
`
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`Downloading the executable module is normally done
`
`with a loosely coupled distributed computer system.
`
`This
`
`thesis
`
`investigates
`
`the
`
`technique
`
`to
`
`download
`
`an
`
`executable module from a smart node over an
`
`LAN physical
`
`channel
`
`130 6
`
`remote
`
`node and 150
`
`EX€('l1t€
`
`‘H18
`
`executable
`
`module on the remote node.
`
`Two approaches
`
`have
`
`been
`
`successfully achieved
`
`within this thesis.
`
`One
`
`is
`
`to
`
`develop
`
`the executable
`
`module on the PDP-11/44 computer
`
`and
`
`then download
`
`the
`
`module through the Ethernet
`
`LAN to the LS1-11/23 computer
`
`and to
`
`execute
`
`the module
`
`on
`
`the LS1-11/23 computer.
`
`Another one is to download the executable module from the
`
`Intel Series IV Microcomputer Development
`
`System through
`
`the Fthernet LAN to the iSBC86/3% single
`
`board computer
`
`and to execute the module on the single board computer.
`
`Potential
`
`applicaiton areas
`
`of
`
`this
`
`technique
`
`are like Automatic Test Equipment, Laboratory Automation,
`
`and Factory Automation.
`
`viii
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 9
`Page9
`
`
`
`CHAPTER
`
`1
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`The development of electronic
`
`computers and the
`
`experience gained with
`
`their
`
`applications in economic,
`
`scientific, industrial, and technical areas have revealed
`
`that it is both necessary and efficient to employ remote
`
`data access (over data transmission channels) and remote
`
`output of the results.
`
`The experience upon geoaraphically
`
`widely distributed computer systems shows the necessity of
`
`switching from centralized computer
`
`systems to networks
`
`that make all programs, data and ether resources available
`
`to any node on the network regardless geographic location
`
`of the resources and the users.
`
`Over
`
`the
`
`last
`
`decade,
`
`there
`
`has
`
`been
`
`vigorous
`
`development on
`
`computer
`
`networks
`
`for
`
`data
`
`bases
`
`and
`
`information retrieval services.
`
`In any computer network
`
`there exists a collection of machines intended for running
`
`user
`
`programs.
`
`Normally,
`
`a
`
`computer
`
`on
`
`the
`
`network
`
`contains a resident bootstrap which will
`
`load a permanent
`
`program from mass storage devices onto its memory.
`
`The
`
`permanent
`
`’program may
`
`have
`
`the form of a monitor,
`
`an
`
`interpreter or
`
`an operating system through which
`
`local
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 10
`Page10
`
`
`
`user programs can be processed.
`
`Let
`
`us
`
`define
`
`such a
`
`computer, which has a
`
`terminal,
`
`I/O devices, mass storage
`
`devices and/or intelligence with it. on the network as a
`
`"SMART Noon"
`
`(See Figure 1.1), for example, VAX,
`
`IBM/PC,
`
`IBM/4541,
`
`INTEL so/33o,
`
`INTEL es/aeo, etc.
`
`A station, which has data acquisition and
`
`data
`
`display equipment, on the network may have no mass storage
`
`device with it so that human resources can not develop
`
`executable program on it.
`
`Let us also define
`
`such
`
`a
`
`station on the network as "REMOTE NODE", for example,
`
`iSBC86/3%,
`
`iSEC286/19, Micro VAX, etc.
`
`This paper
`
`investigates the technique to download
`
`a
`
`task (or process) from a
`
`SMART
`
`NODE to
`
`a particular
`
`REMOTE NODE, which has the same type of CPU as the SMART
`
`NODE
`
`host
`
`CPU, Tanenbum (1982),
`
`and
`
`to
`
`process
`
`the
`
`downloaded task (or process) at
`
`the REMOTE NOD? by using
`
`the network bootstrap.
`
`Here we define such
`
`a
`
`task
`
`or
`
`process
`
`to
`
`be
`
`downloaded and processed at
`
`the
`
`REMOTE
`
`NODE as
`
`REMOTE
`
`pnocrss" (See Figure 1.2).
`
`The task running on the REMOTE NODE for receiving
`
`and executing the
`
`REMOTE
`
`PROCESS is defined as
`
`"REMOTE
`
`BOOTSTRAP".
`
`The task that runs on
`
`the
`
`sugar
`
`NODE
`
`for
`
`downloading REMOTE raocnss is denoted by "Boor LOADER".
