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`
`I
`
`\[lEWDAT
`, AND
`VlDEO‘l'EXT,
`1 980-81 ::
`A ?
`Worldwide
`Report
`
`Transcript of viewdata ’80,
`first world conference ,
`on viewdata, videotex, and teletext
`
`
`
`Knowledge Industry Publications, Inc.
`White Plains, New York
`'
`
`we Exhibitzogg
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`Viewdata and Videotext, 1980—81: A Worldwide Report
`
`Transcript of Viewdata ’80, first world conference on Viewdata, Videotex and teletext, London,
`March 26-28, 1980
`
`ISBN 0-914236-77-6
`
`LC: 80—18234
`
`This title is being published simultaneously in the United Kingdom under the title: Videotex, Viewdata
`& Teletext
`
`Copyright © 1980 by Online Conferences Ltd.
`
`Published by Knowledge Industry Publications, Inc. in conjunction with Online Conferences Ltd. No
`part of this book may be reproduced in any form whatsoever without the written permission of the
`publisher, Knowledge Industry Publications, Inc., 2 Corporate Park Drive, White Plains, New York
`10604.
`
`.
`.
`.
`.
`Printed in the United States of America
`
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`iii
`
`lntroduttion & Preface
`
`a.
`
`The use of thenubiquitous TV set as an information display and
`interactive personal electronic communication device will bring
`dramatic changes to 'the' way in which we conduct our day—to—day lives .
`The effect will at first be most apparaent in business with the easy
`availability of computer—stored information and the ability to send and
`receive mail electronically. The effect will then become apparent in
`
`the home with the TV set gradually enhancing its primary role of
`
`entertainment device to incorporate information acquisition, computer—
`aided education and electronic message transmission.
`
`This book comprises written back—up to the presentations given at
`Viewdata '80 — The First World Conference on Viewdata, Videotex and
`Teletext.
`
`To ensure that the preprints are as up—to—date as possible,
`
`the authors
`
`have supplied them to us in camera-ready form which does not allow
`
`for editing and for this reason we would ask for your understanding
`with some of the overseas papers where English is not the author's
`native language.
`In order-to keep the book as up—to—date as possible,
`the papers have been printed in random order.
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`E
`
`~
`
`,
`
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`Content:
`
`Videotex activities in Canada:
`
`a status report
`
`Information provider activities
`in Canada
`
`G Haslam
`VISPAC, Canada
`
`Telidon and education in Canada
`
`" P G Bowers
`
`M Cioni
`
`Ontario Educational
`
`Communications Authority,
`Canada
`
`Videotex services: network and
`
`A M Chitnis
`
`terminal alternatives
`
`I M Costa
`
`Bell—Northern Research , Canada
`
`Telidon technology development
`in Canada
`
`H G Bown
`C D O Brien
`
`W Sawchuk
`
`Federal Department of
`
`Communications, Canada
`
`An overview of the Canadian
`
`D F Parkhill
`
`scene
`
`Federal Department of
`Communications, Canada
`
`From "pots'I to "pans" -
`
`1» Fraser
`
`Videotex development in Canada
`
`Bell Canada
`
`Videotex activities in France:
`
`a status report
`
`The télématique programme in
`France
`
`R D Bright
`SOPRITEL, France
`
`the planned French
`Teletel,
`Videotex service
`
`M Termens
`Direction Générale des
`
`Tél écommunications , Franc e
`
`Development & applications of the
`Antiope-Didon technology
`
`I Guillermin
`SOFRATEV, France
`
`Plans and projection for the
`electronic directory service
`
`I P Maury
`Direction Generale des
`Telecommunications, France
`‘
`
`
`
`
`
`[W
`
`l
`
`7
`
`485
`
`547
`
`559
`
`603
`
`19
`
`25
`V
`
`29
`
`39
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`Vi
`
`Viewdata activities in the UK:
`
`a status report
`
`Prestel operational strategy
`
`P Troughton
`BPO Telecommunications
`
`51
`
`The electronic newspaper
`
`P McC Montague
`
`The Birmingham Post & Mail, UK 63
`
`Providing business information
`'
`
`B Botten
`Fintel, UK
`
`73
`
`What kind of pictures for
`
`K E Clarke
`
`videotex?
