United States Patent 5
`4,965,825
`Oct. 23, 1990
`[45] Date of Patent:
`Harveyetal.
`
`{i1] Patent Number:
`
`[54] SIGNAL PROCESSING APPARATUS AND
`METHODS
`
`4,704,725 11/1987 Harvey et ab...seceeseeeceeeceee 380/9
`4,706,282 11/1987: Knowd .......cscscsceeeesteeenees 380/49
`
`[75]
`
`Inventors:
`
`[73] Assignee:
`
`John C, Harvey; James W. Cuddihy,
`both of New York, N.Y.
`The Personalized Mass Media
`Corporation, New York, N.Y.
`
`[21] Appl. No.: 96,096
`
`[22] Filed:
`
`Sep. 11, 1987
`
`Related U.S, Application Data
`
`[63]
`
`Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 829,531, Feb. 14, 1986,
`Pat. No. 4,704,725, which is a continuation of Ser. No.
`317,510, Nov. 3, 1981, Pat. No. 4,694,490.
`
`Int. CLS oo eceseseeeees HO4L 9/00; GO6F 15/21
`[51]
`[52] U.S. Ch. eee cscsceesesceeeneereneeeens 380/9; 380/10;
`380/49; 364/521
`[58] Field of Search...............0 380/9, 10, 20, 48, 49;
`455/4, 32-34, 37, 70; 358/142, 143, 146, 147,
`183, 86; 364/521
`
`(56]
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`Primary Examiner-——Salvatore Cangialosi
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Thomas J. Scott, Jr.
`[S57]
`ABSTRACT
`A unified system of programming communication for
`use on individual computer systems with capacity for
`generating relevant-user specific information simulta-
`neously at each station of a plurality of subscriber sta-
`tions. The system includes a transmission station. which
`is a central control system of a system of receiverstation
`computers controlled by the station transmission. Each
`individual computer system is self-structuring in that
`any given transmission station can transmit control
`information causing selected apparatus at selected re-
`ceiver stations to combine the computers at those sta-
`tions based on the transmission of the station, thereby ~
`causing the individual computers to come undercontrol
`of station. The unified system also includes apparatus
`for combiningthe user specific information generated at
`subscriber station into broadcast programming, so that
`broadcast programming is displayed at every station
`with user specific information displayed in the broad-
`cast programming. The unified system includes appara-
`3,845,391 10/1974 Crosby......
`tus forrestricting the combined programmingso that it
`
`3,891,792.
`6/1975 Kimura.............
`is available only at selected stations tuned to a given
`4,025,851
`5/1977 Haselwood etal. .
`transmission station’s transmission. The unified system
`
`".358/103
`.
`4,138,726 2/1979 Girault et al. ........
`
`
`includes apparatus for documenting the use of the con-
`wee 358/143
`4,264,925 4/1981 Freeman etal.
`trol signals and/or programming at said selected sta-
`358/143
`4,310,854:
`1/1982 Baer oo... eseeseeee
`
`tions and for monitoring the availability and use, of
`
`4,323,922 4/1982 de Toonderetal.wn...cece 380/20
`programming.
`4,337,480
`6/1982 Bourassin et al.
`. 358/83
`
`4,381,522
`4/1983 Lambert ...........
`. 358/86
`4,694,490
`9/1987 Harvey et al. oc. ceeeereeseree 380/9
`
`25 Claims, 21 Drawing Sheets
`
`
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 1
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 1
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Oct. 23, 1990
`
`Sheet 1 of 22
`
`NOISIAZ131
`
`
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`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 2
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 2
`
`

`

`
`
`US. Patent—Oct. 23, 1990 Sheet 20f22 4,965,825
`
`
`
`
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 3
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 3
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 23, 1990
`
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 4
`
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 4
`
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 5
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 5
`
`

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`US. Patent
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`Oct. 23, 1990
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`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 6
`
`
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 6
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`US. Patent—oct. 23, 1990 Sheet 6of 22 4,965,825
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`
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`FREQUENCY
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 7
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 7
`
`

`

`
`
`US. Patent—oct. 23, 1990 | Sheet 70f22 4,965,825
`
`
`
`INFORMATION
`METER-MONITOR
`EXECUTION
`SEGMENT
`SEGMENT
`HEADER SEGMENT
`oyOOONOem?
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`FIG. 2H
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 8
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 8
`
`