`
`The later part of this Chapter willintroduce
`
`existing commercially available LANS (local Area Networks)
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 11
`Page11
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`User Program
`Execution
`
`Network Interface
`
`_ Oneretin
`
`S stem
`
`
`
`Figure 1.1 Outline of SMART NODE
`
`1/0 Page
`
`Data
`Acquisition
`Equipment
`
`User Program
`
`MEMORY
`
`
`
`
`Data
`Display
`Equipment
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Network
`Interface
`
`Figure 1.2 Outline of REMOTE NODE
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 12
`Page12
`
`
`
`and explain why we select
`
`the Ethernet LAN for our study
`
`approach.
`
`on
`
`Chapter 4 describes the modular layering concept
`
`of computer networks protocols by referencing the CS1
`
`(Open
`
`System Interconnection) Reference Model
`
`and
`
`describes
`
`the
`
`implementations
`
`of
`
`vendor
`
`supplied
`
`hardware/software
`
`network
`
`interfaces.
`
`the
`
`roles
`
`and
`
`residency of
`
`the BOOT LOADER and the REMOTE BOOTSTRAP in
`
`the overall network architecture.
`
`Chapter 3 describes the overall
`
`logic diagram of
`
`both SMART NODE and REMOTE NODE,
`
`the detailed functional
`
`operations of each vendor supplied hardware/software
`
`network interface,
`
`the programming interface of each
`
`vendor supplied network interface. Also described in
`
`Chapter 3 are the
`
`procedural
`
`descriptions
`
`and
`
`logical
`
`interconnection of BOOT LOADER and REMOTE FOOTSTRAP with
`
`network interface,
`
`the
`
`required
`
`network
`
`connectivity
`
`control.
`
`flow control. and error control.
`
`The design methodology end demonstrations of two
`
`implementations
`
`of
`
`both
`
`BOOT
`
`LOADER
`
`and
`
`REMOTE
`
`BOOTSTRAP, written in MACRO-11 and PL/M-85 respectively.
`
`are described in Chapter 4.
`
`Chapter 5 describes the advantages, disadvantages,
`
`and several potential applications of this successfully
`
`demonstrated download technique.
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 13
`Page13
`
`
`
`1.1 Approach
`
`The LANs
`
`(Local Area Networks) can be classified
`
`into two types, Baseband and Broadband.
`
`The Baseband type
`
`LAN uses a single digital frenquency as the transmission
`
`carrier with a data rate of 1@—2% mbps depending on the
`
`type of transciever used, while the Broadband type uses
`
`an RF (Radio Frequency) signal as the transmission carrier
`
`with multiple RF channels in the 566-400 MHz bandwidth and
`
`a 2-5 mbps data rate on each channel.
`
`The goal of the
`
`topology design is to achieve a
`
`specific performance at a minimal
`
`cost.
`
`As
`
`shown
`
`in
`
`Figure 1.3,
`
`two
`
`topologies are practically applied for
`
`LANs' installation. with the Hierarchial Tree topology.
`
`the higher
`
`PEs
`
`perform
`
`control
`
`functions while lower
`
`PEs perform specialized functions.
`
`PE failures higher up
`
`in the tree become very serious tc the LAN. with a Global
`
`Bus topology, each PE is multidropped to the global bus.
`
`and failure of one PE does not affect LAN’s performance.
`
`Figure 1.4 shows the typical LAN’s configuration.
`
`In recent years, a wide variety of
`
`LANs
`
`from
`
`different vendors running under different environments
`
`have been developed.
`
`These include systems such as
`
`Omninet
`
`(Corvus Systems), Net/One
`
`(Ungermann-Bass),
`
`Cluster/One (Nestar Systems), Ringnet
`
`(Prime Computers),
`
`wangnet
`
`(Wang Laboraries). Domain (Appollo Computers).
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 14
`Page14
`
`
`
`Efl D/fa
`
`GLOBAL BUS
`
`SIERACHIAL TREE
`
`Figure 1.3
`
`LAN Topologies
`
`IIIIIM lilllltllllli
`II III! [Ml
`
`Figure 1.4 Typical LAN Configuration
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 15
`Page15
`
`
`
`Token/Net
`
`(Concord Data Systems). Localnet (Sytek), and
`
`Ethernet
`
`(Dec, Intel, and Xerox).
