p19
`United States Patent
`4,739,510
`Apr. 19, 1988
`[45] Date of Patent:
`Jeffers et al.
`
`[11] Patent Number:
`
`.
`
`[54] DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE SIGNAL
`TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
`
`[75]
`
`Inventors:
`
`John M.Jeffers, Downsview;
`Donald R. Horne, Don Mills; S.
`Wayne Mundy, Brampton,all of
`Canada; Joseph B. Glaab, New
`Hope, Pa.
`[73] Assignee: General Instrument Corp., New
`York, N.Y.
`
`[21] Appl. No.: 35,262
`[22] Filed:
`Apr. 2, 1987
`
`4,424,532 1/1984 den Toonderetal. ............ 358/120
`4,484,217 11/1984 Block et al. scene 358/114
`
`ws. 358/123
`4,531,020 7/1985 Wechselbergeretal.
`7/1985 Bluestein et al. .......sss0. 358/122
`4,531,021
`
`we 358/114
`4,536,791
`8/1985 Campbell.............
`4,575,755
`3/1986 Schoeneberger....
`» 358/120
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`“Zeitmultiplex analoger Signal-Komponenten fiir das
`Satelliter-Fernsehen,” Funk-Technik 39 (1984), Heft 6,
`pp. 228-231.
`McGowan, Michael J., “Process Bus Protocol Orches-
`trates Distributed or Centralized Control,” Control En-
`gineering, September, 1980, pp. 129-132.
`
`Tint, CUS o.ceeseeseeescssssescccnseeecesetecesseeeeese HON 7/167
`[51]
`[52] US. Ch. csesesssssesssereserceescnesscnsessesese 380/15; 380/19;
`380/20; 358/84
`[58] Field of Search ..\.........0.++-. 380/10, 20, 15, 19;
`358/84; 455/2
`
`[56]
`
`32 Claims, 9 Drawing Sheets
`
`Primary Examiner—Stephen C. Buczinski
`Related U.S. Application Data
`Assistant Examiner—Melissa L. Koltak
`[63]|Continuation of Ser. No. 729,290, May 1, 1985, aban-
`doned.
`[57]
`ABSTRACT
`Audio and control signals are digitized and inserted in
`the horizontal blanking intervals of the distributed com-
`posite television signal. The control signals are in the
`form of a data stream which includes a header contain-
`ing group address, sync, and program-related informa-
`tion applicable to all receiving units, and a plurality of
`portions which are addressable to and contain informa-
`References Cited
`tion applicable to the control of particular individual
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`receiving units in the addressed group. The information
`in the addressable portions can be altered onareal time
`4,225,884 9/1980 Block et al. cusses 358/122
`basis such that the system operator has direct control
`4,292,650
`9/1981 Hendrickson
`w» 358/122
`
`overcertain functionsof individual receiving units from
`4,388,643 6/1983 Aminetzah ...
`» 358/122
`the transmission end.
`...
`wa358/147
`4,388,645
`6/1983 Coxetal.
`
`...
`w. 358/147
`4,393,404 7/1983 Cox etal.
`....ccccccccssmsessnnne 358/147
`4,394,687
`7/1983 Hutt et al.
`RECIEVE TV SIGNAL
`
`
`
`
`TUNE SELECTED CHANNEL
`MICRO —
`OR TIER
`
`CONTROLLER
`
`AND
`EPERATE VIDEO FROM
`MEMORIES.
