ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 147-2002
`
`ASIIIIAE
`smnnnnn
`
`Reducing the Release of
`
`Halogenated Refrigerants
`
`from Refrigerating and
`
`Air-Conditioning
`
`Equipment and Systems
`
`Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee January
`12, 2002; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors January 17,
`2002; and by the American National Standards Institute
`September 9, 2002.
`
`ASHRAE Standards are updated on a five-year cycle; the
`date following the standard number is the year of ASHRAE
`Board of Directors approval. The latest copies may be
`purchased from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie
`Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail:
`orders@ashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-
`636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for or-
`ders in U.S. and Canada).
`
`©Copyright 2002 American Society of Heating,
`Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
`
`ISSN 1041-2336
`
`When addenda or interpretations to this standard have
`been approved, they can be downloaded free of charge
`from the ASHRAE Home Page at www.ashrae.org/STAN-
`DARDS/ addenda.htm or www.ashrae.org/STANDARDS/
`9‘!
`intpstd.htm.
`Se
`6‘ kmerican Mariana,
`
`I/ ”‘%
`
`AMERIIIAN SOCIETY DE HEATING,
`REFRIGERATINB AND
`
`AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
`1791 Tullie Circle. NE 0 Atlanta. GA 30329
`Arkema Exhibit 1109
`
`Arkema Exhibit 1109
`
`

`
`ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 147
`Cognizant TC: TC 3.8, Refrigerant Containment
`SPLS Liaison: Waller S. Clements
`
`Warren L. Beeton, Chair*
`
`Van D. Baxter*
`
`Joshua Donald Costell*
`
`Jeff Dickson*
`
`Bryan Franklin
`
`Bert A. Mcjimsey
`
`Debbie Ottinger*
`
`Robert J. Roth*
`
`Stephen V. Santoro*
`
`Leonard J. Swatkowski, Jr.*
`
`Ricardo Valles Vicuna*
`
`Richard Bowman Wimsatt*
`
`Robert W. Yost
`
`*Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publication
`
`ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 2001-2002
`
`Nance C. Lovvorn, Chair
`Thomas E. Watson, Vice-Chair
`Charles G. Arnold
`Van D. Baxter
`Dean S. Borges
`Paul W. Cabot
`Waller S. Clements
`Charles W. Coward, Jr.
`Harold L. Crowder, Jr.
`Brian P. Dougherty
`Richard A. Evans
`Arthur D. Hallstrom
`
`Richard D. Hermans
`John F. Hogan
`Frederick H. Kohloss
`William J. Landman
`Rodney H. Lewis
`Ross D. Montgomery
`Davor Novosel
`Dennis A. Stanke
`Michael Tavares
`Steve A. Taylor
`J. Richard Wright
`Lee W. Burgett, CO
`Gordon V.R. Holness, ExO
`
`Claire B. Ramspeck, Manager of Standards
`
`SPECIAL NOTE
`
`This American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of the American
`Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Consensus is defined by the American National Standards
`Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached
`by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily
`unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution.”
`Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation.
`ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public
`review.
`ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The
`Project Committee Chair and Vice Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE
`members, all must be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests
`on all Project Committees.
`The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:
`a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,
`b. participation in the next review of the Standard,
`c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard,
`d. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.
`
`ASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available
`information and accepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or
`performance of any products, components, or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAE’s Standards
`or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.
`
`DISCLAIMER
`
`ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDS
`
`ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method
`of testing for rating purposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper
`definitions of this equipment, and by providing other information that may serve to guide the industry. The creation
`of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformance to them is completely
`voluntary.
`In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be
`made, either stated or implied, that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.