`
`These commercially
`
`available LANs provide the users with the ability to
`
`access remote programs, access remote data bases. and add
`
`communication facilities.
`
`1.1.1 Ethernet
`
`The above mentioned Ethernet
`
`is
`
`a
`
`baseband,
`
`datagram LAN providing
`
`a
`
`communication
`
`facility for
`
`high-speed
`
`(1% mbps)
`
`data
`
`exchange
`
`among computers.
`
`located
`
`within 2.5 Kilometers of each other.
`
`over one
`
`5% ohm coaxial cable, Ethernet
`
`(1982).
`
`The connection
`
`of computers to the Ethernet
`
`LAN
`
`forms a Global Bus
`
`topology
`
`(Refer to Figure 1.3)
`
`so
`
`that
`
`one
`
`station
`
`failure
`
`will
`
`not
`
`affect
`
`the
`
`performance
`
`of
`
`the LAN.
`
`Also because it
`
`is medium cost and medium performance.
`
`one Ethernet LAN
`
`has been installed in
`
`CERL (Computer
`
`Engineering Research
`
`Iaborary)
`
`for research purpose,
`
`and will be used for our study approach.
`
`1.1.2 PP?-11 and LSI°11 Nodes
`
`The
`
`NI1@1%
`
`UNIBUS
`
`Ethernet Communications
`
`Controller and the NI201fl
`
`QBUS Ethernet Communications
`
`Controller,
`
`implemented by Interlan Corporation, contain
`
`all
`
`the data
`
`communications
`
`logic
`
`required
`
`for
`
`interfacing DFC’s (Digital Equipment Corporation) family
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 16
`Page16
`
`
`
`of LSI-11 and QBUS PD}-11 computers to an Ethernet LAN.
`
`One PDP-11/44 minicomputer with
`
`an NI2%1Z Ethernet
`
`Controller and an LSI-11/23 minicomputer with an NI19l@
`
`Ethernet Controller have been connected to the Ethernet
`
`LAN in CERL.
`
`Although
`
`NI1Z1$
`
`and
`
`NIZZIZ
`
`communications
`
`controllers are completely compatible with the Ethernet LAN
`
`so that either LSI-11/23 or PDP-11/44 node may talk with
`
`any other nodes on Ethernet LAN,
`
`they are treated as a pair
`
`of nodes for our special purpose,
`
`discussed in Sec. 1.1,
`
`because they have same type of host CPU.
`
`Any one of them
`
`will perform as the
`
`SMART
`
`NOPE while the other
`
`one
`
`is
`
`the simulated REMOTE NUDE.
`
`1.1.3 iAPX85 Family
`
`Another
`
`Ethernet
`
`Communications
`
`Controller
`
`implemented by Intel (Intel Corporation),
`
`iSBC55@. provides
`
`the data
`
`communications
`
`logic
`
`required
`
`for
`
`interfacing
`
`Multibus Systems to an Ethernet LAN. Another pair of nodes
`
`for
`
`our
`
`research
`
`purposes
`
`is
`
`one
`
`0”
`
`Intel's
`
`MES
`
`(Microprocessor Development Syster Intellec Series IV) and
`
`one Single Board Computer
`
`iSBC86/5%.
`
`Each has been
`
`connected with an iSBC55Z Communications Controller to the
`
`Ethernet LAN in CERI recently. Unlike the PEP-11/44 and
`
`LSI-11/23 case,
`
`the MDS, which has mass storage devices
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 17
`Page17
`
`
`
`and several I/O connections, will play the role of
`
`the
`
`SMART
`
`NODE while
`
`ISBCBS/56. which
`
`has
`
`no
`
`storage
`
`periphrals, will play as the
`
`REMOTE
`
`MODE
`
`(Refer
`
`to
`
`Figure 1.5).
`
`The program of the REMOTE PROCESS will be created
`
`at the
`
`SMART NODF.
`
`The executable module of the REMOTE
`
`PROCESS will be
`
`developed at
`
`the
`
`smm NODE
`
`and
`
`be
`
`downloaded from the
`
`SMART
`
`NODE to the
`
`REMOTE NODE for
`
`execution at
`
`the REMOTE NODE.