`
`DIGITAL
`DIGITAL
`
`SEPERATE ADDRESSABLE
`
`DATA STREAM
`MIDEO PROCESSOR
`CONTROL
`
`
`TO RECIEVER
`
`FOR
`
`DISPLAY
`
`com FARE
`GROUP
`
`INFO
`
`
`OR
`AT ADDAI
`
`
`PACKET
`Nm
`
`
`GoORESS ABLE
`ACK
`
`
`
`WNIT ADDRESS MATCH
`
`
`
`NOTE MESSAGE
`TYPE
`
` OBTAIN DECRYPTION INFO
`
`
`
`DECRYPT
`OBTAIN MES|
`
`MESSAGE
`
`
`
`
`GO TO NEXT HEADER
`
`
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`_ Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 1
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 1
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 19, 1988
`
`Sheet 1 of 9
`
`4,739,510
`
` €
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`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 2
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 2
`
`
`€
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`US. Patent—Apr. 19, 1988 Sheet 2 of 9
`
`4,739,510
`
`
`fo
`
`STRUCT
`CIRCUIT
`
` 32
`
`TOFIG.2B
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 3
`
`DATA LINK WITH RECIEVER
`
`79
`
`AUDIO
`
`DE EMP
`
`
`
`F ROM
`
`¥ RECIEVER
`80 at AUX. AUDIO
`82
`; AUDIO OUT
`
`AUDIO OUT
`
`AUX AUDIO
`
`|
`
`@|
`
`B84
`
`8G
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 3
`
`

`

`AUDIO CLOCK
`
`
`DECRYPTION
`
`
`
`CIRCUIT
`
`SUPPLY
`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 19, 1988
`
`Sheet 3 of 9
`
`4,739,510
`
`AUDIO DATA
`
`DATA
`PROCESSING
`
`CIRCUIT
`
`
`
`FROMFIG.2A
`
` PW
`
`76
`
`AUDIO
`DELTA
`[LEFT]
`COMPANDING DATA
`AUDIO|DEWOD
`FILTER DATA
`(RIGHT
`
`AUDIO CHECK
`AUDIO
`DATA
`
`e | G 2
`:
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 4
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 4
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
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`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 5
`
`
`
`SAILOV
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`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 5
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 19, 1988
`
`Sheet 5 of 9
`
`4,739,510
`
`FIG.4
`
`GROUP ADDRESS
`
`SYNC BITS
`
`START MODE
`SYSTEM ADDRESS
`
`
`
`
`
`
`AUDIO MODE
`GTEREO
`ETC)
`
`
`DYNAMIC VIDEO
`
`INVERSION
`COLOR ~“ BW
`
`SYNC AND
`PARENTAL GUIDENCE LEVEL)
`3
`
`ADDRESS
`ENCRYPTION
`KEY
`
`
`INFORMATION
`NUMBER (USED TO SELECT
`KEY FRAGMENTS FROM
`COMMON KEY TO DECRYPT
`AUDIO DATA STREAM)
`PROGRAM
`
`PROGRAM TIER
`6 LAT ee
`
`A
`INFORMATION
`
`AUTHORIZATION
`CHECKSUM +1 P| CHECKSUM +1
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`IMPULSE
`PAY PER
`VIEW DATA
`
`CHECKSUM +2
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`PROGRAM I|ID_
`MINUTES
`HOUR
`DAY
`
`PREVIEW TIME
`PROGRAM COST
`
`
`
`TAG
`
`
`
`
`CHECKSUM
`
`+F 2
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 6
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 6
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr. 19, 1988
`
`Sheet 6 of 9
`
`4,739,510
`
`FlG.S
`
`
`
`MESSAGE TYPE
`
`StG NATURE
`(USED
`NUMBER
`TO
`SELECT KEY
`
`FRAGMENTS
`SUBSCRIBER
`
`FROM
`
`SIGNATURE
`
`KEY
`
`TO
`
`DECRYPT
`
`FOLLOWING
`
`ENCRYPTED
`
`MESSAGE
`
`
`ENCRYPTED
`
`MESSAGE
`
`
`CHECKSUM
`
`MESSAGE
`TYPE 1
`
`AUTHORIZATION
`BIT MAP
`
`SUB PACKET
`(160 BITS)
`
`
`
`
`SUBSCRIBER
`ADDRESS
`
`
`
`
`MESSAGE
`
`TIRE i
`
`BLOC KING
`
`BIT MAP
`
`CALL IN DAY
`
`CALL IN HR
`
`CALL IN MIN
`
`CREDIT / DEBIT
`VALUE
`
`TRANSACTION
`NO,
`
`TELE PHONE
`
`PAS SWORD
`
`CREDIT CARD
`
`PASSWORD
`
`OVERFLOW
`CALL
`IN
`
`LEVEL
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 7
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 7
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 19, 1988
`
`Sheet 7 of 9
`
`4,739,510
`
`MESSAGE
`TYPE
`4
`
`BITS
`
`CHANNELS
`
`CHANNEL
`
`ASSIGNMENT
`
`TABLE
`
`FOR
`
`FIRST
`
`8
`
`Fl G.6 2D
`
`FiG, 6¢
`
`MESSAGE
`
`TYPE,
`
`3
`
`BITS
`
`
`
`CALL
`
`IN
`
`TELE PHONE
`
`NO.