`
`p
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`6
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` N
`
` p
`
`
`
`b
`
` p
`
` D
`
`b
`
`
`
`
`
` b
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 2 of 24
`
`

`
``lkqbkqp
`
`ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 147-2002
`Reducing the Release of Halogenated Refrigerants from
`Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Systems
`
`pb`qflk
`
`m^db
`
`cçêÉïçêÇ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O
`
`N mìêéçëÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O
`
`O pÅçéÉ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O
`
`P aÉÑáåáíáçåëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK O
`
`Q aÉëáÖå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK P
`
`R mêçÇìÅí aÉîÉäçéãÉåí KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK R
`
`S j~åìÑ~ÅíìêÉKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK R
`
`T fåëí~ää~íáçå KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S
`
`U pÉêîáÅÉLléÉê~íáçåLj~áåíÉå~åÅÉLaÉÅçããáëëáçåáåÖKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK S
`
`V oÉÑêáÖÉê~åí oÉÅçîÉêóI oÉìëÉI ~åÇ aáëéçë~ä KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK T
`
`NM e~åÇäáåÖ ~åÇ píçê~ÖÉ çÑ oÉÑêáÖÉê~åíë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK U
`
`NN kçêã~íáîÉ oÉÑÉêÉåÅÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK U
`
`^ååÉñ ^W
`
`oÉÅçããÉåÇÉÇ mêçÅÉÇìêÉë ~åÇ mê~ÅíáÅÉëKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK U
`
`^ååÉñ _W
`
`qê~áåáåÖ çÑ mÉêëçååÉäKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NS
`
`^ååÉñ `W
`
`fåÑçêã~íáîÉ oÉÑÉêÉåÅÉë KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NU
`
`^ååÉñ aW
`
`_áÄäáçÖê~éÜóKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK NV
`
`© Copyright 2002 American Society of Heating,
`Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
`1791 Tullie Circle NE
`Atlanta, GA 30329
`www.ashrae.org
`
`All rights reserved.
`
`p
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`6
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` N
`
` p
`
`
`
`b
`
` p
`
` D
`
`b
`
`
`
`
`
` b
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 3 of 24
`
`

`
`(This foreword is not part of this standard but is pro-
`vided for information only.)
`
`FOREWORD
`
`When the potential link between release of chlorofluoro
`carbons (CFCs) and depletion of stratospheric ozone was first
`discussed, ASHRAE appointed a task group to study the issue
`and to develop appropriate policy and program recommenda
`tions to the Board of Directors.
`In response, a comprehensive action program was initi
`ated. It included research, education, communication, and
`training directed toward the various aspects of the CFC issue.
`A part of this program was the development of a guideline for
`reducing CFC refrigerant release. This was published as
`ASHRAE Guideline 3 1990, “Reducing Emission of Fully
`Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Refrigerants in
`Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment and Applica
`tions.”
`Since that date, it has been determined that all chlorine
`containing refrigerants release hydrochlorofluorocarbons
`(HCFCs) as well as CFCs and contribute to depletion of the
`stratospheric ozone layer and that release of CFCs, HCFCs,
`and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) contributes to global warm
`ing. Accordingly it has been determined that release of CFCs,
`HCFCs, and HFCs should be minimized. Guideline 3 was
`revised to reflect this more stringent policy.
`ASHRAE Guideline 3 1996, “Reducing Emission of
`Halogenated Refrigerants in Refrigeration and Air Condi
`tioning Equipment and Systems,” was subsequently revised to
`produce this standard, which prescribes practices and proce
`dures to reduce release into the atmosphere of halogenated
`refrigerants used in refrigerating and air conditioning
`systems. Some material from Guideline 3 has been preserved
`in the informative annexes to this standard. Annexes A and B,
`specifically, contain information concerning practices and
`procedures that are recommended but not required for compli
`ance with this standard.
`
`ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
`
`In the preparation of this standard, use has been made of
`the recommendations contained in “Code of Good Practice”
`issued by the Commission of the European Communities,
`Report EUR 9509 EN. Additionally, recommendations by
`other organizations and appropriate provisions of various
`standards have been important sources of information
`presented in this standard.
`
`NK mromlpb
`
`This standard establishes practices and procedures that
`will reduce inadvertent release of halogenated refrigerants.
`
`OK p`lmb
`
`The practices and procedures in this standard cover
`release reduction of halogenated hydrocarbon and haloge-
`nated ether refrigerants in the following circumstances:
`
`(a) from stationary refrigerating, air-conditioning, and
`heat-pump equipment and systems;
`
`(b) during manufacture, installation, testing, operation,
`maintenance, repair, and disposal of equipment and
`systems.
