THEARCHITECTUREOF
`«.-WIDEOTEXSYSTEMS
`
`
`
`
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`

`The Architecture
`of Videotex
`Systems
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`THE ARCHITECTURE
`OF VIDEOTEX
`SYSTEMS
`
`Jan Gecsei
`
`Université de Montréal
`
`Prentice-Hall, Inc.
`
`EnglewoodCliffs, New Jersey 07632
`
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`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`Gecsel, Jan (dete)
`The architecture of vidaotex systems,
`BElbliagraphy: p.
`Indludas Index.
`4. Videotex (Data transmission system} |. Title.
`TKS105.443 1883
`3a4
`63-3158
`ISBN 0-13-044776-5
`
`Editorial/production supervision
`andinterior design by Kathryn Gollin Marshak
`Cover design by Sen Santora
`Manufacturing buyer: Gordon Osbourne
`
`Cover photograph courtesy of the Department of Communications,
`Government of Canada
`
`© 1983 by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NU. 07632
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this book
`may be reproduced in any form or by any means
`without permission in writing from the publisher.
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`098765 4 383
`
`2
`
`1
`
`ISBN O-13-Q44??b-S
`
`Prentice-Hall International, Inc., Landon
`Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney
`Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro
`Prentice-Hall CanadaInc., Toronto
`Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi
`Prentice-Hall of Japan, Ine., Tokyo
`Prentice-Hall of Southeast Asia Pte. Ltd., Singapore
`Whitehall Books Limited, Wellington, New Zealand
`
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`

`To Alice, Korynna, and Dora,
`who were patient and fed me
`
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`

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`Preface
`
`Part
`
`|
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`Chapter 1
`
`Introduction
`
`1.1 The Realm of Videotex
`
`3
`
`7
`
`1.2 Components and Terminology
`User Terminals, 8
`Computers, 8
`Service-Provider Terminals, 9
`Communication Networks, 9
`Terminology, 9
`
`13 Teletext and Viewdata
`
`ip
`
`ii
`14 Evolution
`Key Contributions, 12
`
`xv
`
`7
`
`3
`
`vii
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`viii
`
`Chapter 2 Applications and Complementary Systems
`
`Contents
`
`14°
`
`2.1 Videotex Applications
`Diversity, 14
`A Gross Classification, 16
`Application Areas, 16
`
`14
`
`ig
`2.2 Complementary Systerns
`Home Computer and Home Terminal Networks, 18
`Electronic Mail and Teletex, 20
`Office Automation, 20
`Time-Sharing and On-Line Data Retrieval, 21
`Computer-Aided Instruction, 21
`Private and Videotex-Derivative Systems, 21
`
`Chapter 3
`
`Videotex Architecture
`
`23
`
`3.1 Computer Networks=23
`
`25
`3.2 The OSI Reference Model
`Standardizing the Protocols, 28
`
`3.3 Videotex in OSI Perspective
`Architel Protocols, 30
`
`28
`
`Part
`
`Il
`
`THE COMMUNICATIONS LEVEL
`
`Introduction, 33
`Classification, 33
`Delivery Protocols, 34
`
`Chapter 4
`
`Delivery Media
`
`4.1 The Telephone Network
`Modems, 37
`Data Rates, 38
`
`36
`
`4.2 Integrated Services Digital Networks
`Digital Carriers, 39
`Service Integration, 40
`
`3Y
`
`33
`
`36
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`ix
`
`58
`
`Contents
`
`41
`4.3 Cable Systems
`Physical Structure, 41
`Two-Way Operation, 43
`Splitting the Bandwidth, 43
`Transmission Techniques, 44
`Characteristics of Cable-Based Videotex Delivery Systems, 44
`
`4.4 FiberOptics
`
`45
`
`46
`