`
`ALTERNATE
`
`CALL IN
`
`TELE POHONE
`
`NO,
`
`FIG.6E
`
`MESSAGE
`TYPE 5S
`
`BITS
`
`CHANNELS
`
`CHANNEL
`
`ASSIGNMENT
`
`TABLE
`
`FOR
`
`SECOND
`
`8
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 8
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 8
`
`

`

`
`
`US. Patent—Apr. 19, 1988 Sheet 8 of 9 4,739,510
`
`
`
`FP! G. 6F
`
`MESSAGE
`EY PE
`6
`
`BITS
`
`
`
`
` DIRECT
`CONTROL
`MESSAGE
`
`OF
`4 DIGIT
`BITS
`a a 7
`
`
`7
`SEGMENT
`
`DISPLAY
`
`
`
`
`RESET
`
`
`
`
`DATA
`
`THRESHOLD
`
`
`ZiiP CODE
`BLACKOUT
`
`CONTROL
`
`AND
`
`FUNCTIONS
`
`AUDIO
`
`PERIPHERAL
`DEVICE
`SIGNATURE A
`
`DE VICE
`SIGNATURE B
`
`FlG. 66
`
`
`
`PERIPHERAL THRESHOLD
`
`
`MASK
`
`TRAP
`MESSAGE
`
`BIT MAP
`
`FOR
`
`PERIPHERAL
`
`INTERFACE
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 9
`
`,
`
`
`
`BLACKOUT
`
`
`NO.
`BYTE
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 9
`
`

`

`
`
`US. Patent—Apr. 19, 1988 Sheet 9 of 9 4,739,510
`
`
`
`
`
`RECIEVE TV SIGNAL
`
`MICROCOMPUTER
`
`LOOK AT HEADER
`
`GROUP
`COMPARE
`ADDRESS
`NOT THIS
`GROUP
`
`
`
`PROCESS AUDIO
`
`HEADER
`
`INFO
`
`ADDRESSABLE
`PACKET INFO———t
`
`
`
`
`
`CHANNEL
`TUNE SELECTED CHANNEL
`MICRO —
`SELECT
`OR_ TIER
`CONTROLLER
`
`
`AND
`COMMAND
`
`
`IDEO FROM
`SEPERATE V
`MEMORIES
`
`
`
`DIGI
`TAL
`DIGITAL
`
`
`
`
`SEPERATE ADDRESSABLE
`
`
`DATA STREAM
`
`
` VIDEO PROCESSOR
`CONTROL
`
`TO RECIEVER
` AuDIO(NFO. +CONTROL
`
`
`FOR
`
`
`DISPLAY
`
`
`
`
`
`
`CAPTURE
`
`CAPTURE
`
`
`DECRYPT AUDIO
`HEADER INFO a
`
`HEADER INFO
`
`
`LOOK AT ADDRESSABLE
`PACKET
`N=1
`
`
`
`
`N=N+1
`
`
`
` COMPARE ADDRESS
`
`TES
`
`GLOBAL
`ADDRESS
`
`CAPTURE
`GLOBAL
`INFO
`
`UNIT ADDRESS MATCH
`
`NOTE MESSAGE
`
`TYPE
`
`
`
`
`
`DECRYPT
`MESSAGE
`
`OBTAIN DECRYPTION INFO -
`
`| OBTAIN MESSAGE
`
`
`
`STORED
`DECRYPTION
`KEY
`
`INFO
`
`GO TO NEXT HEADER
`
`F | 5.7
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 10
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 10
`
`

`

`1
`
`4,739,510
`
`DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE SIGNAL
`TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
`
`This application is a continuation of application Ser.