`
`PK abcfkfqflkp
`
`Although the following terms may have broader interpre-
`tations elsewhere in the industry, their specific meanings as
`used in this standard are as follows.
`
`CFC: a fully halogenated (no hydrogen remaining) halo-
`carbon containing chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms.
`
`HCFC: a halocarbon that contains fluorine, chlorine,
`carbon, and hydrogen.
`
`HFC: a halocarbon that contains only fluorine, carbon,
`and hydrogen.
`
`joint, brazed: a gas-tight joint obtained by joining metal
`parts with alloys that melt at temperatures higher than 800°F
`(426°C) but less than the melting temperatures of the joined
`parts.
`
`joint, mechanical: a gas-tight joint obtained by joining
`metal parts through a positive holding mechanical construc-
`tion (such as flanged joint, screwed joint, or flared joint).
`
`joint, soldered: a gas-tight joint obtained by joining metal
`parts with metallic mixtures or alloys, which melt at temper-
`atures above 400°F (204°C) but not exceeding 800°F (426°C).
`
`joint, welded: a gas-tight joint obtained by the joining of
`metal parts in the plastic or molten state or through the use of
`filler metals that melt at temperatures 800°F (426°C) and
`above.
`
`large system: a system containing 50 lb (23 kg) or more
`of refrigerant.
`
`PFC: a hydrocarbon that contains only fluorine and
`carbon.
`
`pressure, design: the maximum allowable working pres-
`sure for which a specific part of a system is designed.
`
`gage pressure at room
`pressure, high: systems whose
`temperature (74°F [23.3°C]) is typically more that 100 psig
`(689 kPa). Common high-pressure refrigerants include R-22,
`R-502, and R-125.
`
`
`
`pressure, low: systems whose absolute pressure at room
`temperature (74°F [23.3°C]) is below ambient pressure abso-
`lute. Common low-pressure refrigerants include R-11, R-113,
`and R-123.
`
`pressure, maximum working: (see pressure, design).
`
`pressure, medium: systems whose gage pressure at room
`temperature (74°F [23.3°C]) is greater than atmospheric pres-
`sure but typically less that 100 psig (689 kPa). Common
`
`2
`
`ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 147 2002
`
`p
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`6
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` N
`
` p
`
`
`
`b
`
` p
`
` D
`
`b
`
`
`
`
`
` b
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 4 of 24
`
`

`
`medium-pressure refrigerants include R-12, R-500, and R-
`134a.
`
`pressure, operating: the pressure occurring at a reference
`point in a refrigerating system when the system is in operation.
`
`valve, pressure-relief: a pressure-actuated valve held
`closed by a spring or other means and designed to automati-
`cally relieve pressure in excess of its setting.
`
`valve, purge: a device to allow noncondensable gases to
`flow out of the system.
`
`pressure-relief device: a valve or rupture member
`designed to relieve excessive pressure automatically.
`
`QK abpfdk
`
`prevention-of-vacuum system: a refrigerant pressure
`control system that prevents refrigerant loss and infiltration
`into idle low-pressure chillers and is also used to pressurize for
`leak testing without the use of noncondensables.
`
`purging: removing of noncondensable gases from the
`system.
`
`purging device: an automatic, semiautomatic, or hand-
`operated device that removes noncondensable gases intro-
`duced into a system during charging, servicing, or normal
`operation.
`
`receiver: a vessel in the refrigerating system designed to
`ensure the availability of adequate liquid refrigerant for proper
`functioning of the system and to store the liquid refrigerant
`when the system is pumped down.
`
`reclaim: to process used refrigerant to new product spec-
`ifications.
`
`recover: to remove refrigerant in any condition from a
`system and store it in an external container.
`
`recycle: to reduce contaminants in used refrigerants by
`separating oil, removing noncondensables, and using devices
`such as filter driers to reduce moisture, acidity, and particulate
`matter.