`4.5 Data Transmission over the TV Video Signal (DOV)
`Principles ofTV Transmission, 46
`Data over Video, 47
`Data-Line Assignment, 49
`Transmission Rates, 50
`Error Handling in DOV, 31
`Technical Criteria Used to Assess Reception Quality, 52
`Error Detection and Correction, 54
`General Data Format in DOV, 55
`
`Chapter5 Teletext
`
`5,1 History: Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Systems
`Synchronous Transmission, 59
`Asynchronous Transmission: the Didon Concept, 60
`
`58
`
`él
`5,2 ULK.Teletext
`Enhanced t/_K. Teletext, 63
`Gearing, 63
`
`5.3 Didon-Antiope
`
`64
`
`5.4 The France-Canada-CBS Standard Proposal (FCSP)
`OSI Layers, 66
`Channel Numbers, Page Numbers, and Multiplexing, 68
`
`68
`
`5.5 Standardization in Teletext
`
`69
`
`5.6 Short Summary of Teletext Evolution
`
`70
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`x
`
`Chapter 6 Topology of Videolex Networks
`
`Contents
`
`71
`
`Packet-Switching Networks=72
`6.1
`Public Networks, 72
`Packet Switching, 72
`Applications ofPSN, 74
`Access to PSN, 74
`
`6.2
`
`Elements of Videotex Networks
`Access Machines, 76
`
`75
`
`6.3
`
`6.4
`
`77
`Network Types
`Centralized and Replicated Databases, 77
`inclusion of Packet-Switching Networks, 79
`Hybrid Networks, 81
`
`82
`Network Examples
`Prestel AdvancedNetwork Design Architecture (PANDA), 82
`Bildschirmtext Network, 83
`The Vélizy Field Trial, 83
`Captain Network Architecture, 88
`INDAX Interactive Cable Network, 88
`The IDA Trial, 90
`
`Part Ill
`
`THE PRESENTATION LEVEL
`
`Ghapter7 Principles of Presentation Coding
`
`93
`
`95
`
`95
`
`71 The Television Set as Display
`The Display Area, 95
`Vertical and Horizontal Resolution, 96
`Character Celis, 98
`Character Rounding, 98
`Number of Characters per Row, 99
`Number ofRows per Page, 101
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`Contents
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`xi
`
`7.2
`
`7.3
`
`74
`
`Image-Coding Options
`Mosaic Coding, 102
`Geometric Coding, 104
`Photographic Coding, 104
`
`762
`
`Code Tables and Code Extension
`Structure ofCode Tables, 107
`Code Extension Standard, 108
`Control Set Functions, 111
`
`107
`
`172
`Coding of Display Attributes
`Handling of Control Codes in the Terminal, 113
`Serial Attributes in Fixed-Format Teletext, 115
`Applicablity ofAttributes, 117
`Reconciling Serial and Parallel Atiributes, 119
`Stack Model, [20
`Coding of Colors and Gray Scales, 122
`
`Chapter &
`
`Presentation Coding in Practice
`
`124
`
`8.1
`
`8.2
`
`[24
`
`Major Presentation Systems: An Overview
`Mosaic Systems: Prestel and Antiope, 124
`Picture Prestel, 125
`Captain, 125
`Telidon: The Geometric Option, 127
`Computer Graphics, 127
`PDEs, 129
`Alternatives to Geometric Coding, 130
`
`Standards and Unified Presentation Systems
`§.100, 131
`CEPT Recommendation, 132
`CEPT Terminal, 134
`The U.K. Multi-Level Presentation System, 134
`North American PLPS, 135
`
`£31
`
`8,3
`
`Compatibility and Standards
`The Nature of Compatibility, 141
`PLPS and CEPT Standards, 142
`
`J4I
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`Contents
`
`144
`
`165
`
`167
`
`xii
`
`Chapter9 Terminals
`
`9.1 Classification and Features
`Types of User Terminats, 144
`Multistandard Terminals, 146
`Intelligent Terminals, 146
`Component Television, 146
`
`144
`
`9.2
`
`149
`
`Internal Structure of Terminals
`Data Reception, 150
`Data Selection, 130
`Control Processor, 152
`Display Memory and Generator, 132
`Page Memories, 153
`Bit Plane Memories, 154
`Reference Terminal, 157
`LSI Technology in Terminals, 158
`
`9.3.
