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`Merck Ex. 1069, Pg. 2
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`

`

`bosomes concomitantly with DNA repli-
`cation; these are synthesized
`in
`the
`clockwise direction from the L strand
`of the other half of the virus DNA (the
`late region) and are referred to as late
`mRNA's. Transcription of the
`late
`mRNA's, which code for the virion pro-
`teins VP I, VP2, and VP3 (the stippled
`regions designate the protein coding re-
`gions of these proteins), begins from
`multiple positions between map posi-
`tions 0.68 to 0.72 and terminates at about
`map position 0.16. Finally, the accumu-
`lation of progeny DNA molecules and
`virion proteins culminates in death of the
`cell and release of mature virion parti-
`cles.
`SV40 possesses an alternative life cy-
`cle when the virus infects rodent and
`other nonprimate cells. The same early
`take place -the E
`strand
`events
`mRNA's and large T and small t antigens
`are synthesized -but DNA replication
`does not occur, and late strand mRNA's
`and virion proteins are not made. Fre-
`quently, replication of cell DNA and
`mitosis are induced after infection, and
`most infected cells survive with little
`evidence of prior infection. Generally, a
`small proportion of the cells (less than 10
`percent) acquire the ability to multiply
`under culture conditions that restrict the
`growth of normal cells; moreover, these
`
`transformed cells can produce tumors
`after inoculation into appropriate ani-
`mals. Invariably, the transformed cells
`contain all or part of the viral DNA
`covalently integrated into the cell's chro-
`mosomal DNA
`the
`and produce
`mRNA's and proteins coded by the early
`genes.
`During the 1970's several different ap-
`proaches, carried on in many labora-
`own, clarified the
`tories including
`arrangement of SV40's genes on the
`DNA and revealed how they function
`during the virus' life cycle (21-23). Ini-
`tially, viral genes were mapped on the
`DNA relative to restriction sites by lo-
`calizing the regions from which early and
`late mRNA's were transcribed. Subse-
`quently, more precise mapping was
`achieved by correlating the positions of
`discrete deletions and other alterations
`in the viral DNA with specific physiolog-
`ic defects. But with the nucleotide se-
`the boundaries of each
`quence map,
`SV40 gene and the nucleotide segments
`coding for each polypeptide can be spec-
`ified with considerable precision (Fig. 2).
`As expected, the availability of a precise
`genetic and physical map of SV40's mini -
`chromosome has shifted the research
`emphasis to explorations of the molecu-
`lar mechanisms governing each gene's
`expression and function, the replication
`
`and maturation of the viral minichromo-
`some, recombination between the viral
`and host DNA, and how virds and host
`gene products interact to cause transfor-
`mation of normal into tumorigenic cells.
`Excellent and more detailed summaries
`and analyses of the molecular biology of
`SV40 and polyoma, containing acknowl-
`edgments to the important contributions
`made by many individuals, can be found
`in several recent monographs (21 -23).
`
`SV40 as a Transdncing Virus
`
`The analysis of the organization,
`expression, and regulation of bacterial
`genomes was greatly aided by the use of
`transfer of
`bacteriophage -mediated
`genes between cells. Indeed, specialized
`transducing phages of k, $80, P22, and
`others permitted the cloning and amplifi-
`cation of specific segments of bacterial
`DNA, thereby making it possible to con-
`struct cells with unusual and informative
`genotypes and to obtain valuable sub-
`strates and probes for exploring mecha-
`nisms of transcription, translation, and
`regulation.
`This background led me to consider,
`soon after beginning work with the tu-
`mor viruses, whether SV40 could be
`used to transduce new genes into mam-
`
`1
`
`l
`
`1
`
`A
`
`ai
`
`NI
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`44,
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`a ` m
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`-
`
`Fig. 1 (left). Electron micrographs of: (a) SV40 virions; (b) SV40 DNA; (e) "condensed" SV40 minichromosomes; (d) "relaxed- beaded" SV40
`Fig. 2 (right). A physical and genetic map of 5V40 DNA. The inner circle symbolizes the closed
`minichromosome. (photo by J. Griffith)
`circular DNA molecule; indicated within the circle are the nucleotide -pain map coordinates starting and ending at 0/5243. Also shown by small
`arrows within the circle are the sites at which five restriction endonucleases cleave SV40 DNA once. Arrayed around the outside of the circle are
`the map coordinates, expressed in fractional lengths, beginning at the reference point 0/1.0 (the Eco RI endonuclease cleavage site) and
`proceeding clockwise around the circle. 'The coding regions for the early and late proteins are shown as stippled arrows extending tram the
`nucleotide pair of the first codon to the nucleotide pair that specifies termination of the protein coding sequence. Each of the coding regions is em-
`bedded in an mRNA, the span of which is indicated by dotted or dashed 5' ends and wavy poly(A) 3' ends. The jagged or saw -toothed portions of
`each mRNA indicate the portions of the transcript that are spliced in forming the mature mRNA's.
`
`2911
`
`SCIENCE. VOL 213
`
`Merck Ex. 1069, Pg. 3
`
`

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