`
`release: any movement of refrigerant out of its contain-
`ment, including but not limited to, by a leak, by an action of
`filling or testing, or by failure.
`
`rupture disc: a safety device that will rupture at a prede-
`termined pressure.
`
`small, hermetically sealed system: a factory-charged
`refrigerating system using less than 5 lb (2.3 kg) of refrigerant
`that is welded, brazed, soldered, or otherwise joined together
`in such a manner as to create a sealed system typically capable
`of operating for 10 years without maintenance or repair.
`
`unitary system: one or more factory-made assemblies
`that normally include an evaporator or cooling coil and a
`compressor and condenser combination. It includes a function
`as well.
`
`vacuum, deep (high vacuum): a vacuum of 1000 µm Hg
`(130 Pa) or less of absolute pressure.
`
`This section discusses the design of air-conditioning and
`refrigerating systems and components and identifies possible
`sources of loss of refrigerants to the atmosphere. The under-
`standing and application of established techniques in both the
`design and construction of refrigerating systems provide a
`good foundation for the prevention of refrigerant release to the
`atmosphere. Examples of recommended design practices and
`techniques to minimize refrigerant leakage are given in Annex
`A.
`
`Documentation to instruct field personnel to install, oper-
`ate, and service installed refrigerating equipment to minimize
`refrigerant release shall be provided for factory-built equip-
`ment and for field-erected systems.
`
`QKN Compressors
`Leaks associated with compressors may be related to the
`design of the compressor or to the associated equipment fitted
`to it, e.g., gauge and cutout connections, relief valves, and
`connected piping.
`QKNKN Shaft Seals. Shaft seals used in open-style compres-
`sors can be a source of refrigerant leakage. Seal designs shall
`specify materials compatible with the refrigerant and oil to be
`used in the compressor.
`QKNKO Vibration. Vibration from gas-pressure pulses and
`moving parts can cause leaks. To minimize leakage due to
`vibration, compressors, compressor mountings, and piping
`connections shall be evaluated to see that vibration-induced
`stress stresses do not exceed material fatigue limits.
`QKNKP Compressor Isolation Valves. On systems whose
`compressors can be rebuilt without removal from the system,
`compressor isolation valves shall be provided on both the suc-
`tion and discharge sides of the compressor to minimize
`release of refrigerant during service work in accordance with
`ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-1994, Safety Code for Mechan
`1
` Isolation capability shall be provided for
`ical Refrigeration.
`any other compressor connections in accordance with Section
`4.4. In applications where line sizes are greater than 6 in. (150
`mm), isolation valves are not required. Compressor isolation
`valves are not required for unitary equipment with hermetic
`compressors.
`QKNKQ Hermetic Compressors. Most unitary systems and
`factory-charged, hermetically sealed systems utilize hermetic
`compressors. Process tubes (for service access) extending
`from such compressors shall be pinched and brazed as
`C1 C6
`approved by a nationally recognized testing agency.
`
`QKO Condensers and Evaporators
`Compressor lines shall be designed so that minimum
`vibrational stresses occur at the condenser and evaporator
`joint(s).
`
`ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 147 2002
`
`3
`
`p
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`6
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` N
`
` p
`
`
`
`b
`
` p
`
` D
`
`b
`
`
`
`
`
` b
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 5 of 24
`
`

`
`QKOKN Air-Cooled Condensers and Evaporators. These
`components shall be evaluated for the ability to withstand
`stress, vibration, and galvanic corrosion under normal opera-
`tion and during transport. Tubing supports shall be designed
`to minimize vibration, to provide protection against abrasion
`due to movement, and to allow for thermal expansion. Con-
`denser and evaporator tube-wall thicknesses shall be consid-
`ered adequate if the system is approved by a nationally
`recognized testing agency.
`QKOKO Liquid-Cooled Condensers and Evaporators
`QKOKOKN The characteristics of fluids used in liquid chill-
`ers and liquid-cooled condensers vary widely and can lead to
`premature failure of tubes, resulting in release of the entire
`refrigerant charge. The issues of selection of fluids to be used
`in the system and selection of tube materials, smooth-bore
`tubes, tube-wall thicknesses, and filtration/treatment tech-
`niques suitable for the fluid characteristics involved shall be
`addressed.