`
`Service-Provider Terminals (SPT)
`Features, 159
`VIPS {Videotex Information-Provider System), 161
`
`159
`
`Part lV
`
`THE APPLICATION LEVEL
`
`Chapter 10 Databases for Videotex
`
`10.1 A Brief Review
`
`167
`
`168
`10.2 Page-Oriented Databases
`Accessing the Information, 170
`Problems with the Tree Structure, 171
`
`10.3. The User Interface
`F300, 173
`
`173
`
`i74
`10.4 Databases for Teletext
`Transmission Sequence, 175
`Tree Structures, 176
`Captioning, 177
`
`Chapier 11 Gateways and Data Distribution
`
`179
`
`11.1 Database Distribution
`
`179
`
`186
`11.2 Access to External Computers
`Compatibility with External Computers, 181
`Gateway Alternatives, 182
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`Contents
`
`184
`11.3. Examples
`The Bildschirmtext/Prestel Gateway, 155
`iNET, 188
`Cableshare Viewdata Gateway, 192
`
`Chapter 12 Videotex Computers and Systems
`
`12.1
`
`Features of Access Machines
`
`194
`
`xii
`
`194
`
`12.2 The Telidon Computer of the DOC=195
`
`12.3. The Bildschirmtext Videotex Center
`
`198
`
`200
`12.4 Steria-Videopac
`Database Management, 202
`Accessing Pages, 204
`
`12.5 The French Electronic Directory
`
`204
`
`207
`12.6 Teletext Computers
`Data Exchange between Teletext Systems, 208
`
`Part V
`
`COMPLEMENTARYISSUES
`
`Chapter 13 The User interface
`
`ati
`
`273
`
`214
`13.1 Question-AnswerInterfaces
`Enhancements ofMenu Selection Systems, 215
`
`247
`13.2 Keyword-Based Interaction
`Pre- and Post-Coordinate Processing, 217
`
`13.3. Keywords in Videotex
`Design Issues, 219
`Similarities Between Menus and Keywords, 220
`Post-Coordinate Search in Télétel, 221
`
`218
`
`221
`13.4 Query Languages
`Artificial Languages, 223
`Natural-Language Interfaces, 224
`
`226
`13.5 Browsing in Data Spaces
`Spatial Management ofData, 227
`Interface Languagesfor Videotex, 230
`
`13.6 Towards a User Psychology
`
`230
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`xiv
`
`Chapter 14 Distributed Processing in Videotex
`
`14.1
`
`Intelligent Terminals and Telesoftware
`Telesoftware Protocols and Standards, 235
`
`234
`
`14.2 The Austrian Approach to Telesoftware
`
`238
`
`14.3 Toward Distributed Processing in Videotex Networks
`
`240
`
`Chapter 15 Efficiency and Performance in Videotex
`
`243
`15.1 Queuing Models
`Open and Closed Models, 244
`Sample Calculations, 247
`
`15.2 Access Model for Tree-Structured Databases
`Markov Chain Model ofPage Access, 253
`
`252
`
`15.3 Optimization of Teletext Transmission Sequences
`
`257
`
`_ References
`
`index
`
`Contents
`
`233
`
`243
`
`262
`
`269
`
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`

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`Videotex is one of the recent developments combining advances in computers, telecom-
`munications technology, and consumer electronics. The ambition of videotex is noless
`than to upgrade today’s mass communication media into computerized mass information
`utilities.
`It might seem that videotex is suffering from an identity crisis; indeed, there are
`numerous closely related developments,such as electronic mail, on-line information ser-
`vices, and home computing, to name only a few. But in spite of the lack of a clean
`academic definition, a number of well-established systems (such as Prestel, Telidon,
`_ Bildschirmtext, and Télétel) are operational and under development in many countries,
`backed by technical expertise and sizeable investments from business interests, Underly-
`ing these systems, there is a considerable amount of accumulated knowledge, experi-
`ence, and open research problems, most of which are highly technical and videotex-
`specific. However, so farthere are few publications attempting to explain systematically
`these issues and to relate them to the traditional disciplines of computer networks, com-
`munications, and database technology. This may be caused, at least partly, by the enor-
`mous rate of change witnessed by videotex, and the ensuing danger of rapid obsoles-
`cence of any book on the subject. However, these very same reasons call for such an
`undertaking in order to clarify the basic concepts behind the maze of systems,
`approaches, standards, proposals, and counter-proposals flooding the desks of videotex
`managers, designers, engineers, and students.