`No. 729,290 filed May 1, 1985 now abandoned.
`The present invention relates to video distribution
`networks and, more particularly, to a reliable, secure
`transmission system for video, audio, and control sig-
`nals for use in microwave, cable, and, particularly, in
`direct broadcastsatellite communications.
`Direct broadcast satellite services include Pay-TV,
`tele-conferencing, tele-seminar, private broadcast net-
`works, and the like. The availability of small, low-cost
`television receive-only terminals in recent years has
`resulted in an increasing demand for such services. As
`receive-only television antenna technology improves
`and the cost of television receive-only terminals de-
`creases, further increases in demand for direct broad-
`cast satellite services are expected.
`Forthis reason, the present invention is described in
`the context of a direct broadcastsatellite system. How-
`ever,
`it should be understood that the principles in-
`volved are applicable in other types of communications
`systems such as cable and microwave systems presently
`in use, as well as to systems of various types being de-
`veloped.
`Unlike land lines and terrestrial microwave links,
`satellite transmissions lack privacy. Such transmissions
`can be received by any TV receive-only terminal whose
`antenna is situated to receive the satellite signals. Ac-
`cordingly, the secure transmission of video and audio
`programming and data signals is required to provide the
`privacy essential to many applications.
`A simple example of a direct broadcastsatellite net-
`work in which security is required is one which broad-
`casts television signals. Since any receiver having an
`antenna in the broadcast signal area can receive the
`satellite signals, it is necessary that the signals be en-
`coded in a way which can be decoded only by subscrib-
`ers’ receiving units. In addition, certain subscribers may
`have paid for certain programs or program groups,
`whereas others may have paid for other programs or
`program groups. The signals must then be further en-
`coded such that subscribers who havepaid for particu-
`lar programs or groups of programs can receive same,
`while other subscribers cannot.
`It may be desirable to design the system such that a
`particular subscriber can preview a program and then,
`at that time, decide whether he/she wishes to watch the
`program and, hence, pay for the privilege. In such an
`impulse pay-per-view (IPPV) system, the decision of
`the subscriber must be recorded and communicated to a
`billing facility for appropriate billing. In such instances,
`the control signals to the subscriber’s receiving unit
`instructing the unit how to communicate with the bill-
`ing office must be secure in order to eliminate the possi-
`bilities for theft of the service.
`The system of the present invention is designed to
`shift equipment complexity towards the transmitting
`end of the network, while keeping the receiving equip-
`ment inexpensive and reliable. State of the art crypto-
`graphic techniques are employed to provide a secure
`transmission system for the broadcastsignals.
`The video signal is processed and transmitted in ana-
`log form. The audiosignal is digitized and transmitted
`in digital data form. Addressable control data is orga-
`nized into packets according to address and transmitted
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`35
`
`60
`
`65
`
`-
`
`2
`in the same digital data form as the audio signals. All of
`the signals are combined in baseband using time-divi-
`sion-multiplex techniques. The combined basebandsig-
`nal is modulated and then transmitted overthesatellite
`link to subscribers’ receiving units.
`This signal structure eliminates the requirement of a
`sub-carrier for sound and control data, allowing the
`deviation of the video signal can be increased and video
`signal-to-noise ratio improved. Moreover, since all of
`the signals are time multiplexed in baseband, only one
`FM demodulator is required in the receivers for all
`signals,
`:
`Two audio channels are broadcast. In Pay-TV ser-
`vices, both audio channels may be used for stereo sound
`broadcasts. In other applications, one of the audio chan-
`nels may be configured as a data channel for services
`such as transmission of text, messages, facsimiles, etc.