`
`Post Office Research Centre, UK 83
`
`Videotex activities in the USA:
`
`a status report
`
`A videotex trial
`
`S Berkman
`
`American Telephone &
`
`Telegraph Co. , USA
`
`A public broadcaster's view of
`
`H Gunn
`
`teletext in the United States
`
`KCET, USA
`
`G W Harper
`
`Teletext Con sul tant , USA
`
`447
`
`477
`
`The role of the television
`
`W S Ciciora
`
`5 33
`
`receiver manufacturer in the
`
`Zenith Radio Corp. , USA
`
`United States
`
`Videotex and the newspaper
`business
`
`W T Maguire
`American Newspaper Publishers
`
`583
`
`An experiment with computer—
`
`based educational services in
`a general public environment
`
`Association, USA
`
`F K Morioka
`
`613
`
`Control Data Corporation, USA
`
`
`
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`vii
`
`Videotex activities in lapan:
`
`a status report
`
`\ CAPTAIN system features
`
`T Kumamoto
`S Ohkoshi
`
`Conception of CAPTAIN system
`
`Nippon Telegraph &
`
`Telephone Public Corp.
`
`Iapan
`
`,
`K Yasuda
`Ministry of Posts &
`
`Telecommunications , Japan
`
`93
`
`107
`
`The index system of the CAPTAIN
`system experimental service
`
`R Inoue
`
`'
`
`113
`
`CAPTAIN Center, Iapan
`
`The Co—operative Association of
`
`N Kurushima
`
`123
`
`CAPTAIN [Information Providers
`and present state of information
`
`supply for the experimental service
`
`The Yomiuri Shimbun, Japan
`
`Videotex developments in Germany,
`Countries
`\
`
`the Netherlands & the Nordic
`
`Viewdata in the Netherlands
`
`P I G M Ruiten
`Netherlands Postal &
`
`Telecommunications Services
`
`TELSET,
`
`the Finnish viewdata
`
`O Barlund
`
`system
`
`Oy Softplan, Finland
`P Iaakola
`
`Sanoma Publishing Co. ,
`Finland
`
`Viewdata & electronic administration
`
`International business
`
`applications of viewdata
`
`W Shrimpton
`
`Logica, UK
`
`Workstations in the electronic
`
`A N Tantawi
`
`office
`
`M M Mourad
`
`Laboratoire IMAG, France
`
`a practical medium
`Viewdata:
`for electronic mail
`
`R Camrass
`Butler Cox & Partners, UK
`
`The role of viewdata in
`
`e1 ec tronic fund 5 transfer
`
`R P Park
`Inter— Bank Research
`
`Organisation, UK
`
`133
`
`139
`
`147
`
`159
`
`173
`
`185
`
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`viii
`
`Design and evaluation of videotexgviewdata services
`
`Methods of designing and
`evaluating videotex
`
`H B Thomas
`
`R Pye
`Communications Studies and
`
`Planning, UK
`
`The common sense of trying out
`videotex
`
`R Iohansen
`Institute for the Future, USA
`
`Vista:
`
`leading to the successful
`
`L G. Wilson
`
`implementation of videotex in
`Canada
`
`Bell Canada
`
`Market projections for videotexgviewdata developments
`
`The emerging markets for
`videotex
`
`R Woolfe
`
`Butler Cox & Partners
`
`Advertising on viewdata & teleteXt
`
`Prestel:
`
`the opportunity for
`
`C Powell
`
`advertising
`
`Boase, Massimi Pollitt
`Univas, UK
`
`International videotex standards
`
`Videotex standardization — a
`
`‘B Marti
`
`203
`
`461
`
`573
`
`217
`
`233
`
`247
`
`French viewpoint
`
`CCETT, France
`C Schwartz
`
`Direction Générale des
`
`Télécommunications, France
`
`Toward s videotex standard 8
`
`G v Bochmann
`
`253
`
`I Gecsei
`
`University of Montreal
`Canada
`
`Future utilization of interactive
