New Ancillary Services
`Using a Television Channel
`
`A data-broadcasting system implemented in France by the CCETT is discussed. Employing
`an ordinary television channel, the system provides at least three new ancillary services, and
`more are under development. The first service accomplishes the automatic recording of pre-
`selected programs for any user with a keypad, memory unit and VTR; the second provides
`scrambling and unscrambling of a television signal as for pay TV and theater projection;
`and the third uses the ANTIOPE teletext system to transmit “magazines” in page form to
`the home viewer. If the teletext system uses time-division multiplexing with an ordinary pro-
`gram, subtitling in any of several languages is possible along with transmission on request
`of special news-flash pages. Otherwise, when magazine pages only are transmitted on the
`channel, a page rate of about 20,000 per minute (24 lines of 40 characters each) is possible.
`
`Within the coverage zone of television
`transmitters, anybody may use these
`broadcast services, subject only to the
`condition that they be able to access the
`particular data link.
`The general properties of such a network
`are:
`
`Transparency. Every user receives data
`as if he was directly connected to the data
`source through the digital junction.
`Speed regulation. Three elements are to
`be taken under consideration: the data
`source, the service terminal device, and the
`network itself. The fact is that the data
`broadcasting system is, by its nature, uni-
`directional only and that the data source
`has no means to know the receiver’s state.
`This is why an interface device. at the input
`of the network handler, works as a fictive
`receiver and avoids saturation of the ter-
`minal devices.
`
`Introduction
`
`The arrival of so-called “still-picture
`broadcasting” on the international scene
`of a (CCIR) meeting started a new era for
`the development of broadcasting services.
`Of course, eleven years ago, it was pro-
`posed to use time multiplex techniques for
`data transmission in a television channel,‘
`but this was only for the use of broadcasters
`themselves and not for the public. Tech-
`nological progress since then has raised the
`opportunity for new services, using data
`transmission and broadcasting, to be of-
`fered to the public at large or to certain
`categories of the public?
`The first studies gave rise to a fully new
`service, independent from the usual pro-
`gram, named the tclctext service.3
`French agencies in the CCETT labora-
`tories startcd studying such services in late
`I973. The conclusion based on the first
`experiments. held in Rennes, France, was
`that it was possible to implement on a
`normal television network a complemen-
`tary data broadcasting network, on which
`the data related to a lot of different new
`services can be simultaneously transmitted
`for all the people in the coverage zone of
`the transmitters.
`
`The DIDON Data Broadcasting System
`Definition
`The data broadcasting system (called in
`French, DIDON,
`for Diffusion de
`Donneés) applies packet switching tech-
`niques to broadcasting.‘ It allows several
`digital data sources, each related to a given
`service,
`to share the transmission re-
`source — namely, the free lines of a tele-
`vision signal.
`Every data source is connected to the
`multiplexing system, called network data
`handler, through a standardized digital
`junction. Thus, any kind of data system
`may be connected on the network.
`Presented on 20 October 1976 at the Society's Tech-
`nical Conference in New York by Bernard Marti.
`CCETT (Joint Center for the Study ofTelcvision and
`Telecommunications), B.P. I266. 350]] Rcnncs Codex,
`France. This paper was received on 23 August I976.
`
`By BERNARD MARTI
`
`makes it possible to associate to each free
`line one packet to be broadcast. To do that,
`every bit is transmitted as a pulse, with a
`repetition rate of 397 times the line fre-
`quency in the European E, G, and L tele-
`vision standards. These pulses, in a nonre-
`turn-to—zero (NRZ) modulation, are fil-
`tered to a raised cosine form so as to fit the
`television channel bandwith require-
`ments.
`With that rate, the packet occupies the
`active part of the television line. A packet
`can be time-multiplexed in the television
`signal by use of every black line. Thus, two
`situations can occur, depending on whether
`or not a program is being aired.
`When the television signal carries a
`program, only the few lines of the field
`blanking interval are available. The bit-
`rate capability is, for European systems, 50
`packets/s per used line, in other words 12.8
`kb/s per used line. When no program is on
`the air, all lines may be used except those
`for vertical sync. A total bit rate of 4 Mb/s
`can be shared between all services. In June
`1977 at the Montreux exhibition, a pre-
`sentation was made in the US. M /NTSC
`standard, leading to a rate of 9 kb/s per
`used line in the 4.2-MH2 bandwidth.