`

`
`US. Patent—Oct. 23, 1990 Sheet 80f22 4,965,825
`
`apWR
`eee COMMAND“dsm
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 9
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 9
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 23, 1990
`
`Sheet 90f22
`
`4,965,825
`
`Jy
`
`215
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 10
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 10
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 23, 1990
`
`Sheet 10 of 22
`
`4,965,825
`
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 11
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 11
`
`
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 23, 1990
`
`Sheet 11 of 22
`
`4,965,825
`
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 12
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 12
`
`
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`L
`
`Oct. 23, 1990
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`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 13
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 13
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`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 23, 1990
`
`Sheet 13 of 22
`
`4,965,825
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 14
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 14
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`
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`
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`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 23, 1990
`
`Sheet 14 of 22
`
`4,965,825
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 15
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 15
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`
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Oct. 23, 1990
`
`Sheet 15 of 22
`
`4,965,825
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 16
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 16
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`
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`US. Patent—Oct. 23, 1990 Sheet 160f22 4,965,825
`
`
`
`MULTI-CHANNEL CABLE TRANSMISSION
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`CABLE
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`BOX
`
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`ONE TV
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`—— — — CONTROL INFORMATION
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`FIG. 7A
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`*
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 17
`
`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 17
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`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Sheet 17 of 22
`
`4,965,825
`
`002
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 18
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
`Page 18
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`
`
`
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`