`
`REMOTE NOSE
`
`SMART MODE
`
`
`
` NIIZIB
`
`LS1-11/23
`
`PDP-11/$4
`
`
`Figure 1.5 Ethernet LAN in CEFL
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 18
`Page18
`
`
`
`CHAPTER
`
`IN
`4
`
`LOCAL AREA NETWORK SYSTEM STRUCTURE
`
`A heterogeneous computer local area network can
`
`consists of a wide variety of machines which process
`
`different
`
`tasks
`
`under particular
`
`environments
`
`by
`
`employing different processors.
`
`In order to reduce
`
`design complexity, modern computer
`
`IANs are designed in
`
`a highly structured way. Most
`
`laws are organized using
`
`a modular layering concept which provides an integrated
`
`systems approach by decomposing large complex tasks into
`
`smaller, more managable, modular layers.
`
`Each
`
`layer
`
`performs a set of well-defined functions,
`
`and
`
`has
`
`a
`
`well—defined
`
`set of higher
`
`and lowerlayer interfaces.
`
`Therefore.
`
`to one end of
`
`the communication channel, each
`
`layer except
`
`the lowest
`
`layer performs a peer protocol
`
`operation with the protocol corresponding layer on the
`
`other end.
`
`As
`
`a
`
`first
`
`step
`
`toward
`
`the
`
`international
`
`standardization of
`
`the
`
`various
`
`network protocols,
`
`ISO (International Standard Organization) has proposed the
`
`seven-layer Reference Model of Open System Interconnection
`
`(OSI), Zimmermann (1982).
`
`1%
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 19
`Page19
`
`
`
`11
`
`Refering to the OSI Reference Model
`
`in Figure
`
`2.1, when transmitting,
`
`the user process
`
`(Application
`
`Layer) passes information to
`
`layer 5.
`
`then
`
`each
`
`layer
`
`encapsulates the information by appending its frame header
`
`to the information and passes the encapsulted frame to the
`
`next
`
`lower
`
`layer all the way down to the Physical Layer.
`
`when receiving,
`
`the Physical
`
`layer receives the packet
`
`from the network,
`
`then each layer decapsultes the packet
`
`by peeling off its frame
`
`header
`
`from the
`
`packet
`
`and
`
`passes
`
`the
`
`decapsulted
`
`frame
`
`to the next higher layer
`
`all
`
`the way up to the Application Layer
`
`(User Process)
`
`(See Figure 2.2).
`
`The 031 Reference Model will be used
`
`as the basis for discussion of protocols in the Ethernet
`
`examples.
`
`2.1 Logical Structure
`
`As
`
`shown in Figure 2.3,
`
`the LAN vendors supply
`
`the implementation of
`
`lower layers of
`
`the 051 Reference
`
`Model so that
`
`the
`
`LAN users
`
`can
`
`develop
`
`their
`
`ywn
`
`software for implementing higher layers.
`
`The Ethernet Data Link Layer and Physical Layer
`
`Specifications. specified by Xerox and jointly supP0Pt€d
`
`by Dec,
`
`Intel,
`
`and Xerox,
`
`is logically structured and
`
`complies with the Data link Layer and Physical Layer of
`
`the OSI Reference Model
`
`(See Figure 2.4).
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 20
`Page20
`
`
`
`12
`
`HOST
`
`A
`
`VIRTUAL LINKS
`
`HOST
`
`3
`
`APPLICATION
`LAYER
`(7)
`
`PRESENTATION
`LAYER
`(6)
`
`SESSION
`LAYER (5)
`
`TRANSPORT
`LAYER (4)
`
`NETWORK
`LAYER (3)
`
`DATA LINK
`LAYER (2)
`
`PHYSICAL
`LAYER (1)
`
`PEER
`
`PROTOCOL
`
`PEER
`
`PROTOCOL
`
`‘PEER
`
`PROTOCOL
`
`PEER
`
`PROTOCOL
`
`PEER
`
`PROTOCOL
`
`PEER
`
`PROTOCOL
`
`PEER
`
`PROTOCOL
`
`APPLICATION
`LAYER
`(7)
`
`PRESENTATION
`LAYER
`(6)
`
`SESSION
`LAYER (5)
`
`TRANSPORT