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`~
`
`xvi
`
`,
`
`,
`
`Preface
`
`The emphasisofthis bookis thus on the technical aspects of television-based video-
`tex. The subject matter is divided into five parts. Part I provides an introduction to video-
`tex and background material about similar systems and computer networks. Parts I, I,
`and [V are the core of the book, and they loosely follow the architectural layers ofthe ISO
`Open Systems Interconnection mode] (described in Chapter 3). Part II treats ISO. layers 1
`through 5, here collectively called the communications level. The subjects involved are
`the physical media used to transmit and deliver videotex information, the underlying pro-
`tocols, and the communication structure of videotex networks. Part [II is concerned with
`the presentation level (ISO layer 6), treating in detail the image-coding options in current
`use, their impact on terminal design, and the related problems ofnational and interna-
`tional standardization. Part [V—the application level—deals with databases for videotex
`and teletext, gateways, service computers, and service providers’ equipment. ‘The three
`chapters of Part V touch upon themes important for the future: of videotex: alternative
`methods of interfacing with the user, telesoftware (seen as the key to distributed process-
`ing in videotex) and methods of performance evaluation.
`Readers familiar with the basic notions involving computers, communications, and
`databases, or having some experience in videotex, should haveno difficulty in following
`the text. (Chapter 15 is a possible exception.) Most concepts used in the text are defined
`or explained, although not necessarily at their first occurrence.
`A few words are in order on what the book is not about. The limitations imposed
`by our book’s scope and extent have excluded the treatment of a number of areas closely
`telated and vitally important to videotex technology. Some of these areas are: social
`impact, legal and regulatory issues, financial and marketing aspects, field trial and user
`penetration statistics, the dynamics of service provider activity, and the esthetic and
`psychological aspects of page creation. For an in-depth treatment of these (and other)
`issues the reader is referred to a recent book by Tydeman et al. (1982) and'to the care-
`fully prepared and informative Videotex Report Series published by Butler Cox &
`Partners Ltd. in London.
`
`ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
`
`The authoris indebted to many personsfortheir assistance in the preparation ofthis text.
`Dr. Mike Sablatash, the owner ofprobably the best collection ofliterature on videotex in
`Canada, kindly opened up his files and provided invaluable help in documentation. Dr.
`Walter Ciciora, Professor Herman Maurer, Professor Frank Tompa, Andy Tenne-Sens,
`Bob Baser, Professor Stan Selkow, Professor Gregor von Bochmann and Dr. Mike
`Sablatash read the manuscript and suggested a large number of significant improvements
`in both style andsubstance. Many people from many organizations in many countries
`contributed their valuable time to interviews with the author. Special thanks go to Denise
`St-Michel for her expert work on the preparation of the numerous versions of the -
`manuscript. The author gratefully acknowledges the support of Université de Montréal
`and of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada during a sab-
`batical leave that permitted the writing of this book.
`
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`Preface
`
`xvii
`
`Figures 5.1 and 7.4, and Plates |, 2, and 3 were provided by Dr. W. Ciciora of
`Zenith Corporation; Plates 4, 5, 8 by CCETT Rennes; Figure 7.2 by W. C. Treurniet and
`, Figure 7.7 by S. Shlien, both of the Government of Canada Department of Communica-
`‘ tions (DOC); and Figure 9.10 by Bell-Northern Research. Plate 7 is reproduced courtesy
`of the DOC. Copyright permissions for materials included in Chapters 6, 10, 12 and 13
`are acknowledged to IEEE, Press Porcépic, and DOC.
`The specific sequences in all lists of people, countries, systems, etc., in this book
`should be considered as arbitrary in terms ofrelative significance. The word **he’” used
`in a nonspecific sense should be interpreted. throughout the text as “‘she or he.”’
`
`Jan Gecsei
`
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`

`The Architecture
`of Videotex
`Systems
`
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`

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`Part |
`BACKGROUND
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`
`The purpose of the chapters in Part I is twofold. Chapters 1 and 2 give a “‘first pass’’
`assessment of the nature, structure, terminology, and applicability of videotex systems.
`Chapters 2 and 3 provide background information on related topics, such as complemen-
`tary videotex-like information systems, computer networks, and the Open Systems Inter-
`connection reference model.