`In general, the transmission end equipment consists of
`a program processing unit and a real time controller.
`The program processing unit performs video signal
`processing and scrambling, audio digitization, encryp-
`tion of the audio data, and baseband signal time multi-
`plexing. The real time controller generates the audio
`cryptographic keys, encrypts the addressable control
`messages, generates the packet messages in accordance
`with the transmission protocol, maintains the user data
`base and communicates with other processing units.
`Thereceiving units each include an addressable con-
`troller-decoder designed for use with a receiver which
`has the necessary interface for interaction with the de-
`coder. The addressable controller-decoder demulti-
`plexes the baseband signal, controls the receiver, de-
`scrambles the video signal, decrypts the audio data, and
`converts the audio data into analog form.
`The transmitted composite television signal utilizes a
`format whichincludes an active video portion and hori-
`zontal blanking interval portions. Two digital audio
`channels and a control data channel are allotted por-
`tions of the horizontal blanking intervals. Video frame
`synchronization information and the zero-level refer-
`ence are transmitted during the vertical blanking inter-
`vals. Audio data and the control data are transmitted in
`a burst, synchronous mode.
`.A two-level video scrambling system is used to
`achieve the best combination of performance,cost, and
`security. The first level is achieved by removingtheline
`and frame synchronization pulses completely from the
`video signal. A unique sync word is transmitted in the
`vertical blanking interval for synchronization purposes.
`The addressable controller-decoder establishes syn-
`chronization by searching and locating the sync word.
`Once the sync wordis located, all the sync pulses are
`reconstructed with reference to the sync word. This
`technique is used in conjunction with video signal in-
`version, which is the second security level.
`In order to avoid picture degradation, the video in-
`version is performed on a scene-change/frame basis.
`The sequence of video inversion is controlled by a bi-
`nary bit stream at the transmitting end. The samebit
`stream is used to recover the inverted signal at the re-
`ceiving end. The binary bit stream is derived from a
`synchronous stream cipher. The key for the stream
`cipher can vary for each transmission session. The
`video inversion is controllable at the transmission and
`can be changed even during a communicationssession.
`Foraudiodigitization, the present invention employs
`a new delta modulation system developed by Dolby
`Laboratories of San Francisco which achieves the nec-
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 11
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 11
`
`

`

`4,739,510
`
`3
`essary performancelevels. At the same time, this modu-
`lation system requires the use of a relatively inexpensive
`decoder at the receiving end.
`Unlike video scrambling, a highly secure audio en-
`cryption system can be achieved relatively inexpen-
`sively. The decryption circuit, being totally digital, can
`be implemented using semi-custom or custom inte-
`grated circuits. It is highly important that the encryp-
`tion system employed achieve zerotransmission error
`propagation, that is, onebit in error in the encrypted bit
`stream results in only one bit in error in the decrypted
`bit stream.
`—
`The present system uses an encryption scheme in
`which the clear audio bit stream is combined with the
`bit stream generated by the stream cipher using an ex-
`clusive OR operation. The receiving end decrypts the
`audio bit stream using the same stream cipher bit
`stream. The stream cipherbit stream is generated by a
`key (commonaudio key) andan initializing vector. The
`common audio key is used for the duration of the com-
`munication session and is transmitted in encrypted form
`through the control data channel. The initializing vec-
`tor is used for the duration of each frame andis trans-
`mitted in the clear form in the horizontal blankinginter-
`val,
`For further details of the cryptographic techniques
`employed in the direct broadcast satellite system of the
`present invention, the reader is referred to co-pending
`U.S. patent application Ser. No. 665,114 filed Oct. 26,
`1984 in the name of Donald Horne andentitled “Cryp-
`tographic System For Direct Broadcast Satellite Net-
`work”, which describes the basic method, and co-pend-
`ing U.S. patent application Ser. No. 710,385, now U.S.
`Pat. No. 4,694,491 filed Mar. 11, 1985 in the names of
`John Jeffers and Donald Horne, entitled “Crypto-
`graphic System Using Interchangeable Key Blocks and
`Selectable Key Fragments”, which is directed to cer-
`tain improvements therein. Both of those applications
`are assigned to the assignee hereof.
