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`Ex. 1102, p. 130 of 1442
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`IPR2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`Ex. 1102, p. 131 of 1442
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`IPR2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`Ex. 1102, p. 131 of 1442
`
`

`
`EXPRESS MAIL NO. EL404935398US
`
`JOINING A BROADCAST CHANNEL
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
`
`This application is related to U.S. Patent Application No.
`
`,
`
`entitled “BROADCASTING NETWORK,” filed on July 31, 2000 (Attorney Docket
`
`5
`
`No. 030048001 US); U.S. Patent Application No.
`
`, entitled “JOINING A
`
`
`
`-_;_c......;a......_t-L
`
`BROADCAST CHANNEL,” filed on July 31, 2000 (Attorney Docket No. 030048002 US);
`
`U.S. Patent Application No.
`
`
`
`“LEAVING A BROADCAST CHANNEL,”
`
`filed on July 31, 2000 (Attorney Docket No. 030048003 US); U.S. Patent Application
`
`No.
`
`, entitled “BROADCASTING ON A BROADCAST CHANNEL,” filed
`
`10
`
`15
`
`on July 31, 2000 (Attorney Docket No. 030048004 US); U.S. Patent Application
` No.
`entitled “CONTACTING A BROADCAST CHANNEL,” filed on
`July 31, 2000
`(Attorney Docket No.
`030048005 US); U.S.
`Patent Application
`No.
`,
`entitled
`“DISTRIBUTED AUCTION SYSTEM,”
`filed
`on
`July31,2000
`(Attorney Docket No.
`030048006 US); U.S.
`Patent Application
`No.
`I
`, entitled “AN INFORMATION DELIVERY SERVICE,” filed on
`July31,2000 (Attorney Docket No.
`030048007 US); U.S.
`Patent Application
`No.
`, entitled “DISTRIBUTED CONFERENCING SYSTEM,” filed on
`July 31, 2000 (Attorney Docket No. 030048008 US); and U.S. Patent Application
`No.
`,
`entitled “DISTRIBUTED GAME ENVIRONMENT,”
`filed on
`
`20
`
`July 31, 2000 (Attorney Docket No. 030048009 US),
`
`the disclosures of which are
`
`incorporated herein by reference.
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD
`
`The described technology relates generally to a computer network and more
`
`particularly, to a broadcast charmel for a subset of a computers of an underlying network.
`
`25
`
`BACKGROUND
`
`There are a wide variety of computer network communications techniques such
`
`as point-to-point network protocols,
`
`client/server middleware, multicasting network
`
`[03004-8002/SL003733.099]
`
`- l -
`
`7/31/00
`
`IPR2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`Ex. 1102, p. 132 of 1442
`
`IPR2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`Ex. 1102, p. 132 of 1442
`
`

`
`
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`
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`protocols, and peer-to-
`
`, middleware. Each of these ctgunications techniques have
`
`their advantages and disadvantages, but none is particularly well suited to the simultaneous
`
`sharing of information among computers that are widely distributed.
`
`For example,
`
`collaborative processing applications, such as a network meeting programs, have a need to
`
`distribute information in a timely manner to all participants who may be geographically
`
`distributed.
`
`.....~
`
`The point-to—point network protocols, such as UNIX pipes, TCP/IP, and UDP,
`
`allow processes on different computers to communicate via point-to-point connections. The
`
`interconnection of all participants using point-to-point connections, while theoretically
`
`possible, does not scale well as a number of participants grows.
`
`For example, each
`
`participating process would need to manage its direct connections to all other participating
`
`processes. Programmers, however, find it very difficult to manage single connections, and
`
`management of multiple connections is much more complex.
`
`In addition, participating
`
`processes may be limited to the number of direct connections that they can support. This
`
`limits the number of possible participants in the sharing of information.
`
`The client/server rrriddleware systems provide a server that coordinates the
`
`communications between the various clients who are sharing the information. The server
`
`functions as a central authority for controlling access to shared resources. Examples of
`
`client/server rrriddleware systems include remote procedure calls (“RPC”), database servers,
`
`and the common object request broker architecture (“CORBA”). Client/server rniddleware
`
`systems are not particularly well suited to sharing of information among many participants.
`
`In particular, when a client stores information to be shared at the server, each other client
`
`would need to poll the server to determine that new information is being shared. Such
`
`polling places a very high overhead on the communications network. Alternatively, each
`
`client may register a callback with the server, which the server then invokes when new
`
`information is available to be shared. Such a callback technique presents a performance
`
`bottleneck because a single server needs to call back to each client whenever new
`
`information is to be shared.
`
`In addition, the reliability of the entire sharing of information
`
`depends upon the reliability of the single server. Thus, a failure at a single computer (i. e.,
`
`the server) would prevent communications between any of the clients.
`
`The multicasting network protocols allow the sending of broadcast messages to
`
`multiple recipients of a network. The current implementations of such multicasting network
`
`20
`
`
`
`llfiflllliffll"ll?
`
`25
`
`30
`
`[03004-8002/Sb003 733.099]
`IPR2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`Ex. 1102, p. 133 of 1442
`
`-2-
`
`7/31/00
`
`IPR2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`Ex. 1102, p. 133 of 1442
`
`