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`

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`Introduction
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`1.1 THE REALM OF VIDEOTEX
`
`Costs of mass-produced digital devices declined in the mid-1970s to the critical level at
`which forms of this technology came within the reach of the average consumer. Digital
`watches and pocket calculators (a ‘‘mass-computation medium’’) were among the first
`manifestations of this new situation.
`Videotex, a new digital mass-communication medium based on a blend of televi-
`sion, communications, and computer technologies, is another development driven by the
`same cost trend. Just as calculators continue to evolve towards models with more com-
`plex features and towards home computers, so is videotex moving rapidly from its initial
`scope {as a simple means of information retrieval for use in the home), to incorporate
`advanced applications known so far only in systems designed for specialized users.
`Therefore, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ask—or rather to answer—the ques-
`tion: What is videotex?
`.
`Numerous authors have offered definitions ranging from crisp, factual technical
`description to almost philosophical statements (that in effect amount to a refusal to
`
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`
`
`4 Background—-Part |
`
`define) in which they argue that the technology is not yet mature and stable enough to
`support a durable definition.
`,
`To illustrate the first type of definition, we include three formal definitions of
`videotex:
`
`1. Videotex consists of“systems for the widespread dissemination of textual and
`graphic information by wholly electronic means for display on low-cost terminals
`(often suitably equipped television receivers) under the selective control of the
`recipient, using control procedures easily understood by untrained users’’ (see
`Tyler, 1979, in the reference section at the back of the book).
`2. “Videotex is a medium for transmitting text and simple graphics. The usual
`display is a color TV receiver. The information is digitally encoded for transmis-
`sion. The informationis organized into pages” (see Ciciora et al., 1979).
`3. ‘*Videotex is the generic name used for electronic systems that use a modified TV
`setto display computer-based information.Interactive systems using, typically, the
`TV set and the telephone line, are called telephone-based or interactive videotex.
`Broadcast services are called broadcast videotex(teletext)’’ (see Winsbury, 1979).
`
`As an example of the more cautious approach to definition we quote Plummer
`(1979):
`“Given this prenatal stage in the evolution ofthe field, we think it most appropri-
`ate to consider teletext and videotex as a phenomenon—notjust technologies.’ He goes
`on to define seven basic dimensions of the ‘‘phenomenon’*: technology, system design,
`content, users, service providers, economics of system operation, and regulatory and
`policy environment.
`,
`The early date of this observation does little harm to its timeliness. On the con-
`trary: today, when the potential for new applications and technology alternatives is more
`fully appreciated, and with the emergence of parallel home information systems,
`- videotex becomesincreasingly harder to characterize than it was in 1979.
`Instead of trying to draw a sharp boundary between videotex and the rest of the
`world, it is more realistic to imagine videotex as a fuzzy set represented by a number of
`concentric circles, as in Figure 1.1. Besides serving as illustration and reference, defini-
`tions 1—3 above reflect well what is at the hard core of the set: low-cost and simple-to-
`use information services for the general public, employing the television as display. The
`degree of membership in the fuzzy set (or ‘‘videotex-ness’’) is highest in the center and
`decreases towards the periphery as videotex blends into similar and related systems and
`applications (present and planned for the future).
`The fuzziness of the set has been accentuated by the advent of gateways that
`enable links to be made between videotex and virtually any information or computing
`service. It might, after all, be less frustrating and more useful to think of videotex in an
`application-independent manner, as,
`for example, a new communication medium,
`value-added television, value-added telephone, or simply amilestone on the way
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`IPR2016-00753
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`Chap,1
`
`Introduction
`
`
`Generalized information usin,
`
`ith other informe
`.
`aon Wt
`
`sent
`
`ton sy,
`em,
`
`computers and 8rVices ,
`
`
`anfotmation
`ne im
`
`al
`
`Prog
`
`
`
`
`
` Home
`information
`retrieval
`
`Ro?onse Page,
`
`
`
`
`Pahanced transact™
`
`Private system®
`Electronic offi
`
`
`
`TV set as
`terminal
`
`Zotar.
`30.
`Yigent terminals, qetesott*
`
`Computing for all, wised MAO"
`
`Figure 1.1 Videotex as a fuzzy set: ‘‘videotex-ness”’ decreases toward the periphery.