`
`R. Zimmermann
`
`263
`
`and broadcast videotex in
`
`Germany and its “effects on
`standardization
`
`Dornier System, FRG
`
`International videotex
`standardization:
`a Canadian
`
`I C Smirle
`Y F Lum
`
`View of progress tor ards the
`wired world
`
`H G Bown
`Federal Department of
`Communications , Canada
`
`
`
`271
`
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`ix
`
`Electronic publishing
`
`Prestel user market research
`
`K Watson
`
`‘
`
`281
`
`Eastel Services, UK
`
`Prestel as a publishing medium:
`the elements of success or
`failure
`
`R Winsbury
`Fintel, UK
`
`Electronic publishing and the
`Government
`
`Sir Iohn Barran
`Central Office of
`
`Information, UK
`
`Prestel and the law
`
`S Castell
`
`Infolex Services, UK
`
`Private viewdata systems
`
`STC's approach to in-house
`
`viewdata systems
`
`F A Heys
`
`STC, UK
`R E Cooke
`H W Toze
`
`R L Williams
`
`STL, UK
`
`IVS-43 as a private viewdata
`system
`
`A R Haimes
`Systems Designers, UK
`
`Prestel, the private system or
`both?
`
`M G Smith
`Intext, UK
`
`Private viewdata systems
`
`A Korda
`GEC Viewdata Systems, UK
`
`285
`
`295
`
`301
`
`313.
`
`323
`
`337
`
`515
`
`
`
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`International teletext review
`
`Britains teletext services are
`a commercial success
`
`G Morgan
`
`Broadcast text information in
`
`B Marti
`
`France
`
`CCETT, France
`
`341
`
`359
`
`Teletext in the Federal
`
`U Mes serschmid
`
`/
`
`431
`
`Republic of Germany
`
`Institut fur Rundfunktechnik
`FRG
`
`Appropriate Technology for
`text broadcasting
`
`.
`
`a
`E Somers
`Electronic Text/Graphics
`Consultant, USA
`
`firestel & the travel industry
`
`Videotel
`
`I F Courtney
`
`Courtney Sears Marketing, UK
`
`The place of viewdata in
`relation to other communications
`
`D M Adams
`A Montgomery-Smith
`
`techniques in the travel industry:
`
`Thomas Cook Group, UK
`
`a personal View
`
`Prestel and the travel industry
`
`M Davis
`
`Baric Computing Services Ltd
`UK
`
`Telesoftware & end-user computing
`
`The use of MicroCobol for
`
`E C Sedman
`
`telesoftware
`
`CAP-CPP MicroProducts, UK
`
`Broadcast telesoftware:
`experience with ORACLE
`
`I Hedger
`ORACLE (ITCA), UK
`
`499
`
`371
`
`379
`
`595
`
`399
`
`413
`
`
`
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`xi
`
`Educational agglications for viewdata
`
`Viewdata - implications for
`
`M H Aston
`
`467
`
`education
`
`Advisory Unit for Computer
`
`Based Education, UK
`
`An evaluation of viewdata for
`
`I M Maslin
`
`training in industry
`'
`
`\
`
`M Y Gates
`PIRA, UK
`
`
`
`?E
`
`g
`
`1g:
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`253
`
`
`
`Towards Videotex Standards *
`
`Gregor v. Bochmann ** and Jan Gecsei
`
`De artement d’informati ue et de recherche o erationnelle
`P
`q
`P
`Universite de Montreal
`Canada
`'
`
`Videotex
`is a generic name for a class of information services based
`on a modified home TV set with a
`keypad
`for user
`feedback. While
`center
`present
`system designs
`around a page—oriented database for
`to
`the general public,
`future
`interest
`information retrieval of
`probably evolve
`towards
`a generalized
`videotex
`systems will
`information utility with innumerable applications.