`

`Sheet 18 of 22
`4,965,825
`US. Patent—Oct. 23, 1990
`
`202M
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`MULT! CHANNEL CABLE TRANSMISSION
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`
`
`PROGRAMMING
`——— CONTROL INFORMATION
`
`FIG. 7C
`
`216
`
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`US. Patent—Oct. 23, 1990 Sheet 19 of 22 4,965,825
`
`
`
`263
` MICROCOMPUTER
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`DECODER[ONLY
`FIG.7D
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`209D
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`
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`Oct. 23, 1990
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`IPR2016-00753
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
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`PMC Exhibit 2051
`Apple v. PMC
`IPR2016-00753
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`1
`
`SIGNAL PROCESSING APPARATUS AND
`METHODS
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`This is a continuation-in-part of a patent application
`Ser. No. 829,531 filed Feb. 14, 1986 now U.S. Pat. No.
`4,704,725 which in turn was a continuation of a patent
`application Ser. No. 317,510 filed Nov. 3, 1981 now
`U.S. Pat. No. 4,694,490.
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`Theinvention relates to an integrated system of pro-
`gramming communication and involves the fields of
`computer processing, computer communications, tele-
`vision, radio, and other electronic communications; the
`fields of automating the handling, recording, and re-
`transmitting of television, radio, computer, and other
`electronically transmitted programming; and thefields
`of regulating, metering, and monitoring the availability,
`use, and usage of such programming.
`Foryears, television has been recognized as a most
`powerful medium for communicating ideas. And televi-
`sion is so-called “user friendly”; that is, despite techni-
`cal complexity, television is easy for subscribers to use.
`Radio and electronic print services such as stock
`brokers’ so-called “tickers” and “broad tapes” are also
`powerful, user friendly mass media. (Hereinafter, the
`electronic print mass medium is called, “broadcast
`print.”)
`But television, radio, and broadcast print are only
`mass media. Program content is. the same for every
`viewer. Occasionally one viewer maysee, hear, or read
`information of specific relevance to him (as happens
`when a guest on a television talk show turns to the
`camera and says, “Hi, Mom’), but such electronic .
`media have no capacity for conveying user specific
`information simultaneously to each user.
`For years, computers have been recognized as having
`unsurpassed capacity for processing and displaying user
`specific information.
`But computer processing is not a mass medium. Com-
`puters operate under the control of computer programs
`that are inputted by specific users for specific purposes,
`not programs that are broadcast to and executed simul-
`taneously at the stations of mass user audiences. And
`computer processing is far less user friendly than, for
`example, television.
`Today great potential exists for combining the capac-
`ity of broadcast communications media to convey ideas
`with the capacity of computers to process and output
`user specific information. One such combination would
`provide a new radio-based or broadcast print medium
`with the capacity for conveying general information to
`large audiences—e.g., “Stock prices rose today in
`heavy trading,”—with information of specific rele-
`vance to each particular user in the audience—e.g., “but
`the value of your stock portfolio went down.”-
`(Hereinafter, the new media that result from such com-
`binations are called “combined” media.)
`Unlocking this potential.is desirable because these
`new media will add substantial richness and variety to
`the communication of ideas, information and entertain-
`ment. Understanding complex subjects and making
`informed decisions will becomeeasier.
`- To unlock this potential fully requires means and
`methods for combining and controlling receiver sys-
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`45
`
`50
`
`35
`
`60
`
`65
`
`4,965,825
`
`2
`tems that are now separate—television and computers,
`radio and computers, broadcast print and computers,
`television and computers and broadcast print, etc.
`But it requires much more.
`To unlock this potential fully requires a system with
`efficient capacity for satisfying the demandsof subscrib-
`ers who havelittle receiver apparatus and simple infor-
`mation demandsas well as subscribers who have exten-
`sive apparatus and complex demands.It requires capac-
`ity for transmitting and organizing vastly more informa-
`tion and programming than any one-channel transmis-
`sion system can possibly convey at one time. It requires
`capacity for controlling intermediate transmission sta-
`tions that receive information and programming from
`many sources and for organizing the information and
`programming and retransmitting the information and
`programming so as to make the use of the information
`and programming at ultimate receiver stations as effi-
`cient as possible.
`To unlock this potential also requires efficient capac-
`ity for providing reliable audit information to (1) adver-
`tisers and others who payfor the transmission and per-
`formance of programming and (2) copyright holders,
`pay service operators, and others such as talent who
`demand,instead, to be paid. This requires capacity for
`identifying and recording (1) what television, radio,
`data, and other programming and whatinstruction sig-
`nals are transmitted at each transmission station and (2)
`what is received at each receiver station as well as (3)
`what received programming is combined or otherwise
`used at each receiver station and (4) howit is received,
`combined, and/or otherwise used.
`Moreover,
`this system must have the capacity to
`ensure that programming supplied for pay or for other
`conditional use is used only in accordance with those
`conditions. For example, subscriber station apparatus
`must display the commercials that are transmitted in
`transmissions that advertisers pay for. The system must
`have capacity for decrypting, in many varying ways,
`programmingandinstruction signals that are encrypted
`and for identifying those who pirate programming and
`inhibiting piracy.
`It is the object of this invention to unlock this great
`potential in the fullest measure by means of an inte-
`grated system of programming communication that
`joins togetherall these capacities most efficiently.
`Computer systems generate user specific information,
`but in any given computer system, any given set of
`program instructions that causes and controls the gener-
`ation ofuser specific information is:inputted to only one
`computerat a time.
`Computer communications systems do transmit data
`point-to-multipoint. The Dataspeed Corporation divi-
`sion of Lotus Development Corporation of Cambridge,