`LAYER (5)
`
`NETWORK
`IAYER (3)
`
`DATA LINK
`LAYER (2)
`
`PHYSICAL
`LAYER (1)
`
`PHYSICAL TRANSMISSION MELIA
`
`Figure 2.1
`
`OSI Reference Model
`
`
`
`PACKET TRANSHITTED ON THE MEDIA
`
`Figure 2.2
`
`Frame Encapsulation
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 21
`Page21
`
`
`
`15
`
`APPLICATION
`
`PRESENTATION
`
`SOFTWARE
`DEVELOPED
`E B,
`LAN
`TRANSPORT
`
`USER
`
`LAYER (7)
`
`LAYER (6)
`
`LAYER (5)
`
`LAYER (4)
`
`------ --
`
`NETWORK
`
`-——-——-—-——- ---—-—--—--
`w
`
`LAYER (3)
`
`DATA LINK
`
`PHYSICAL
`
`HARDWARE/SCFTWARE
`EEVELOPED
`BY
`LAN VENDORS
`
`LAYER (2)
`
`LAYER (1)
`
`PHYSICAL TRANSWISSION MEDIA
`
`Figure 2.3
`
`LAN Protocol Resources
`
`CLIENT LAYER (HIGHER LAYERS)
`
`DATA LINK
`INTERFACE
`
`TRANSHIT DATA
`ENCAPSULTAION
`
`TRANSHIT LINK
`MANAGEMENT
`
`LINK
`RECEIVE
`MANAGEMENT
`
`PHYSICAL
`INTERFACE
`
`DATA
`RECEIVE
`DECODING
`
`RECEIVE
`CHANNEL ACCESS
`
`Figure 2.4
`
`Ethernet Architecture Layering
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 22
`Page22
`
`
`
`14
`
`2.1.1 Ethernet
`
`The Ethernet Data Link Layer supports the two main
`
`functions generally associated with a data link control
`
`procedure as follows:
`
`1.
`
`Iata Encapsulation/Decapsulation:
`
`- Framing
`
`(variable
`
`frame
`
`size
`
`boundary
`
`delimitation)
`
`- Addressing (handling of aource and destination
`
`addresses)
`
`- Error Detection (detection of physical channel
`
`transmission errors)
`
`2. Link Management:
`
`- Channel Allocation (collision avoidance)
`
`- Contention Resolution
`
`(CSMA/CD collision
`
`handling scheme)
`
`The Ethernet Physical Layer
`
`is
`
`capable
`
`of
`
`exchanging
`
`data
`
`over
`
`a
`
`coaxial
`
`cable.
`
`enabling
`
`communication between the respective stations at
`
`the Data
`
`Link Layer and higher layers of the CS1 Reference Model.
`
`It supports the two main functions generally associated
`
`with physical channel control:
`
`1. Data Encoding:
`
`- Preamble Generation/Removal (for synchronization)
`
`- Bit Encoding/Decoding (between binary and phase-
`
`encoded form)
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 23
`Page23
`
`
`
`15
`
`2. Channel Access:
`
`- Bit Transmission/Reception (of encoded data)
`
`- Carrier Sense (indicating traffic on the channel)
`
`- Collision Detection (indicating contention on the
`
`channel)
`
`The Physical Layer
`
`transmits the messages onto the
`
`coaxial cable in the typical
`
`frame format illustrated in
`
`Figure 2.5.
`
`2.1.2 NI121Z, NI2@l£, and iSFC55Z
`
`The
`
`NI1@13 and
`
`NI2@1@ Ethernet Communications
`
`Controllers shown in Figure 2.6,
`
`implemented by Interlan
`
`Corporation, provide two layers of the OSI Model,
`
`the
`
`Physical
`
`layer and the Data Link layer, M11912 (1982),
`
`NIZEIG (1932).
`
`In addition to the functions provided by
`
`the NIIGIE and NI2G1b Controllers,
`
`the 1SBC55Z Ethernet
`
`Communications Controller shown in Figure 2.7 performs
`
`part, but not all. of the Network Layer protocol
`
`(next
`
`higher layer to the Data Link Layer of
`
`the OSI Reference
`
`Model). There is a MIP (Multibus Interprocessor Protocol)
`
`facility, residing on the iSBC55Z Controller Board,
`
`through which the host computer talks to the Ethernet
`
`LAN Channel by exchanging messages within the shared
`
`memory on c Multi-bus System Bus. MIP actually performs
`
`Network Management issues.