`In order to enable
`orderly growth of videotex technology, a framework of
`standards
`and
`conventions
`is needed. This paper attempts to identify the functions
`in videotex systems, for which standard communication protocols will
`be needed. These functions are discussed on the background of the ISO
`reference model for Open Systems Interworking.
`
`the National Sciences and
`
`Stanford
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`is partly supported by
`* This work
`Engineering Council Canada.
`** Presently on leave at
`the Computer
`University.
`
`Systems Laboratory,
`
`Copyright<3 1980 by Online Conferences Ltd.
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`254
`
`1 — INTRODUCTION
`
`a class of information
`for
`name
`the generic
`is
`Videotex
`a
`keypad
`for user
`services based on a modified home TV set with
`feedback. This
`terminal
`is
`connected through various transmission
`media to a computer providing the necessary processing and
`database
`services. The most often used transmission channels in today's systems
`are telephone lines and TV transmission.
`
`and
`
`Two broad categories of systems can be recognized:
`One—way
`systems, where interaction exists only between the user
`(a)
`(keypad) and the terminal, and
`the
`and
`(b)
`two-way systems with full interaction between the user
`service
`computer. Except
`for
`the
`limitation of the usual keypad
`(whiCh can be easily overcome),
`there is
`little difference
`between
`the potential
`of
`such interactive videotex systems and any general
`purpose computer system. The actual difference is
`that videotex is
`intended to
`cater to the general public;
`therefore its initial cost
`and complexity should be acceptable to the non— expert users. As
`a
`result,
`the initial application chosen in practically all systems is
`retrieval of
`information of general
`interest
`from public,
`page
`oriented databases. However,
`it should be kept
`in mind that in the
`future videotex will probably
`evolve
`towards
`a
`generalized
`information utility with
`innumerable
`sometimes unforseeable
`applications.
`Functional and technical descriptions of many present
`available in the literature [1,2].
`
`systems
`
`are
`
`that videotex technology involves a large
`seen
`be
`can
`It
`interworking components
`such
`as
`terminals,
`TV sets,
`of
`number
`networks,
`national
`and
`international
`data networks,
`telephone
`computers and databases. These components are designed, manufactured
`and operated by many organizations.
`In order to enable orderly growth
`of videotex technology, a framework of standards and conventions must
`be provided.
`Some recent proposals in this direction are e.g. for a
`terminal—independent
`scheme
`of
`information coding
`[l],
`and
`for
`layered terminal capabilities [3].
`
`to identify the functions of
`The present paper is an attempt
`a videotex system, for which standard protocols will
`be
`eventually
`desirable. Some of these protocols should be standardized soon, while
`other
`functions
`are not yet well understood at the present. We take
`the ISO model for Open Systems
`[4] as a reference for our discussion.
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`
`
`
`
`255
`
`2 — THE ISO REFERENCE MODEL FOR OPEN SYSTEMS
`
`The subcommittee SC 16 of ISO TC 97 has
`
`defined a
`
`standard
`
`for the architecture of systems that are "open"
`[4]
`reference model
`for interworking with other systems in a distributed environment. The
`model distinguishes several
`layers of
`communication protocols.
`The
`functions
`provided by
`the different
`layers may be characterized as
`follows:
`
`networks,
`
`K
`transmission of unstructured bit sequences.
`layer:
`(1) Physical
`(2) Link layer: control of
`logical
`links between systems
`components,
`data transmission with error recovery.
`(3) Network
`layer:
`routing through
`Virtual packet-switched circuits.
`in
`between processes
`(4) Transport
`layer:
`logical
`connections
`different
`computers, uniform data transport service independent of
`the underlying physical
`transmission medium.
`(5) Session layer: control of sessions over logical connections.
`(6) Presentation layer: representation and coding of data structures,
`such as characters, display formats, etc.
`(7) Application layer: "applications" using the services provided by
`lower
`layers,
`distributed system management
`such as collecting
`statistics on traffic, reporting of failures, etc.