`
`Implementation of New Services
`Using the DIDON Network
`General
`
`Three new services using the capabilities
`of the data broadcasting network have so
`far been experimented with at the CCETT;
`two are program—related, the other can be
`program-related or not.
`The two program-related services are.
`respectively, a service for automatic re-
`cording of preselected programs, and a
`scrambled television service used, for in-
`stance, in a pay-TV structure. The third
`has become known as the teletext system
`and is intended for displaying alphanu-
`meric or graphic pages on a television
`screen.
`
`Transmission Syslem
`Data from a source are available at the
`digital junction as 8-bit bytes. This infor-
`mation stream is split into packets of no
`more than 32 bytes each.
`An 8-byte “title” is added to every
`packet by the network handler. This title
`contains the following service informa-
`tion:
`(1) a clock run for data receiver bit
`synchronization;
`(2) framing code for byte synchroniza-
`tion;
`(3) digital channel identification (i.e.,
`source identification);
`(4) packet sequence control code (the
`The EPEOS System
`packets from a given source are numbered
`For various reasons, most European
`in sequence to detect a packet loss due to
`countries use their television transmitters
`transmission errors); and
`under conditions different from those in the
`(5) fill-in code (number of effective
`bytes in a given packet).
`USA. It appears that in Europe the net-
`work is underemployed. Moreover, many
`The most important feature is the 3-byte
`channel identification allowing a large di-
`programs are missed by a potential part of
`their audience because of time constraints.
`versification of services; it permits open
`In another area the market of consumer
`services with public access as well as closed
`services with scrambled or paid-access
`videotape recorders is not developing be-
`cause of a lack of available software and
`procedures.
`because of the constraints of delivery pro-
`The line structure ofa television signal
`Volume 86 November I977 SMPTE Journal
`815
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`cedures. All these remarks lead to the idea
`that the recording techniques could be used
`more efficiently if delivery concerns only
`the software itself and not the associated
`recording tape.
`is transmitted
`An identification label
`with every program in a particular channel
`olthe DIDON network using the blanking
`interval I'ree lines. With this label are as-
`sociated oodes for the remote control of a
`tape recorder. The user with keypad can
`record in a memory a list of up to fifteen
`labels. When one of these labels is broad-
`cast. just before the associated program
`starts. the digital device used to receive this
`service sets the recorder on. Special codes
`are then transmitted for recording. for
`program interrupt ifarty. For end ol'inter-
`rupt. and for program end. Every prese-
`lected program is recorded with a footage,
`associated in the memory with the identi-
`fication label. On playback. the user can
`call a given program: irit has been received.
`the footage recorded on a special track of
`the tape enables its automatic search to the
`desired playback. The French acronym
`“EPEOS" is used to signify this service for
`automatic recording of preselected pro-
`grams!‘
`This service can be useful for the general
`public. It can also upgrade the efficiency
`oleducationat programs. It can be used for
`automatic mailing of special programs for
`particular segments of the public. such as
`businessmen and doctors.
`
`5-rivrtrl
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`Data Bl(hIdCflI1llln utltworln
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`Fig. 1. Data broadcasting netrrorlt.
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`transmitted data
`
`< 32 bytes
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`P-l_l.'ltI_I _|_r_|_l_c_-u T
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`Fig. 1. (‘onterrt oi’ tt data packet.
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`_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ ._ _ . _ _ _ __ ..._;
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`PUEHITIOI1 or one Pacntt m A TV lllll
`
`The Scrambled Television Service
`{Discrete System)
`Alone or associated with the one pre-
`viously outlined.
`the “Discret" system
`television service‘ maltes it possible to se-
`lect the part of the public that is interested
`in the reception of a given program. Vari-
`otts criteria for this selection are possible:
`payment of a subscription for pay TV or
`association. with one or another profes-
`sional or economic or political group.