`
`towards creating the ‘‘wired nation.’’ One can even hear descriptions of videotex as ‘‘the
`cheap computer network,’’ ‘‘friendly time-sharing with pictures,’’ or ‘‘just another
`terminal.”’
`However, the above observations apply mostly to two-way videotex, which tends
`to converge with other forms of data processing. Teletext, due to its unique one-way
`transmission scheme,is less prone to such loss of identity.
`As a communication channel, videotex can beroughly characterized in terms of
`the size of the audience and the time to disseminate information (see Tanabe, 1981).
`
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`IPR2016-00753
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`6 Background=Part |
`
`Dissemmation
`
`
`
`Monthly and
`weekly journals
`
`newspapers
`
`Radio,
`TV
`
`1
`
`10
`
`
`Lo oe —l. —» dize of audience
`1000
`10,000
`10+
`persons
`
`106
`
`Figure 1.2 Comparison of communication media.
`
`This is shown in Figure 1.2, in which several communication media are plotted. Interac-
`tive videotex fills a gap, as indicated.
`From a technical point of view, videotex is a special case of computer networks. It
`is not a brand-new procedure based on some glamorous breakthrough;its originality is
`rather in its combination of existing technologies. Perhaps the most unique aspect of
`videotex is that the display characteristics available on television sets (namely color
`capabilities and limited resolution) are fully taken into account and anchored in a number
`ofpresentation standards.
`.
`A seldom-mentioned but important consequenceofthe fact that videotex 1s largely
`aimed at the general public and at computer-naive professionals is the prospect (or hope)
`of planting into the minds of these people practical notions of information technology,
`disguised as additional functionsof the familiar television technology. This strategy, if it
`works, can lead to tremendous user penetration, proportional to the number of TV sets in
`use (about 160 million in the U.S. in 1982), Predictions for the percentage of U.S, TV
`households subscribing to some form of videotex service in 1990 vary between 5% and
`90%. A similar strategy aims at gradually supplementing every telephone set in France
`with an electronic directory terminal. It is such psychological strategy factors, and not
`the various particularities of coding, display, and possible services,
`that distinguish —
`videotex from similar information systems.
`‘The prospective user of an information network such.as The Source hasto make a
`major decision in becoming a subscriber. In order to makethis decision to subscribe, he
`
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`Chap. 1
`
`Introduction
`
`7
`
`has to be well-informed aboutthe benefits of the available services, and will probably be
`sufficiently motivated to subscribe (and buy a terminal or home computer) only if the
`offered applications match his needs. With videotex, the decision is less dramatic; it is
`rather like adding a cable converter or a remote control unit to one’s television, or buy-
`ing a more expensive mode] with new built-in features. This is especially the case with
`teletext, which requires neither the additional manipulation of a telephone nor an ongo-
`ing charge.
`
`1.2 COMPONENTS AND TERMINOLOGY
`
`A typical two-way videotex system (if such a thing exists) is outlined in Figure 1.3. It
`has four (groups of) main physical components:
`,
`
`® user terminals
`
`® computers
`« service-provider terminals and systems
`* communication networks to interconnect with other components.
`
`User terminal
`
`(telephone)
`
`network
`
`AM: Access machine (service computer)
`DB: Database
`EC. External computer
`SPT: Service-provider terminal
`PSN: Packet awitching network
`
`Figure 1.3 Typical two-way videotex system.
`
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`8 , Background=Part |
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`Roughly speaking, these components aré administered and/or owned by the fol-
`lowing organizational entities: users (service consumers), whoare often the owners of
`terminal equipment; videotex system operators, who run some of the service computers;
`service providers, who supply and maintain the contents of databases and other applica-
`tions; and common carriers, who operate the communication networks. The actual situa-
`tion is often more complex than this. For example, some computers are owned and
`operated by independent (‘‘third-party’’ or “‘external’”) organizations, and can also be
`used for purposes other than videotex. (This would be true in the case of a department
`store’s inventory computer that can process teleshopping transactions initiated by
`videotex users.) Further, communication networks are often under the mixed jurisdiction
`of the system operators and the carriers.