`QKOKOKO Selection of fluids and tube materials shall also
`address the issue of corrosion prevention during low-flow or
`no-flow conditions.
`QKOKOKP To prevent
`freeze-up of water-chilling
`machines, safety controls shall be provided. Examples
`include, but are not limited to, refrigerant pressure control
`and/or refrigerant temperature control.
`
`QKP Piping, Tubing, and Connections
`QKPKN Pipe and fittings shall be in accordance with require-
`2
`ments of ASME/ANSI B31.5-92, Refrigeration Piping
` or
`3
`SAE J 513-94, Refrigeration Tube Fittings.
` All design and
`installation of systems shall be done in such a manner as to
`minimize the number of fittings and connections.
`Tapered pipe threads of 1 in. (25 mm) nominal size or
`larger shall not be used for fittings in refrigerant circuits unless
`the threads are back-welded or sealed by equally effective
`means.
`QKPKO All flanged joints shall be in accordance with the
`requirements of ASME/ANSI B31.5-92, Refrigeration Pip
`2
`ing.
` Designers shall specify flanged joint seal materials that
`are compatible with both the refrigerant and refrigerant oils to
`be used in the system.
`QKPKP All pipe supports shall meet the requirements of
`2
` Supports shall
`ASME/ANSI B31.5-92, Refrigeration Piping.
`be designed to provide protection of tubing components
`against external abrasion due to movement.
`QKPKQ External corrosion protection shall be specified to
`prevent rusting of exposed steel components that contain
`refrigerant or are in direct contact with refrigerant-containing
`components.
`QKPKR To prevent hydrostatic overpressurization due to
`thermal expansion, liquid-containing system parts shall be
`protected in conformance with Section 9.4.3 of ANSI/
`ASHRAE Standard 15-1994, Safety Code for Mechanical
`1
`Refrigeration.
`QKPKS Factory-charged, hermetically sealed systems and
`unitary systems that are listed by a nationally recognized test-
`ing agency shall be considered to be in compliance with all
`provisions of Section 4.3.
`
`QKQ
`
`Isolation Valves
` Isolation valves whose stems are not sealed by internal
`diaphragm shall have retained or captive spindles and facili-
`ties for tightening or replacement of the gland packing under
`line pressure.
`
`QKR Access Valves for Charging, Evacuation, or Both
` Access valves or couplings, except as noted below, shall
`be provided for evacuation and liquid charging of refrigerating
`systems. At a minimum, every refrigerant circuit shall be
`provided with a vapor access valve or coupling. Valves or
`couplings shall be provided with either isolating valves on
`their inlets or sealing caps on their outlets to provide effective
`
`even if the access
`sealing to the access valves or couplings
`valves are self-closing. Caps shall meet the leakage require-
`ments of Section 6.3.1.
`For unitary systems having liquid and suction service
`access valves at the exterior of the outdoor unit, the valves
`shall be brazed.
`Note: For factory-charged, hermetically sealed systems with
`a refrigerant charge of less than 5 lb (2.3 kg), an equally effec-
`tive design feature (e.g., process tube or stub) shall be consid-
`ered to meet the requirements of this section.
`
`QKS Relief Devices
`System relief devices shall conform to the requirements
`of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-1994, Safety Code for
`1
`Mechanical Refrigeration.
` Large refrigerating systems shall
`have an alarm that notifies personnel of high refrigerant pres-
`sure that can result in refrigerant release through the relief
`device(s).
`QKSKN Factory-charged, small hermetically sealed systems
`listed by UL or another nationally recognized testing agency
`shall be considered to comply with the provisions of Section
`4.6.
`
`QKT Purging Devices
`QKTKN Continuous purging devices shall be provided for
`large refrigerating systems that operate at sub-atmospheric
`pressure. New equipment designs shall specify purging
`devices that release less than one unit mass of refrigerant per
`unit mass of air as tested by ARI Standard 580-93, Perfor
`mance of Non Condensible Gas Purge Equipment for Use
`5
`with Low Pressure Centrifugal Chillers.