`The television signal is scrambled by
`inverting and shifting some of the TV lines
`under the control of a p-seudorandom gen-
`erator. Reconstruction of the original pic-
`ture is not possible for those who do not
`know the real structure of the generator
`and the value ofa synchronizing '‘word“
`which sets up the generator at the begin-
`ning of every frame. These elements are the
`key for unscrambling.
`Some of the key elements are to be found
`programmable pseudorandom generator
`to be identical with that of the emitting
`in the hardwarc—a small printed-circuit
`side. and second. the phasing of these two
`board that constitutes a read-only-memory
`(ROM). Others are transmitted as data
`generators to Irtalte them start in phase at
`packets. Comparison between the data
`the beginning of each frame. Line fre-
`from both these sources as well as with
`quency shift keeps them in phase ii". and
`sortie built-in characteristics of the decoder
`only if. they have the same structure.
`make possible. first, the configuring of a
`The problems that have not been com-
`816
`SMPTE Journal November .1"??? Volume 86
`
`l
`
`;'I
`
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`Fig. 3. Modulation standtmts.
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`pletelgr solved are related to sound‘ scram-
`bling. However firsl-generation scrambling
`and unscrambling units were used for an
`experiment held in Clermont Ferrand early
`in
`I977. Many cinemas and theaters
`equipped with large-screen projectors re-
`ceived and decoded scrambled television
`programs from one transmitter while pri-
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`We may sum up the main characteristics
`of the system as follows:
`Every digital channel may transmit a
`magazine of up to 999 pages. Each page
`can contain 24 lines of 40 characters each.
`plus a one-line title. for service information.
`This title may be displayed or not. A
`character may be alphanumeric or graphic.
`colored on a black background or black on
`a colored background. with any one of
`seven possible colors (white. blue. green.
`red. cyan. yellow or magenta). The char
`acter in any one ol‘ four possible sizes. can
`be flashing or steady. The system has
`multialphabct capabilities which makes it
`possible to write some pages in French or
`English and others in Russian or Arabic.
`Editing System. The pages of the mag-
`azine are written with a special keyboard
`and kept in a refresh memory to permit
`continuous display on the screen of the
`control monitor.
`In the memory. every character is rep-
`resented by a I6 bit word (7 bits for the
`character code in an extended ASCII set.
`and the remaining 9 bits for display func-
`tions such as color. graphics. and steady vs
`flashing display).
`A computer translates those data into a
`byte stream. according to a programming
`language —— ANTIOPE that is compatible
`with the international standards for data
`
`
`
`CONTROL S‘I5‘|'EH
`l.lIlttlCOMPU'l’EI‘t J
`
`Fig. 4. Teletext editing system.
`
`vate receivers could not unscramble the
`received signal. Thousands of spectators in
`various categories were invited to these
`showings and the experiment could be ex-
`tended in the near future.
`
`The Teletext Service (ANTIOPE)
`ANTIOPE Teletext is the name of a
`new broadcasting service that
`involves
`broadcasting of text pages for them to be
`displayed on the screen of a domestic tele-
`
`vision receiver. ’ The l"n:nch acronym may
`be translated as “Digital Signal Processing
`Conversion to Printed Page Images on
`Home Television Receivers.“ These pages
`are organized as "magazines" for educa-
`tion. entertainment or information pur-
`poses. This scrvice can be fully independent
`from the usual television service. However.
`when the data supporting the teletettt. are
`broadcast while a normal program is on.
`some of the pages might be used to subtitle
`the program itself.
`The display characteristics of the service
`depend on the properties of the television
`tube and their choice has been made ac-
`cording to the data obtained about those
`properties.“
`
`" "ll
`Function gcuualnr
`
`C Inch Go-I-Ill-Ilor
`l nu.
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`Channel
`‘iallcnon
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`
`
`Fig. 5. The Teletext receiver.
`
`Marti: New Ancillary Services Using tr Television Channel
`
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`communication between digital equip-
`ments. Color functions, graphics, etc. that
`are not implemented on usual line printers
`are transmitted by use ofstandardized se-
`quences of two characters called "escape
`sequences.” The translated page is then
`stored on a magnetic disc which contains
`the whole magazine. The computer reads
`out the disc file and sends its contents to the
`multiplexing device of DIDON (or any
`other network) via an appropriate modem).