`
`circuit switching,
`
`relatively
`architecture are
`the
`layers of
`While the lower
`exemplified by existing communication protocol
`understood
`and
`well
`levels
`are presently under
`study
`for
`the
`standards,
`the higher
`development
`of
`international
`protocol
`standards. Among
`these
`standards being developed,
`the Virtual Terminal protocol
`is
`closely
`related to the videotex terminal functions discussed below.
`
`3 — PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS FOR VIDEOTEX APPLICATIONS
`
`give in this section a preliminary list of functions that
`We
`must be handled by the database system through interaction with
`the
`terminals,
`other
`database
`systems,
`and possibly administrative
`entities.
`These
`interactions
`are
`governed
`by
`appropriate
`communication protocols. We
`explain each function, and indicate in
`which layer of
`the ISO reference model it would probably
`reside.
`If
`appropriate we
`also mention existing protocols that may be used for
`these functions
`in
`the videotex framework.
`It
`is
`clearly very
`important,
`in adopting
`standards
`for
`the present simple videotex
`applications,
`to avoid the dangers of early standardization [3],
`and
`ensure
`upward
`compatibility
`with
`future
`more
`sophisticated
`applications.
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`256
`
`the
`the protocol functions mentioned below involve
`Most of
`system and
`the user's
`terminal. It is important
`to note
`database
`that, depending on the intelligence of the terminal, many
`of
`these
`protocols may operate
`between
`the
`database
`on one side, and the
`terminal
`(or the user) on the other side, or between the terminal and
`user.
`
`in
`
`ads
`As an example, consider browsing through classified car
`order to find a used Datsun car. With a simple terminal,
`the user
`giving signals
`to
`proceed
`will sequentially read through the ads,
`the data. A terminal with plug—in intelligence might perform
`through
`a "Datsun" keyword
`search
`for
`the user,
`searching automatically
`through
`the
`car
`ads
`data segment and displaying only the relevant
`ads. Alternatively,
`the same intelligence may
`be
`down—line
`loaded
`from the database to the terminal,
`if the latter has telesoftware [7]
`capability. Apart
`from the telesoftware protocol,
`the database system
`executes in all cases a simple browsing protocol interacting with the
`user,
`or
`terminal.
`In the case of intelligent terminals, a keyword
`search protocol
`(defined as a sequence of user
`commands
`and
`system
`responses)
`specific
`to
`the plug—in intelligence or telesoftware is
`executed between the user and the terminal.
`Such
`a
`keyword
`search
`protocol may also be executed directly between a user and database if
`the
`latter
`supports
`such
`a
`facility. Only a simple terminal with
`character feedback would be needed.
`
`3.1 — Data transmission and session control
`
`an
`supported by
`be
`described below must
`functions
`The
`data
`transport
`and session control service between the
`appropriate
`database and the other system components, especially the
`terminals.
`These
`functions
`are provided by the Session layer of the ISO model
`and the layers below. We do not discuss these functions here.
`
`3.2 - Protocols for terminal operation
`
`called a
`be
`The following functions are part of what might
`videotex virtual
`terminal,
`and belong mostly to the presentation
`layer of
`the ISO model.
`
`3.2.1 _ Display control
`
`be
`must
`data display that
`of
`aspects
`two
`are
`There
`the temporal
`the structure of displayed data, and (b)
`controlled:
`(a)
`order
`in which parts
`of
`an information segment are displayed (in
`simple systems this order is page by page).
`
`
`
`Compactness
`
`and
`
`For transmission,
`
`coded.
`be
`displayed must
`the data to be
`from terminal display characteristics
`independence
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`coding
`appropriate
`of
`choice
`the
`for
`important objectives
`are
`schemes. Depending on the type of information, different schemes may
`be used, such as the following:
`For textual
`information:
`— standard ASCII character set
`
`— ISO code extentions (e.g. for alpha—mosaic drawings)
`- display format controls (e.g. for tables, annotation of diagrams)
`For graphical
`information with gray scale and colors:
`— Telidon PDI
`[1]
`'
`— ACM graphics standard [6]
`For photographic information:
`- Telidon PDI
`- facsimile
`For voice information:
`- PCM
`
`— compressed voice
`For video imagery (moving images):
`lead to
`— analog storage and/or transmission may be used, which
`hybrid system (analog for Video and digital for data and control).