`
`protocols tend to place .macceptable overhead on the umging network. For example,
`
`UDP multicasting would swamp the Internet when trying to locate all possible participants.
`
`IP multicasting has other problems that include needing special-purpose infrastructure (e. g.,
`
`routers) to support the sharing of information efficiently.
`The peer—to-peer middleware communications systems rely on a multicasting
`
`network protocol or a graph of point-to-point network protocols.
`
`Such peer-to-peer
`
`nriddleware is provided by the T.120 Internet standard, which is used in such products as
`
`Data Connection’s D.C.-share and Microsoft’s NetMeeting. These peer-to-peer nriddleware
`
`systems rely upon a user to assemble a point-to-point graph of the connections used for
`
`sharing the information.
`
`Thus,
`
`it is neither suitable nor desirable to use peer-to-peer
`
`rrriddleware systems when more than a small number of participants is desired.
`
`In addition,
`
`the underlying architecture of the T.120 Internet standard is a tree structure, which relies on
`
`the root node of the tree for reliability of the entire network. That is, each message must pass
`
`through the root node in order to be received by all participants.
`
`It would be desirable to have a reliable communications network that
`
`is
`
`suitable for the simultaneous sharing of information among a large number of the processes
`
`that are widely distributed.
`
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
`
`....'ana..~tJ.4;x;._:.__......J....
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`Ill]!lllill"ll"-T{I351
`
`Figure 1 illustrates a graph that is 4-regular and 4-connected which represents a
`
`20
`
`broadcast channel.
`
`Figure 2 illustrates a graph representing 20 computers connected to a broadcast
`
`charmel.
`
`Figures 3A and 3B illustrate the process of connecting a new computer Z to the
`
`broadcast charmel.
`
`25
`
`Figure 4A illustrates the broadcast charmel of Figurel with an added
`
`computer.
`
`computer.
`
`30
`
`computer.
`
`Figure 4B illustrates the broadcast charmel of Figure 4A with an added
`
`Figure 4C also illustrates the broadcast charmel of Figure 4A with an added
`
`[03004-8002/SI.)003733.099]
`
`-3 -
`
`7/31/00
`
`IPR2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`Ex. 1102, p. 134 of 1442
`
`IPR2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`Ex. 1102, p. 134 of 1442
`
`

`
`Figure 5A.1strates the disconnecting of agiputer from the broadcast
`
`charmel in a plarmed manner.
`
`Figure 5B illustrates the disconnecting of a computer from the broadcast
`charmel in an unplarmed manner.
`.
`
`Figure 5C illustrates the neighbors with empty ports condition.
`
`Figure 5D illustrates two computers that are not neighbors who now have
`
`empty ports.
`
`regime.
`
`Figure 5E illustrates the neighbors with empty ports condition in the small
`
`Figure 5F illustrates the situation of Figure 5E when in the large regime.
`
`Figure 6 is a block diagram illustrating components of a computer that is
`
`connected to a broadcast charmel.
`
`Figure 7 is a block diagram illustrating the sub-components of the broadcaster
`
`component in one embodiment.
`
`
`
`Figure 8 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the connect routine in
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`lliifllilflll"N37513331..::fIlliiill‘”III]!.5215.!.‘§§3ii1 I93
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`one embodiment.
`
`Figure 9 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the seek portal
`
`computer routine in one embodiment.
`
`Figure 10 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the contact process
`
`routine in one embodiment.
`
`A
`
`Figure 11 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the connect request
`
`routine in one embodiment.
`
`,..-find.‘aux.tnm
`
`Figure 12 is a flow diagram of the processing of the check for external call
`
`routine in one embodiment.
`
`25
`
`Figure 13 is a flow diagram of the processing of the achieve connection routine
`
`in one embodiment.
`
`Figure 14 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the external
`
`dispatcher routine in one embodiment.
`
`Figure 15 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the handle seeking
`
`30
`
`connection call routine in one embodiment.
`
`Figure 16 is a flow diagram illustrating processing of the handle connection
`
`request call routine in one embodiment.
`
`[03004-8002/SD003733.099]
`
`-4-
`
`7/31/00
`
`R2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`1102, p. 135 of 1442
`
`IPR2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`Ex. 1102, p. 135 of 1442
`
`