`Mass. transmits real-time financial data over radio fre-
`quencies to microcomputers equipped with devices
`called “modios” that combine the features of radio re-
`ceivers, modems, and decryptors. The Equatorial Com-
`munications Company of Mountain View, Calif. trans-
`mits to similarly equipped receiver systemsbysatellite.
`Ateach receiver station, apparatus receive the particu-
`lar transmission and convert its data content into unen-
`crypted digital signals that computers can process.
`Eachsubscriber programshis subscriber station appara-
`tus io select particular data of interest.
`Thispriorart is limited. It only transmits data; it does
`not control data processing. No system is prepro-
`
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`IPR2016-00753
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`4,965,825
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`25
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`30
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`35
`
`40
`
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`
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`
`4
`3
`It has no capacity to receive programming transmis-
`grammed to simultaneously control a plurality of cen-
`sions or process received transmissions in any way.It
`tral processor units, operating systems,andpluralities of
`has no capacity to operate under the control of instruc-
`computer peripheral units. None has capacity to cause
`tions transmitted by broadcasters. It has no capacity to
`simultaneous generationof user specific information at a
`insert signals that convey information to or control, in
`plurality of receiver stations. None has any capacity to
`any way, the automatic operation of ultimate receiver
`cause subscriber station computers to process received
`station apparatus other than television receivers.
`data, let alone in ways that are not inputted by the sub-
`As regards the automation of ultimate receiver sta-
`scribers. None has any capacity to explain automatically
`tions,in the prior art, U.S. Pat. No. 4,337,480 to Bouras-
`whyany given information mightbe of particular inter-
`sin et al. describes a dynamic interconnection system for
`est to any subscriber or why any subscriber might wish
`connectingat least one television receiver to a plurality
`to select information that is not selected or how any
`of television peripheral units. By means ofasingle re-
`subscriber might wish to change the wayselected infor-
`mote keyboard, a viewer can automatically connect and
`mation is processed.
`disconnect any of the peripheral units without the need
`As regards broadcast media, systems in the prior art
`manually to switch systems or fasten and unfasten ca-
`have capacity for receiving and displaying multiple
`bling each time. In addition, using a so-called “image-
`images ontelevision receivers simultaneously. One such
`within-image” capacity, the viewer can superimpose a
`system for superimposing printed characters transmit-
`secondary image from a secondperipheral unit upon the
`ted incrementally during the vertical blanking interval
`primary imageon thetelevision display. In this fashion,
`of the television scanning format is described in U.S.
`two peripheral units can be viewed simultaneously on
`Pat. No. 3,891,792 to Kimura, U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,854 to
`one television receiver. U.S. Pat. No. 4,264,925 to
`Baer describes a second system for continuously dis-
`Freeman et al. describes a multi-channel programming
`playing readable alphanumeric captions that are trans-
`transmission system wherein subscribers may select
`mitted as digital data superimposed on a normal FM
`manually among related programming alternatives
`sound signal and that relate in program content to the
`transmitted simultaneously on separate channels.
`conventional television information upon which they
`This prior art, too, is limited. It has no capacity for
`are displayed. These systems permit a viewer to view a
`interconnecting or operating a system at any time other
`primary program and a secondary program.
`than the time when the orderto do so is entered manu-
`This prior art, too, is limited. It has no capacity to
`ally at the system or remote keyboard. It has no capac-
`overlay any information other than information trans-
`ity for acting on instructions transmitted by broadcast-
`mitted to all receiver stations simultaneously. It has no
`ers to interconnect, actuate or tune systems peripheral
`capacity to overlay any such information except in the
`to a television receiver or to actuate a television re-
`orderin which it is received. It has no capacity to cause
`ceiver or automatically change channels received by a
`receiver station computers to generate any information
`receiver. It has no capacity for coordinating the pro-
`_ whatsoever, let alone user specific information. It has
`gramming content transmitted by any given peripheral
`no capacity to cause overlays to commence or cease
`system with any other programming transmitted to a
`appearing at receiver stations, let alone commenceand
`television receiver. It has no capacity for controlling
`cease appearing periodically.
`two separate systems suchas, for example, an automatic
`Asregards the automation of intermediate transmis-
`radio andtelevision stereo simulcast. It has no capacity
`sion stations, various so-called “cueing” systems in the
`for selectively connecting radio receivers to radio pe-
`prior art operate in conjunction with network broadcast
`transmissions to automate the so-called “cut-in”at local
`ripherals such as computers or printers or speakers or
`for connecting computers to computer peripherals (ex-
`television and radio stations of locally originated pro-
`cept perhaps a television set). It has no capacity for
`gramming such as so-called “local spot’? advertise-
`ments.
`controlling the operation of decryptors or selectively
`inputting transmissions to decryptors or outputting
`Also in the prior art, U.S. Pat. No. 4,381,522 tp Lam-
`transmissions from decryptors to other apparatus.It has
`bert describes a cable television system controlled by a
`no capacity for monitoring and maintaining records
`minicomputerthat respondsto signals transmitted from
`regarding what programmingis selected or played on
`viewers by telephone. In response to viewers’ input
`any apparatus or what apparatus is connected or how
`preferences, the computer generates a schedule which
`connected apparatus operate.
`determines what prerecorded, so-called local origina-
`Theprior art includes a variety of systems for moni-
`tion programswill be transmitted, when, and over what
`toring programming and generating so-called “ratings.”
`channels. The computer generates a video imageofthis
`schedule which it transmits over one cable channel to
`One system that monitors by means of embeddeddigital
`signals is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,851 to Hasel-
`viewers which permits them to see when they can view