`QKTKO Systems with purges as described in Section 4.7.1
`shall be designed so air infiltration under idle storage condi-
`tions (65°F [18.3°C)] saturated refrigerant temperature and
`2
`] atmospheric pressure) does not prevent
`14.7 psia [1 kg/cm
`systems from starting and operating. To conform, the system
`shall include one or more of the following:
`
`(a) A purge unit that operates while the system is under
`idle storage conditions.
`
`(b) A prevention-of-vacuum system that prevents air
`infiltration while the system is under idle storage
`conditions. (See Section A.2.9.2 for explanation.)
`
`(c) A system design means that allows a system to start
`and operate when air infiltration has occurred under
`idle storage conditions. Any means to remove air
`from the chiller shall conform to the emissions
`requirement of Section 4.7.1.
`
`4
`
`ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 147 2002
`
`p
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`6
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` N
`
` p
`
`
`
`b
`
` p
`
` D
`
`b
`
`
`
`
`
` b
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 6 of 24
`
`

`
`QKTKP The purge unit shall automatically indicate the
`quantity of noncondensable gases purged from the system and
`shall alarm if the purge quantity exceeds the system manufac-
`turer's preset limit.
`
`QKU Refrigerant Monitor
`On large refrigerating systems for which a refrigerant
`monitor is required according to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard
`1
`15-1994, Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration,
` a refrig-
`erant monitor capable of detecting refrigerant concentrations
`of 1 ppm by volume or less shall be used to provide early warn-
`ing of leaks. The monitor used shall conform to ANSI/
`1
`ASHRAE Standard 15-1994.
`
`QKV Storage Capability
`In large field-erected systems, such as supermarket refrig-
`erating systems, one or more receivers shall be provided for
`the system to store the charge as necessary to service various
`components. Systems shall be exempt from this requirement
`if the condenser is large enough to contain the entire charge,
`is fully isolatable and is protected by a pressure-relief valve in
`accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-1994, Safety
` 1
`
`.
`Code for Mechanical Refrigeration
`
`QKNM Unitary Equipment
`Unitary air conditioners and heat pumps shall meet the
`requirements of and shall be approved by one or more nation-
`C5,C6
`ally recognized testing agencies.
`
`RK molar`q absbilmjbkq
`
`The development phase of refrigerator design covers
`laboratory and field testing of components or systems. When
`components or systems are being tested for refrigerant leakage
`during development, the practices and procedures specified in
`Section 7 shall be followed.
`A refrigerant charge used for operational testing during
`development shall not be released to the atmosphere following
`development tests or at the end of the development period. The
`refrigerant shall be removed and stored in a suitable container.
`
`RKN Refrigerant Handling
`The laboratory shall be equipped with a recovery/recy-
`
`cling system and storage capacity
`for holding charge recov-
`ered from any individual test unit in the laboratory. When
`servicing of a recovery/recycling unit is required, refrigerant
`in the unit shall be recovered and recycled or reclaimed in the
`same manner as that from test systems.
`RKNKN Upon completion of tests, the refrigerant shall be
`recovered from an experimental system as soon as practical. It
`is recognized that sometimes the recovery must first be put
`into a container to determine or confirm charge levels, but
`ultimately all refrigerant shall be recovered into appropriate
`storage devices as required under Section 10. Refrigerant that
`is known to be contaminated, as with a burnout, for example,
`shall be recovered into proper containers and recycled,
`reclaimed, or disposed of as described in Section 9.
`RKNKO A refrigerant inventory record shall be maintained
`to account for virgin material received into the laboratory and
`material shipped for reclaim. This inventory must include the
`
`types and quantities of refrigerant received and shipped for
`reclamation and the dates of receipt and shipment.
`RKNKP Test facilities have conditioning equipment that pro-
`vides a controlled environment for testing. This equipment
`shall be constructed and installed in accordance with this stan-
`dard and checked for leaks on a regular basis. When servicing
`is required, the refrigerant shall be recovered and recycled or
`reclaimed in the same manner as that from test systems.