`
`Figure 17.1 flow diagram illustrating the pxessing of the add neighbor
`
`routine in one embodiment.
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`Figure 18 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the forward
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`connection edge search routine in one embodiment.
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`Figure 19 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the handle edge
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`proposal call routine.
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`Figure 20 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the handle port
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`connection call routine in one embodiment.
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`Figure 21 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the fill hole routine in
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`one embodiment.
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`Figure 22 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the internal dispatcher
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`routine in one embodiment.
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`Figure 23 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the handle broadcast
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`message routine in one embodiment.
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`o— UI
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`Figure 24 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the distribute
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`broadcast message routine in one embodiment.
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`Figure 26 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the handle connection
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`port search statement routine in one embodiment.
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`Figure 27 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the court neighbor
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`I90
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`routine in one embodiment.
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`Figure 28 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the handle connection
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`edge search call routine in one embodiment.
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`Figure 29 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the handle connection
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`edge search response routine in one embodiment.
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`25
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`Figure 30 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the broadcast routine
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`in one embodiment.
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`Figure 31 is a flow diagram illustrating the processing of the acquire message
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`routine in one embodiment.
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`p
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`Figure 32 is a flow diagram illustrating processing of the handle condition
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`30
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`check message in one embodiment.
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`Figure 33 is a flow diagram illustrating processing of the handle condition
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`repair statement routine in one embodiment.
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`IPR2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`Ex. 1102, p. 136 of 1442
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`IPR2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`Ex. 1102, p. 136 of 1442
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`it
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`§l:":3I._.:tifjIIIIII"'llfill.r:!ffIflizfiiIliaE1333!‘E3311Il':3iuHI}
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`Figure 34. flow diagram illustrating the pro .. ing of the handle condition
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`double check routine.
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`DETAILED DESCRIPTION
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`A broadcast technique in which a broadcast charmel overlays a point-to-point
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`communications network is provided. The broadcasting of a message over the broadcast
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`charmel is effectively a multicast to those computers of the network that are currently
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`connected to the broadcast charmel.
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`In one embodiment, the broadcast technique provides a
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`logical broadcast channel to which host computers through their executing processes can be
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`connected.
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`Each computer that
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`is connected to the broadcast charmel can broadcast
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`messages onto and receive messages off of the broadcast charmel. Each computer that is
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`connected to the broadcast charmel receives all messages that are broadcastiwhile it is
`connected. The logical broadcast charmel
`is implemented using an underlying network
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`system (e. g., the Internet) that allows each computer connected to the underlying network
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`system to send messages to each other connected computer using each computer’s address.
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`5‘.
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`Thus, the broadcast technique effectively provides a broadcast charmel using an underlying
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`network system that sends messages on a point-to-point basis.
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`The broadcast technique overlays the underlying network system with a graph
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`of point-to-point connections (i.e., edges) between host computers (i.e., nodes) through
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`which the broadcast charmel
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`is implemented.
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`In one embodiment, each computer is
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`connected to four other computers, referred to as neighbors.
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`(Actually, a process executing
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`on a computer is connected to four other processes executing on this or four other
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`computers.) To broadcast a message, the originating computer sends the message to each of
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`its neighbors using its point-to-point connections. Each computer that receives the message
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`III]!III]!"ll?" 20
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`then sends the message to its three other neighbors using the point-to-point connections.
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`In
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`25
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`30
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`this way, the message is propagated to each computer using the underlying network to effect
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`the broadcasting of the message to each computer over a logical broadcast channel. A graph
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`in which each node is connected to four other nodes is referred to as a 4-regular graph. The
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`use of a 4-regular graph means that a computer would become disconnected from the
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`broadcast charmel only if all four of the connections to its neighbors fail. The graph used by
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`the broadcast technique also has the property that it would take a failure of four computers to
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`[03004-8002/SL003 733.099]
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`IPR2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`Ex. 1102, p. 137 of 1442
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`IPR2016-00726 -ACTIVISION, EA, TAKE-TWO, 2K, ROCKSTAR,
`Ex. 1102, p. 137 of 1442
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`divide the graph into “int sub-graphs, that is two sepa. broadcast charmels. This
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`property is referred to as being 4-connected. Thus, the graph is both 4-regular and 4-
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`connected.
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`Figure 1 illustra