`The addressable control data channel carries sensitive
`information such as audio decryption keys and authori-
`zation tier levels. The present system is designed to
`prevent an eavesdropper from receiving this informa-
`tion correctly and to prevent a legitimate terminal from
`receiving more information than is authorized. The
`encryption system utilized in the present invention uses
`the concept of multiple terminal keys. The common
`audio key is differently encrypted for use by each re-
`ceiving terminal. In this way, even in the unlikely event
`that a decrypting key is compromised, damage can be
`stopped quickly by deleting the key.
`The addressable control data are organized and then
`encrypted using a key which,in turn, is encrypted with
`a block cipher algorithm. Thelength of the block cipher
`key is 64 bits. When compared with the conventional
`Data Encryption Standard algorithm, the present block
`cipher has a larger block and a longer key. Accord-
`ingly, brute force attacks on the cipher will take consid-
`erably more effort.
`Oneofthe importantfeatures of the present invention
`is that it permits real time control over certain functions
`of the individual receiver units from the transmission
`end. In general, this is accomplished through the use of
`an addressable data stream, which forms a part of the
`composite television signal distributed by satellite. The
`data stream includes portions which are addressable to
`and only receivable by a particular receiving unit.
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`Each of the addressable portions contains one of a
`plurality of different messages. Each message contains
`instructions to control a function of the addressed re-
`ceiving unit. For example, a message may advise the
`addressed receiving unit as to which programmingtiers
`are authorized for viewing on a subscription basis or
`which programmingtiers are eligible for impulse pay-
`per-view transactions, etc.
`Since the information contained in the messages is
`alterable in real time, the system operator can exercise a
`great degree of control over the system and, particu-
`larly, the operation of the individual receiving units.
`This makes the system of the present invention more
`versatile and better able to provide individualized ser-
`vices suitable to particular subscribers.
`Another important feature of the present invention
`relates to the manner in which the receiving unit cap-
`tures and uses the control data to process and recon-
`struct the video and audio information. The composite
`television signal contains information relating to a plu-
`rality of channels or tiers of programming, each on a
`different frequency. Thesignal associated with each
`frequency contains video information, encrypted audio
`information, and an addressable data stream including
`header portions and groups of addressable portions
`associated with each header.
`When a program is selected, the corresponding fre-
`quencyis tuned and the video and audio informationis
`separated from the data stream. Each header contains
`sync information, group address and informationrelat-
`ing to the selected program. This information is used by
`all receiving units. Each addressable portion contains a
`unit address and control information for the addressed
`receiving unit only or a group address and control in-
`formation for all receiving units in the addressed group.
`Each header is examined and the information therein,
`including program-related information, sync informa-
`tion and impulse pay-per-view information, is captured
`and stored. If the header includes a group address
`matching the receiving unit group address, indicating
`that an addressable packet may be present which is
`addressed to the receiving unit, each addressable por-
`tion is examined in turn. After the addressable portions
`are all examined, the next header will be monitored.
`When an addressable portion is encountered which
`includes a global address or the addressof the receiving
`unit, the control information therein is captured. The
`control informationis in the form of a message, as indi-
`cated above.
`The message is usually in encrypted form. The ad-
`dressed portion contains information which, when used
`in conjunction with information stored in the receiving
`unit, is used to decrypt the message.
`The control information and program-related infor-
`mation are stored for use in processing and reconstruc-
`tion of the video and audio information for display.
`Depending upon whether the program selected is
`within the subscription or can be viewed only on a
`pay-per-view basis, the subscriber may have to enter the
`necessary commands into the receiving unit to obtain
`the display.
`It is, therefore, a prime object of the present invention
`to provide a reliable, secure transmission system for
`video, audio, and control signals in a communications
`system.