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 24
`Page24
`
`
`
`16
`
`Tfiflflfll
`P
`o
`64 BITS PREAMBLE
`
`DA
`
`SA
`
`LC
`
`:
`
`:
`
`:
`
`DESTINATION ADDRESS
`
`SOURCE ADDRESS
`
`LINK CONTROL FIELD
`
`INFO.:
`
`DATA PACKET FROM NETWORK LAYER
`
`PCS
`
`FRAME CHECK SEQUENCE
`
`Figure 2.5
`
`Typical Message Frame Format on
`Ethernet LAN
`
`
`
`
`PD?-11
`HOST
`COMPUTER
`
`CLIENT
`
`LSI-11
`HOST
`COMPUTER
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Figure 2.6
`
`Implementation of NI1®1@ and NI2B1@
`
`CLIENT
`
`
`
` EHultibusSystemBus
`
`
`
`
`
`HOST COMPUTER
`
` INTEL
`
`APPLICATION
`
`TRANSPORT
`
`NETWORK
`
`PHYSICAL
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`1SBC550T
`
`Figure
`
`2.7
`
`Implementation of 1SBC55@
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 25
`Page25
`
`
`
`17
`
`2.1.3 REMOTE BOOTSTRAP and BOOT LOADER
`
`According to the OSI Reference Model.
`
`the
`
`Presentation Layer performs functions that
`
`are
`
`requested
`
`sufficiently often to warrant finding a
`
`general
`
`solution
`
`for them, rather than letting each user solve the problems.
`
`These functions can often be performed hy library routines
`
`called by the user.
`
`Most user programs do not exchange
`
`random binary bit strings;
`
`they exchange things such as
`
`people's names, city names. dates, and amounts of money.
`
`The REMOTE PROCESS is the program to be downloaded as a
`
`bit stream of executable code to the REMOTE NODF.
`
`Up to this point.
`
`the only thing the user on the
`
`SMART NODE needs to know is the network address of the
`
`REMOTE PROCESS to iownloai. i.e.
`
`the Destination Address
`
`portion of
`
`the Ethernet frame fornat.
`
`Also,
`
`the only
`
`thins the REMOTE NODE needs to know is that
`
`the received
`
`REMOTE PROCESS is coming from the expected
`Ds..
`
`SMART
`
`NODE.
`
`i.
`
`. fron the expected Source Address.
`
`All
`
`these tasxs
`
`are supposed to be done at
`
`the Network Layer of the OSI
`
`Reference Model.
`
`For this reason,
`
`the REMOTE BOOTSTRAE
`
`and EOOT LOADER actually perform functions requested by
`
`the Network Layer only.
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 26
`Page26
`
`
`
`18
`
`2.2 Software Residency
`
`Nether or not
`
`the host computer
`
`is intends to talk
`
`with the network,
`
`the Ethernet Controller performs
`
`diagnostic tests when the host computer powers up, and
`
`then is ready for message traffic.
`
`The way the host
`
`computer talks to the Ethernet Controller differs from one
`
`implementation to another.
`
`The REMOTE BOOTSTRAP and BOOT
`
`IOADER perform the Network Layer only as we discussed in
`
`the preceeding section;
`
`thus the REMOTE BOOTSTRAP software
`
`can be linked and loaded in any area other than the area
`
`occupied by the REMOTE PROCESS or
`
`the Operating System.
`
`2.2.1 NIIEIG, NI2Q1Z and LSI-11, PDP-11 family
`
`Normally,
`
`the REMOTE NOIE would not have an
`
`operating system, and the bootstrap can be anywhere in
`
`memory.
`
`As we discussed in 1.1.2, we
`
`implement
`
`the REMOTE
`
`BOOTSTRAP with either a PDP-11/44 or an LSI-11/23, which
`
`has mass storage devices and terminal with it, as the
`
`simulated REMOTE NODE.
`
`For demonstration purposes,
`
`the
`
`LSI-11/23 will be used as a REMOTE NODE.
`
`we have to
`
`consider the memory location of the Resident Operating
`
`System and the downloaded REMOTE PROCESS.
`
`For
`
`the RT-11 Operating System,
`
`the Resident
`
`Monitor. User Service Routines. Device Handlers. and the
`
`Keyboard Monitor are arranged in the highest memory Just
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 27
`Page27
`
`
`
`19
`
`below the 1/0 page.
`
`The lowest memory (ZZZ-777 Octal)
`
`is reserved for the Trap Vectors, System Communication
`
`Area, and Interrupt Vectors.
`
`The best place for the
`
`REMOTE BOOTSTRAP is the area just below the Keyboard
`
`Monitor which the user program can not nornally reach.