`All
`these coding schemes belong to the presentation layer of the ISO
`model.
`
`a
`
`Another aspect is the temporal order in which different parts
`of an information segment may
`be displayed. We distinguish the
`following cases:
`(a) Simultaneous display of the whole segment as a whole page.
`(b) Sequential display if the segment contains several pages. Roll
`mode (suitable for general text information)
`and
`page mode
`(for
`information
`organized
`as
`a
`sequence
`of
`display pages)
`are
`available.
`
`(c) Incremental display, where elements
`picture.
`(d)
`Interactive selection of complex display sequences, such as in
`the case of interactive manuals, courses, etc.
`
`an
`
`evolving
`
`are
`
`added
`
`to
`
`3.2.2 — Telesoftware [7]
`
`loading
`This function provides the possibility of
`and data into the terminal and initiating the execution.
`
`programs
`
`3.2.3 - User feedback
`
`Retrieval applications usually involve at least numerical and
`function feedback
`from a simple keypad. More sophisticated
`special
`applications may involve
`text
`(from an
`alphanumeric
`keypad)
`and
`possibly some graphic interaction (with a joystick or mouse).
`
`
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`258
`
`3.2.4 — Option negotiation
`
`Option negotiation is the process of selecting the facilities
`and protocols
`that are to be used during a subsequent communication
`session. The negotiated facilities and protocols will depend
`on
`the
`application to be performed and on the capabilities of the involved
`terminal and database. They may
`include different
`display types,
`
`feedback options to be used, particular selection
`and
`telesoftware
`functions (see below)
`to be provided by
`the database,
`and
`the
`physical
`limits
`of
`the
`terminal
`Such ,as
`screen size, graphical
`capabilities, memory size for telesoftware, etc. A possible protocol
`scheme for negotiation is described in [8].
`
`3.3 - Information retrieval
`
`structure determines the procedures by which a
`database
`The
`user may retrieve information on
`the
`terminal
`(part
`of
`the
`ISO
`presentation layer).
`,Retrieval
`involves user feedback and different
`selection functions
`available
`in the database. Present videotex
`
`databases usually have a tree-like structure, where each node of the
`tree contains an information segment which itself may
`consist
`of
`a
`number
`of displayable pages.
`The
`so-far
`implemented
`selection
`functions include the following:
`(a) Direct selection of a
`data
`numerical identifier.
`
`by
`
`a
`
`user—given
`
`segment
`
`or
`
`Page
`
`responds
`the user
`choice procedures, where
`(b) Multiple
`displayed "menu" by choosing from a fixed set of alternatives.
`These functions involve only segment and page
`identifiers,
`but
`the information content of pages.
`
`to
`
`a
`
`not
`
`selection procedures are desirable for future
`
`powerful
`More
`applications, such as:
`(c) Keyword searches (a possible protocol is described in [9]).
`screen
`(d) General queries
`in
`formatted
`files
`and databases
`(a
`oriented query language is described in [10]; different approaches
`to the use of natural language are discussed in [11]).
`and
`These selection procedures involve the content of data segments,
`usually require more processing in
`the database computer. A more
`detailed discussion of possible
`database
`structures
`and
`selection
`procedures for videotex may be found in [12].
`
`3.4 — Cooperation between databases
`
`include different
`Future videotex systems will probably
`databases cooperating in a varying degree.
`In one extreme,
`they may
`be
`separate
`independent
`databases;
`in the other
`extreme,
`they
`logically represent a single database, as seen by the user. We assume
`here that several databases cooperate in order to present to the user
`a data structure which makes largely abstraction
`from the physical
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`259
`
`distribution of
`
`the data.