`When necessary, the page can be called
`back in the editing system and corrected or
`updated before it is sent back to be broad-
`cast.
`
`The Receiving Set. The user has a
`modified television receiver that gets RGB
`signals from a teletext decoder
`With the keypad that is associated with
`the decoder and employing the data re-
`ceiver and the television receiver (for re-
`mote control) the user selects the number
`of the chosen data channel on which the
`desired magazine is transmitted. The data
`receiver excludes all the packets having
`addresses different from the one entered.
`and the title of every packet kept. The de-
`coder receives only the data concerning the
`chosen magazine.
`The user may then dial the pages he
`wants to receive. The decoder keeps the
`data having a page title corresponding to
`the page number dialed. It translates from
`ANTIOPE language to 16-bit words and
`fills in its refresh memory, which drives the
`
`character and special-effects generators for
`displaying the text on the screen.
`When the teletext magazines are time-
`division multiplexed with an ordinary
`program, the available bit rate allows a
`page rate of roughly 50 per minute on each
`used line. Thus, it is possible to broadcast
`some magazines with only a few pages in
`each in order to limit access time. In addi-
`tion to broadcasting the pages repeatedly
`at set intervals, it is possible to broadcast
`special pages to display news flashes su-
`perimposed on the television program.
`When the user requests a news-flash page,
`it appears only if something new has hap-
`pened, and it disappears at the user’s re-
`quest. One or more subtitle pages. in any of
`several languages, related to the program
`being broadcast may also be added to the
`magazines.
`for data
`Use of the whole channel
`broadcasting (without multiplexing) make
`subtitles and news flashes impossible, but
`the maximum page rate of roughly 20,000
`pages per minute allows many more com-
`plete magazines to be broadcast.
`
`Conclusion
`
`Here we have described the implemen-
`tation of new services on a television
`broadcasting network. It is clear. however.
`that they can be used very well (and per-
`haps sooner) on cable-television networks.
`The services which have been described are
`not
`the only ones that could be imple-
`
`mented on television networks by use of the
`data broadcasting system. Others are
`under investigation in the CCETT labo-
`ratories, and some are of great interest even
`at a very early stage in their development.
`Among these, we may mention the systems
`for analog still-picture broadcasting, the
`systems for graphical communication, the
`use of fast telefax for broadcasting news-
`papers. The ncxt few years will see exper-
`imentation with these future services, while
`those we have described in this paper will
`be already in service.
`References
`l. J. Guillermin et al.. "Transmission of Remote
`Control and Identification Signals Within Audio
`and Video Channels in Radio and Television
`Broadcasting," paper presented at IEE 25th Con-
`ference, 1966.
`2. Y. Guinet, “Nouveaux Services Offerts par un
`Systeme de Diffusion de Données par Paqucts."
`E.B.U. Reu., I49: Feb. I975.
`3. T. Johnson, Teletext Financial Times. 1974: G. A.
`McKenzie,
`“ORACLE - An
`Information
`Broadcasting Service Using Data Transmission in
`the Vertical Interval." J. SMPTE. 83.‘ 6—l0, Jan.
`I974: and S. M. Edwardson and A. Gee. "CEE-
`FAX: A Proposed New Broadcasting Service," .1.
`SMPTE.8J.‘ I4-I9. Jan. 1974.
`4. Y. Noircl, “Un Systéme Experimental dc Données
`par Paquels.“ Radiodiff e! TV. 40. Nov. I975.
`5. G. Dcgoulet et al.. “EPEOS — Systcme d‘Enre-
`gistremcnt de Programmes." Radiodiff. at TV, 4!).
`Nov. I975.
`6. B. Marti and M. Mauduit. "Discrct. Systéme de
`Télévision Cryptéc." Radiodiffl e! TV, 40, Nov.
`I975.
`7. C. Schwartz, 8. Marti and A. Poignet, “Specifica-
`tion Préliminairc du Systéme de Télétcxtc AN-
`TIOPE." Radiodijf at TV. 67. April—May 1977.
`8. R. J. Zavada, “Report on Home Receiver Image
`Area Test," J. SMPTE, 83: 304—3l6. Apr. 1974.
`
`8l8
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`SMPTE Journal November 1977 Volume 86
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