`It is another object of the present invention to pro-
`vide a direct-broadcastsatellite signal transmission sys-
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 12
`
`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 12
`
`

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`4,739,510
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`which the addressable portionrelates. All units can be
`tem which utilizes an addressable data stream inserted
`accessed simultaneously through the use of a global
`into the horizontal blanking intervals.
`subscriber address.
`It is another object of the present invention to pro-
`The information in each of the addressable portions
`vide a direct-broadcastsatellite signal transmission sys-
`includes a selected one of a plurality of encrypted re-
`tem wherein the addressable data stream is organized in
`ceiver message types. In addition, information for de-
`a header packet followed by a plurality of addressable
`crypting the selected message type is included,as is an
`packets.
`indication of the type of message.
`It is another object of the present invention to pro-
`For example, one type of message may include pro-
`vide a direct-broadcastsatellite signal transmission sys-
`gram authorization data and instructions to store same,
`tem wherein the information in the addressable packets
`as well as additional audio decryption data. It may also
`in the data stream can be altered on a real time basis.
`include data representative of a “home channel” which
`It is another object of the present invention to pro-
`is to be selected when the decoder is in the quiescent
`vide a direct-broadcastsatellite signal transmission sys-
`mode.
`tem wherein the header packet in the data stream re-
`Each of the receiving units may be provided with
`ceivable by all receiving units contains synchronizing
`telephone communication capability with the originat-
`information, data related to the programs being broad-
`ing means. In this case, one of the message types may
`cast, and impulse pay-per-view data related to the pro-
`include impulse pay-per-view transaction data, identifi-
`grams being broadcast.
`cation data, call time data, and program value data.
`It is another object of the present invention to pro-
`Also included may be program tier blocking data and
`vide a direct-broadcast satellite signal transmission sys-
`telephone call-in number data. Other message types
`tem wherein the addressable packets in the data stream
`may include channel reassignmenttables for use in case
`decodable only by the addressed receiving unit controls
`a particular program channel must be broadcast on a
`individual subscriber authorization, encryption key dis-
`normally unused frequency due to transponderfailure.
`tribution, pay-per-view transactions, channel frequency
`The information in the addressable portions may also
`re-assignment, and provides direct control over other
`include message types which comprise display control
`functions of the addressed receiving unit and the display
`data in order to control the digital displays of the vari-
`associated therewith.
`ous receiving units, erase and reset control function data
`It is another object of the present invention to pro-
`for the operation of the receiving unit, program black-
`vide a direct-broadcastsatellite signal transmission sys-
`out data, and audio and data threshold data.
`tem wherein the addressable packets in the data stream
`In some instances,
`the receiving units are used in
`control the interface with receiver peripheral devices.
`conjunction with one or more peripheral devices for
`In accordance with one aspect of the present inven-
`processing, recording,or displaying broadcasting signal
`tion, a method is provided for transmitting data in a
`information. One message type may include peripheral
`communications system of the type including broadcast
`device data. Another message type may include periph-
`signal originating means, a plurality of broadcast signal
`eral device selection data.
`receiving means, and means for distributing the broad-
`Oneofthe advantagesofthe present system is that an
`cast signal from the originating means to each receiving
`error in the information in one of the addressable por-
`means. The method comprises the steps of generating a
`tions is not processed by receiving units other than the
`broadcast signal having active video signal portions and
`particular receiving units to which the error containing
`horizontal blanking portions. A an audio signal and a
`addressable portion relates. Thus, an error does not
`data stream are generated and inserted into the horizon-
`disrupt the function of the system—only the function of
`tal blanking portions. The data stream includes a header
`a particular receiving unit in the system.
`portion including group address information and pro-
`In accordance with another aspect of the present
`gram-related information applicable to all of the receiv-
`invention, a method is provided for processing data
`ing means and groups ofaddressable portions associated
`received in a broadcast signal of the type including
`with the header. The addressable portions include infor-
`active video signal portions and horizontal blanking
`mation for addressing a particular one(or all, if a global
`portions. The horizontal blanking portions include an
`address) of the receiving units in the addressed group
`encrypted audio data portion and a data stream. The
`and for the control of the functioning thereof.