`
`The
`
`different
`
`specialized
`of
`different sets
`copies of the same data.
`
`information,
`
`contain
`databases may
`or possibly multiple
`
`shows a global
`1, which
`in figure
`given
`is
`example
`An
`involving data in different databases.
`directory as seen by the user,
`The upper part of the directory information may
`be
`replicated in
`several
`local videotex service computers, while the provincial and
`corporate information may only exist in one copy.
`The
`example
`also
`shows
`how different
`views of the data may be obtained depending on
`user's viewpoints. Through the "public DB”
`access point,
`the
`only
`accessible
`data
`about
`"NT"
`is
`the "NT overview" and its subtree,
`while other information, such as "personnel" is visible through
`the
`"NT corporate DB" access point.
`
`Cooperation,
`as
`in
`this
`similarities
`and
`communication
`
`example, clearly requires certain
`standards
`between
`the
`databases
`
`is not clear, what kind and how much
`it
`the present
`involved. At
`cooperation would be useful and feasible for videotex applications.
`Nevertheless, we may identify the following functions, which may be
`allocated to the ISO application layer.
`
`3.4.1 — Cooperation for retrieval
`
`for
`Database cooperation may include the following functions
`information retrieval more efficient and/or simpler for the
`
`making
`user:
`
`(a) Forwarding: a segment or page requested by the user may not exist
`in the local service computer; it may be forwarded on
`demand
`from
`another database.
`
`
`
`is advantageous for efficiency to keep local
`It
`copies:
`(b) Local
`copies of frequently accessed pages.
`(c) Superdirectory: A directory of all available databases and other
`services may help
`to
`transfer
`the user directly to the chosen
`service computer.
`in the
`shown
`(d) Global directory: As
`databases may
`cooperation of different
`directory, as seen by the user.
`access points
`(e) Multiple views: As
`in the example, different
`give the user different (partial) views of the stored data.
`
`1,
`figure
`of
`example
`lead to a single global
`
`may
`
`3.4.2 — Updates
`
`(a) the
`the following two phases:
`involve
`Database updates
`and
`(b)
`its
`incorporation or
`segment,
`creation or update
`of
`a
`deletion into (from)
`the database, with a corresponding simultaneous
`update of the directory. Phase (a) will usually be
`executed by
`an
`editor
`(terminal) which may obtain an existing segment
`through a
`forwarding protocol. Phase (b) presents the problem of
`keeping
`the
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`260
`
`public database
`
`0 categories
`
`0 facts
`
`a Canada
`
`overwew
`
`0 economy
`
`Canadian
`
`corporations
`
` N T(Northern lie/econ)
`
`corporate database
`
`. I cateaar/es
`
`Canadian
`
`0
`
`r
`
`NT
`0O
`
`
`
`—0r;t_arlo
`
`public database
`
`
`NT
`plants
`
`Montreal
`
`g plant of NT ‘
`
`overwew
`
`
`
`Quebec
`public database
`
`Quebec
`overview
`
`0 Cities in
`0031’“
`
`
`
`
` Example of a’lstr/batea’ w‘a’eotex
`
`a Montreal
`
`over new
`
`manufactarma
`m Montreal
`
`database. Nodes represent
`information segments; branches
`from a segment correspond to
`multiple choices-
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`26l
`
`information
`available
`the
`with
`consistent
`directory
`database
`segments. Directory structures such as in figure 1 are certainly not
`easy
`to keep
`consistent
`because
`of
`the many possible relations
`between segments. These consistency problems become
`even
`larger
`if
`global directories for several databases are involved.
`
`in cooperating
`function of the update protocol
`important
`An
`thus
`to keep
`the directories
`consistent with
`one
`databases is
`another. The protocol will depend on the database structures used and
`their cooperation, and on the degree of consistency required.
`
`3.5 — Distributed system management
`
`Here we consider protocols for the following functions, which
`might be allocated to the ISO application layer:
`(a) User
`identification: This
`function is needed to verify access
`rights (except for public databases), and for charging.