`wood, et al. Another that monitors by means of audio
`the programs they request and over what channels.
`codes that are only “substantially inaudible” is de-
`Then, in accordance with the schedule, it actuates pre-
`scribed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,845,391 to Crosby. A third
`loaded video tape, disc or film players and transmits the
`that automatically monitors a plurality of channels by
`programming transmissions from these players to the
`switching sequentially among them and that includes
`designated cable channels by means of a controlled
`video switch.
`capacity to monitor audio and visual quality is de-
`scribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,547,804 to Greenberg.
`This prior art, too, is limited. It has no capacity to
`This prior art, too, is limited. It has capacity to moni-
`schedule automatically or transmit any programming
`tor only single broadcast stations, channels orunits and
`other than that loaded immediately at the play heads of
`lacks capacity to monitor more than one channel at a
`the controlled video players. It has no capacity to load
`time or to monitor the combining of media. At any
`the video players or identify what programming is
`given monitor station, it has had capacity to monitor
`loaded ontheplayers or verify that scheduled programs
`either whatis transmitted over one or more channels or
`are played correctly. It has no capacity to cause the
`what is received on one or morereceivers but not both.
`video players to record programming from any source.
`
`50
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`Furthersignificantlimitations arise out of the failure
`It has assumed monitored signals of particular format in
`to reconcile aspects of these individual areas of ar-
`particular transmission locations and has lacked capac-
`t—monitoring programming, automating ultimate re-
`ity to vary formats or locations orto distinguish and act
`ceiver stations, decrypting programming, generating
`on the absence ofsignals or to interpret and process in
`the programmingitself, etc.—into an integrated system.
`any fashion signals that appear in monitored locations
`Theselimitations are both technical and commercial.
`that are not monitored signals. It has lacked capacity to
`For example, the commercial objective of the afore-
`identify encrypted signals then decrypt them. It has
`mentioned monitoring systems of Crosby, Haselwood
`lacked capacity to record and also transfer information
`et. al., and Greenberg is to provide independent audits
`to a remote geographic location simultaneously.
`to advertisers and others who pay for programming
`Asregards recorder/player systems, many means and
`transmissions. All require embedding signals in pro-
`methodsexist in the prior art for recording television or
`gramming that are used only to identify programming.
`audio programming and/or data on magnetic,optical or
`Greenberg, for example, requires that a digital signal be
`other recording media and for retransmitting prere-
`transmitted at a particular place onaselect line of each
`corded programming. Video tape recorders have ca-
`frameofa television program. But television has only so
`pacity for automatic delayed recording of television
`muchcapacity for transmitting signals outside the visi-
`transmissions on the basis of instructions input manually
`ble image;it is inefficient for such signals to serve only
`by viewers. So-called “interactive video” systems have
`one function; and broadcasters can foresee alternate
`capacity for locating prerecorded television program-
`potential for this capacity that may be moreprofitable
`ming on a given disc. and transmitting it to television
`to them. Furthermore, advertisers recognize that if the
`receivers and locating prerecorded digital data on the
`systems of Crosby, Haselwood and Greenberg distin-
`same disc and transmitting them to computers.
`guish TV advertisements by means of single purpose
`This prior art, too, is limited. It has no capacity for
`signals, television receivers and video tape recorders
`automatically embedding signals in and/or removing
`can include capacity for identifying said signals and
`embeddedsignals from a television transmission then
`suppressing the associated advertisements. Accord-
`recording the transmission. It has no capacity for con-
`ingly, no independent automatic comprehensive so-
`_ trolling the connection or actuation or tuning of exter-
`called ‘“‘proof-of-performance” audit service has yet
`nal apparatus. It has no capacity for retransmitting pre-
`proven commercially viable.
`recorded programming and controlling the decryption
`As a second example, because of the lack of a viable
`of said programming,let alone doing so on the basis of
`independent audit system, each service that broadcasts
`signals that are embedded in said programming that
`encrypted programming controls and services at each
`contain keys for the decryption of said programming.It
`subscriber station one or more receiver/decryptors
`has no capacity for operating on the basis of control
`dedicated to its service alone. Lacking a viable audit
`signals transmitted to recorder/players at a plurality of
`system, services do not transmit to shared, common
`subscriber stations, let alone operating on the basis of
`receiver/decryptors.
`such signals.to record user specific information at each
`These are just two examples of limitations that arise
`subscriber station.
`in the absence of an integrated system of programming
`communication.
`As regards decoders and decryptors, many different
`systemsexist, at present, that enable programming sup-
`It is an object of the present invention to overcome
`pliers to restrict the use of transmitted programming to
`these and other limitations of the priorart.
`only duly authorized subscribers. The prior art includes
`SUMMARYOF THE INVENTION
`so-called “addressable” systems that have capacity for
`controlling specific individual subscriber station appa-
`ratus by means of control instructions transmitted in
`broadcasts. Such systems enable broadcasters to turn off
`subscriber station decoder/decryptor apparatus of sub-
`scribers who do not pay their bills and turn them back
`on whenthebills are paid.
`This prior art, too, is limited. It has no capacity for
`decrypting combined media programming. It has no
`capacity for identifying then selectively decrypting
`control
`instructions embedded in unencrypted pro-
`gramming transmissions. It has no capacity for identify-
`ing programming transmissions or control instructions
`selectively and transferring them to a decryptor for
`decryption. It has no capacity for transferring the out-
`put of a decryptorselectively to one of a plurality of
`output apparatus. It has no capacity for automatically
`identifying decryption keys and inputting them to a
`decryptor to serveas the key for any step of decryption.
`It has no capacity for identifying and recording the
`identity of what is input to or output from a-decryptor.
`It has no capacity for decrypting a tra