`
`That way the downloaded
`
`REMOTE PROCESS can be treated
`
`as
`
`a
`
`usual
`
`user
`
`program (Normally starts fror the
`
`address of 190% octal) (See Figure 2.8).
`
`Memory
`Address
`(octal)
`177777
`
`153006
`
`123022
`
`leoe
`
`777
`0
`
`1/0
`
`Page
`
`
` Monitor
`Handlers
`
`BOOT LOADER/BOOTSTRAP
`
`User Service Routines
`
`
`
`REMOTE PROCESS
`
`Vectors and Traps
`
`Figure 2.8
`
`PDP-11 and LSI-11 BOOTSTBAP Residency
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 28
`Page28
`
`
`
`20
`
`2.2.2 1SBC55O and iSBC86/SO (See Figure 2.8)
`
`The iSBCe6/30. which is a
`
`bare
`
`computer,
`
`is
`
`a
`
`REMOTE NODE.
`
`We may load the
`
`REMOTE
`
`BOOTSTRAP in any
`
`location other than the area
`
`occupied by
`
`the
`
`downloaded
`
`REMOTE PROCESS. Our approach is to burn an EPROM with the
`
`absolute executable module of
`
`the
`
`REMOTE VBOOTSTRAP,
`
`put
`
`the
`
`EPROM on
`
`iSEC86/30 board,
`
`then map the
`
`EPROM in the
`
`lowest ROM memory (FOOOOH) as shown in Figure 2.9.
`
`with
`
`the LOC86 utility on the MDS machine,
`
`INTELb (1982),
`
`the
`
`relocatable module of
`
`the REMOTE PROCESS can be assigned
`
`to a certain memory location, assigned by the user,
`
`to
`
`form an absolute load module of the REMOTE PROCESS.
`
`The loader on the MDS machine always loads the
`
`executable module in the memory area, somewhere around
`
`SOOOOE,
`
`just
`
`above
`
`the
`
`iNDX
`
`operating system which
`
`supports the execution of the program on
`
`8686 or
`
`8088
`
`microprocessors.
`
`Figure 2.1a shows the system memory
`
`allocation and BOOT LOADER residency.
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 29
`Page29
`
`
`
`21
`
`ROM
`
`ON
`BOARD
`
`
`
`'
`
`REMOTE BOOTSTHAP
`
`.
`
`REMOTE PROCESS
`
`
`
`FBOEZH
`
`FZDZZH
`
`IFFFFH
`
`BFFFFH
`
`QGZEZH
`
`FFFFFH
`
`Figure 2.9
`
`BOOTSTRAP Residency (in iSBCB6/36)
`
`AFFFFE
`
`QFFFFH
`
`58$@@H
`
`500203
`
`OZZZEH
`
`1s3ca5s
`
`_
`
`RAM
`
`REMOTE PROCESS
`
`IEU-2
`
`iNDX
`
`Operating System
`
`CPIO
`
`ICE
`
`Figure 2.10
`
`BOOT LOADER (in MDS)
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 30
`Page30
`
`
`
`CHAPTER
`
`5
`
`FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
`
`The discussions in chapter 2 showed that both the
`
`REMOTE
`
`BOOTSTRAP
`
`and
`
`the
`
`BOOT
`
`LOADER
`
`perform as
`
`an
`
`interface between a host computer or PE and the Ethernet
`
`Communications Controller.
`
`3.1 Overall Block Diagram
`
`As we have mentioned in Section 1.1.3,
`
`the REMOTE
`
`PROCESS program is created and the executable module
`
`of
`
`the
`
`REMOTE PROCESS is developed on the host computer
`
`at
`
`the SMART NODE.
`
`The BOOT LOADER devides
`
`(disassemb1es}
`
`the
`
`REMOTE PROCESS code into packets which suit the size
`
`of
`
`the
`
`transmit buffer and sends the
`
`packets one after
`
`another to the network interface.
`
`The packets are then
`
`transmitted to the REMOTE NODE.
`
`After sending out each
`
`packet,
`
`the
`
`BOOT LOADER waits
`
`for
`
`an
`
`acknowledgement
`
`signal
`
`from the REMOTE NODE to make sure that
`
`the packet
`
`has been received by the REMOTE NODE correctly. when the
`
`last
`
`packet of
`
`the
`
`REMOTE
`
`PROCESS
`
`code
`
`is
`
`sent,
`
`an
`
`independant packet
`
`is
`
`constructed with
`
`the
`
`execution
`
`command and entry point of the REMOTE PROCESS to tell the
`
`REMOTE NODE to execute the REMOTE PROCESS.