`(b) Verification of access rights:
`(not needed for public databases).
`(c) Charging: We can identify the
`following groups,
`companies
`or
`administrations
`involved in the operation of videotex systems:
`the
`user,
`the
`terminal provider,
`the
`transmission provider,
`the
`database
`administration and the information provider. Usually the
`user, and sometimes the information provider (e.g.
`in advertizing)
`will
`pay
`for
`the
`services provided for
`him by others. Simple
`protocols must be provided to automatically execute the appropriate
`financial transactions. Third party billing schemes are essential,
`see e.g.
`[13].
`,
`involves operating, monitoring and
`(d) Data distribution: This
`controlling updates in distributed databases and the management
`of
`global directories.
`
`3.6 — User support and help facilities
`
`friendly user interface is important for the acceptance of
`A
`videotex services
`by
`casual users.
`The procedures
`for getting
`information about how to use the services should, as far as possible,
`be the same for all services [9]. Such procedures should include
`(a) a general HELP command,
`(b) getting a list of available commands and their meaning,
`(c) getting an
`explanation of
`each
`command,
`its
`function, and
`eventually examples of its use,
`(d) interactive choice of parameter values with prompting the name of
`the next parameter, etc.
`As an example, many of the above functions
`UNIX operating system [14].
`
`are
`
`implemented
`
`in the
`
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`262
`
`REFERENCES
`
`the World’s First Viewdata Service",
`
`ibid.
`
`A New Approach to Videotex System
`al.,"Te1idon:
`Bown et
`1. H.G.
`Design",
`IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, Vol.
`CE—25,
`No
`3
`July 1979, p. 256.
`2. R. D. Bright, "Prestel,
`, p.251.
`and A. H. Marsh, "Videotex System Planning", Proc.
`J. M. Costa
`National Electronics Conference, Chicago, Oct. 1979, p.337.
`ISO, TC97/SCl6
`N
`227,
`"Reference Model
`for
`Open
`Systems
`Architecture", June 1979.
`their
`and
`"New Systems Concepts
`J.C.
`Smirle
`and H.
`Bown,
`on New
`Implications for the User", Proc. First
`CCITT
`Symp.
`Telecommunications Services, Geneva, May 14-16 1979, p. 128.
`J.C. Michener
`and A. Van Dam,
`"A Functonal Overview of the Core
`System with Glossary", ACM Computing Surveys 10, 4, Dec. 1978, p.
`381 (and other articles in the same issue).
`
`3.
`
`4.
`
`5.
`
`6.
`
`7. J. Hedger, "Telesoftware", Wireless World, Nov. 1978.
`8.
`IFIP WG 6.1, "Proposal for a Standard Virtual Terminal Protocol",
`INWG Prot. Note 91, Febr. 1978.
`9. A.E. Negus,
`"Euronet Guideline: Standard Commands for Retrieval
`Systems" (report
`for
`the Commission of European Communities
`DGXIII), Dec.
`1977,
`INSPEC,
`Savoy Place, London, WC2R OBL,
`England.
`’Query by example', see for example in C.J.Date, An
`to Database Systems, Addison—Wesley,1977.
`11. D.L. Waltz, "Natural Language Interfaces", ACM Sigart Newsletter
`61, Febr. 1977, p.16.
`in Videotex
`"Database Structures
`12. J Gecsei and G.v. Bochmann,
`Applications", submitted to IFIP Congress 1980, Tokyo.
`I.
`de
`Sola
`Pool,
`"International
`Aspects
`of Computer
`Communications", Telecommunications Policy 1,1, Dec. 1976, p. 31.
`14. D.M. Ritchie and K.
`Thompson,
`"The UNIX Timesharing System",
`Comm.
`ACM, 17, 7, July 1977, p. 365. 9“ d 4740 r 200 /open/open/
`l 200 l 200 L 200 d 30 80
`
`10.
`
`13.
`
`Introduction
`
`
`
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