`From a functional point of view, a basic videotex system can be seen either as a
`data retrieval system or as a communication medium among users and service providers.
`Experience shows that, on the whole, the latter view is more appropriate because of the
`increasing importance of transactional applications and user-to-user messaging, and
`because the largest demand in database applications is for fast-changing, ‘‘hot’’ data
`pages, and notfor seldom- or never-updated encyclopedic information.
`
`User Terminals
`
`As already mentioned, most user terminals are ordinary TV sets upgraded with addi-
`tional components: a decoder (controller) and a keypad or keyboard. The controller
`serves to receive pages ofdigitally encoded data (text or graphics) and to generate a syn-
`thetic image to be displayed on the screen. The user interacts with the system (e.g., to
`select an appropriate page) via commandsentered through the keypad. Most transac-
`tional applications require the use of alphanumeric keyboards.
`
`Computers
`
`The computers found in contemporary systems are used in a great variety of ways.
`Among them, access machines(also called service computers) are of central importance.
`An access machine can best be seen as an intelligent interface placed betweenusers and
`the rest of the network. Its main functions are handling of dialogs with users and
`supervising interactions. with other computers. Access machines are usually owned and
`operated by the videotex operator. They may contain local databases and other applica-
`tions, as well as control functions, such as password verification andbilling, that enable
`them to operate in stand-alone mode (typical for smaller systems).
`Application computers are machines dedicated to particular applications (database,
`banking, etc.). Frequently these applications are designed, owned, and operated by
`enterprises independent of videotex. In such cases they are called external computers.
`There is much currentinterest in interfacing with external computers through gateways.
`Other types of computers in a videotex network may be dedicated to system control and.
`
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`Part 1
`
`Background
`
`9
`
`monitoring, service. provider support, gateways,or traffic concentration. More details.on
`network components are found in Chapter 6.
`
`Service-Provider Terminals
`
`These terminals serve mainly for the editing of information pages to be attached to
`videotex databases. The equipmentvaries in functionality from simple text-editing intel-
`ligent terminals to image composition and filing facilities often implemented as stand-
`alone computer systems.
`Service providers (also called information providers) can be divided into two large
`groups. In the first are those individuals or firms marketing their own information and
`services (e.g., a travel agency advertising various package tours). The second group con-
`sists of specialized infonmation brokers acting as middlemen between clients and the
`database.
`
`Communication Networks
`
`Virtually all types of links and networks can be employedto build a videotex system. A
`fundamental distinction can be made according to whether the network delivering infor-
`mation to the users is a one-way or a two-way system. In one-way systems, also called
`broadcast videotex, or teletext, the data base is continuously and cyclically transmitted
`and available to all users, much like radio or television programs. Selected pages are
`captured (*‘grabbed’*) by the decoder, locally stored, and presented on the display. The
`user has the impression of interacting with the system (by issuing commands); however,
`the interaction is on the same level as the selection of a TV channel—that is, it does not
`exceed the limits of the user’s local equipment. Hence the term pseudo-interactive is
`often used to describe this type of system. Television transmission (over the air or cable)
`is the typical communication medium.
`In two-way systems, also termed interactive videotex or viewdata, the user’s com-
`mands are actually forwarded to the service computer. There, the desired informationis
`retrieved and sent back to the terminal.
`
`Terminology
`
`‘
`
`It is important to remember some idiosyncrasies of terminology. First, videotex generally
`(and in this book) has two connotations:it is used as a generic term for both one-way and
`two-way TV-based systems, and also as a specific term for two-way systems. This dou~~
`ble usage is unfortunate, but the specific meaning is usually clear from the context. The
`term viewdata is commonly used for two-way videotex in Europe.
`A second idiosyncrasy of terminology involves the words zeletext and teletex.
`Teletex, although dangerously close in spelling to teletext, is definitely different from it,
`and involves an enhanced form of text conmmunication (and is a succesor of telex). We
`should also mention videography as a general term coveringall digital techniquesfor text
`
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`IPR2016-00753
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`10 “Background—Part |
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`and image transmission. A related term is the French rélématique (from the words ré/é-
`communications and informatique), often used even in English forvideotex-like systems.
`In addition to being referred to by the above generic terms, particular systems and
`implementations also have brand names. Here are a few