`
`22
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apmev.PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 31
`Page31
`
`
`
`23
`
`The REMOTE BOOTSTRAP receives the packets. which
`
`the
`
`network interface received over
`
`the coaxial
`
`cable,
`
`and
`
`stores (reassembles)
`
`them in
`
`the memory
`
`location
`
`piggybacked on the received packets. After each packet is
`
`received,
`
`the REMOTE EOOTSTRAP sends an acknowledgement,
`
`either positive or negative,
`
`to the
`
`BOOT LOADER to
`
`tell
`
`whether
`
`the packet was
`
`received
`
`correctly.
`
`when
`
`the
`
`packet which includes the execution command and the entry
`
`point of the REMOTE PROCESS is received,
`
`the REMOTE NODE
`
`starts executing the
`
`REMOTE PROCESS by simply jumping to
`
`the entry point of
`
`the REMOTE PROCESS.
`
`Figure 3.1 outlines the role the REMOTE BOOTSTRAP
`
`and BOOT LOADER play in the overall
`
`logical architecture
`
`of the Ethernet LAN.
`
`REMOTE Non:
`
`SMART
`
`NOIE
`
`HOST
`REMOTE PROCESS Codine
`A
`
`u
`
`
`
`BOOT LOADER
`REMOTE PROCESS
`Downloading
`it
`
`
`
`NETWORK
`INTERFACE
`NETWORK
`INTERFACE
`
`
`!
`HOST
`REMOTE PROCESS Execution
`
`‘I
`REMOTE BOOTSTRAP
`REMOTE PROCESS
`Receiving
`
` 1|
`
`
`
`Figure 3.1
`
`Overall Logical Diagram
`
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`PMC Exhibit 2088
`Apple v. PMC
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`|PR201600753
`Page 32
`Page32
`
`
`
`24
`
`3.2
`
`Programmine Interface
`
`INTERLAN and
`
`INTEL
`
`implemented
`
`the
`
`Ethernet
`
`Communications Controller in a quite different way.
`
`In
`
`order
`
`to communicate with the Ethernet
`
`LAN
`
`correctly.
`
`first
`
`we have
`
`to
`
`get
`
`into details
`
`of
`
`the Ethernet
`
`Controller's functioning.
`
`The
`
`host
`
`asks
`
`for
`
`communications
`
`by
`
`writing
`
`command request and
`
`parameters onto
`
`the
`
`controller and
`
`varifys the result of
`
`the command
`
`execution by
`
`testing
`
`the
`
`value returned by
`
`the Ethernet Controller.
`
`The
`
`programming
`
`interface is the places where the
`
`command
`
`requests
`
`and
`
`parameters are writen
`
`to and the value is
`
`returned.
`
`3.2.1
`
`NI1@12 and NIZEIZ
`
`The NI1010
`
`and NIEZIE
`
`Ethernet Controllers
`
`imp
Accessing this document will incur an additional charge of $.
After purchase, you can access this document again without charge.
Accept $ Charge
Still Working On It
This document is taking longer than usual to download. This can happen if we need to contact the court directly to obtain the document and their servers are running slowly.
Give it another minute or two to complete, and then try the refresh button.
A few More Minutes ... Still Working
It can take up to 5 minutes for us to download a document if the court servers are running slowly.
Thank you for your continued patience.
This document could not be displayed.
We could not find this document within its docket. Please go back to the docket page and check the link. If that does not work, go back to the docket and refresh it to pull the newest information.
Your account does not support viewing this document.
You need a Paid Account to view this document. Click here to change your account type.
Your account does not support viewing this document.
Set your membership
status to view this document.
With a Docket Alarm membership, you'll
get a whole lot more, including:
- Up-to-date information for this case.
- Email alerts whenever there is an update.
- Full text search for other cases.
- Get email alerts whenever a new case matches your search.
One Moment Please
The filing “” is large (MB) and is being downloaded.
Please refresh this page in a few minutes to see if the filing has been downloaded. The filing will also be emailed to you when the download completes.
Your document is on its way!
If you do not receive the document in five minutes, contact support at support@docketalarm.com.
Sealed Document
We are unable to display this document, it may be under a court ordered seal.
If you have proper credentials to access the file, you may proceed directly to the court's system using your government issued username and password.
Access Government Site