`data stream includes a header portion containing infor-
`The method further comprises the steps ofselecting
`mation applicable to all the receiving units, including
`addressable portions and altering the information
`group address data, signal synchronization data, and
`therein. This permits individual receivers to be con-
`audio decryption data ofa first type, and a plurality of
`trolled at the transmission end onareal time basis.
`The information in the header includes information
`addressable portions, each containing information appli-
`cable to the controlof a particular addressed receiving
`relating to the active video portion of the broadcast
`unit in the addressed group, and including unit address
`signal. For example, this information may include video
`data, encrypted message data, and message decrypting
`synchronization information and program identification
`' data. The method includes the steps of determining
`information. It may also be related to audio descram-
`whether the group address data matches the group
`bling and may include audio decryption information.
`address of the receiving unit, processing the header
`This information may, in addition, include impulse pay-
`information to obtain synchronization data for the video
`per-view data.
`portion of the broadcast signal, and audio decryption
`Each of the receiving means is assigned a unique
`data ofthefirst type. If the group address matches,each
`digital address including most significant bits (group
`addressable portionis tested, in sequence, to determine
`address) and least significant bits (subscriber unit ad-
`whether the received unit address contained therein
`dress). The information in the header includes the most
`matches the address of the receiving unit. Information
`significant bits of the digital address. The information in
`in the addressable portion with the matching receiving
`the addressable portions includes the least significant
`unit address is processed to obtain and decrypt the en-
`bits of the address for the particular receiving means to
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`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 13
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`PMC Exhibit 2102
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 13
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`4,739,510
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`7
`crypted message data. The message data contains a
`second type of audio decryption data. The audio de-
`cryption data of the first and second types is used to
`decrypt the audio signal data.
`In accordance with another aspect of the present
`‘invention, a receiving unit for use in a communication
`system is provided. The communication systemis of the
`type which transmits a signal comprising video and
`audio information for a program, a header portion con-
`taining a group address, sync information, and informa-
`tion relating to the program,and a plurality of address-
`able portions associated with the header portion. The
`addressable portions contain information relating to the
`control of individual addressed receiving units in the
`addressed group. The receiving unit comprises a means
`for receiving the signal and means for selecting a pro-
`gram to be viewed. Means are provided for tuning the
`frequency of the selected program. Means are provided
`for separating the portions from the video and audio
`information and for examining the header portion to
`determine if the receiving unit is within the addressed
`group. Means are provided for capturing and storing
`the header information. Means are provided for examin-
`ing each addressed portion to determineif the receiving
`unit is within the addressed group: Means are provided
`for capturing and storing the control information in the
`addressed portion if the receiving unit is addressed.
`Means are also provided for processing and displaying
`the video and audio information in accordance with the
`stored header and control information.
`The audio information is in encrypted form. The
`control information comprises audio decryption infor-
`mation. The processing and display means preferably
`comprises means for decrypting the audio information
`in accordance with the audio decryption information
`captured from a portion addressed to the receivingunit.
`Each of the addressed portions contains a message.
`The meansfor capturing and storing the control infor-
`mation comprises means for capturing the message. The
`message is transmitted in encrypted form. The ad-
`dressed portion further comprises information for de-
`crypting the message. The receiving unit further com-
`prises means for decrypting the message using the de-
`crypting information in the portion.
`Means are provided for storing message decrypting
`information. Means are provided for using the stored
`message decryption information and the decryption
`information in the addressed portion to decrypt the
`message.
`One of the addressed portions may contain control
`information addressedtoall of the receiving units in the
`addressed group. The receiving unit further comprises
`means for capturing and storing the control information
`in such globally addressed portions if the receiving unit
`is one of the addressed groups.
`To these and to such other objects which mayherein-
`after appear, the present invention relates to a direct
`broadcast satellite signal
`transmission system, as set
`forth in detail in the following specification and recited
`in the annexed claims, taken together with the accompa-
`nying drawings, wherein like numerals refer to like
`parts and in whic