`
`RKO System Cleanliness
`Prototypes and samples shall be assembled with the same
`regard for cleanliness as a production unit expected to have a
`15- to 20-year service life.
`Each time an uncharged system is to be tested, it shall be
`evacuated and leak-tested to the same requirements as a
`production system. After assurance that a system is free of
`leaks, it shall be charged.
`
`RKP Vibration Tests
`In addition to performance, sound, and life testing, all
`systems developed for production shall undergo shipping
`vibration and impact testing.
`
`SK j^krc^`qrob
`
`All equipment, components, and complete systems shall
`be cleaned, dried, evacuated, leak-tested, and sealed before
`shipment. This section applies to both factory-built and field-
`erected systems. Refer to Annex A for practices and proce-
`dures that are recommended but not required for compliance
`with this standard.
`
`SKN Evacuation
`Systems shall be evacuated to 1000 µm Hg (130 Pa) or
`less prior to charging with refrigerant.
`
`SKO
`
` Holding Charge
`A halogenated refrigerant shall not be used as a holding
`charge.
`
`SKP Factory Leak Testing
`SKPKN Leak Rate Specification. Systems and components
`shall be leak-tested by the manufacturer. The factory accep-
`tance leak rate specification for a product shall not exceed a
`rate of 0.5% of the total charge per year or 0.1 oz/yr (2.8 g/y),
`whichever is greater, when tested at the conditions prescribed
`in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-1994, Safety Code for
`1
`Mechanical Refrigeration, Section 9.14.
`SKPKO Leak-Test Gas. Pure CFC, HCFC, or HFC refriger-
`ants are prohibited for use as leak-test gases by Title 6, Sec-
`12C7
`tion 608, of the U.S. Clean Air Act
` unless they are
`recovered. A mixture of a trace quantity of non-CFC halocar-
`bon refrigerant, such as HCFC-22, with nitrogen may be used
`as the leak-test gas. Leak-test gas containing halocarbon
`refrigerants shall be recovered and reused to the maximum
`extent practical.
`
`SKQ Operating Test Gas Recovery
`Refrigerant used during the manufacture and operational
`testing of systems and components shall be recovered, includ-
`ing refrigerant withdrawn from systems and components prior
`to repair or re-work.
`
`ANSI/ASHRAE STANDARD 147 2002
`
`5
`
`p
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`6
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` N
`
` p
`
`
`
`b
`
` p
`
` D
`
`b
`
`
`
`
`
` b
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 7 of 24
`
`

`
`TK fkpq^ii^qflk
`
`Practices and procedures that are recommended but not
`required for compliance with this standard are described in
`Annex A.
`
`TKN
`
`Installation of Field-Erected Equipment and Sys-
`
`tems
`TKNKN General. Piping and connection design require-
`ments are described in Section 4.3.
`TKNKO Major Considerations
`TKNKOKN All cut piping shall be deburred and metal filings
`removed to prevent damage to the compressors and refriger-
`ating system parts, such as shaft seal, compressor bearing,
`motor, and capillary tube.
`TKNKOKO All tube and fittings shall be prepared such that
`a leak-free joint is achieved. All tube and fittings shall be thor-
`oughly cleaned prior to assembly. Both the outside of copper
`tube and the inside of fittings must be bright and clean before
`brazing. Braze filler metal selection shall be consistent with
`the types of materials being joined.
`TKNKOKP Except as provided for in Section 4.3.1, tapered
`pipe thread connections shall not be used to join pipe or tube
`to fittings, valves, and other components.
`TKNKOKQ The gasket material used on flanged connections
`shall be of a type and grade that is compatible for use with
`refrigerants and refrigerant oils of the types being used.
`TKNKOKR Field-erected systems shall be checked for tight-
`ness; moisture and noncondensables shall be removed before
`charging the system with refrigerant.
`TKNKOKS Liquid line filter driers shall be provided on all
`installations to ensure a dry and clean system. Isolation valves
`shall be installed to allow service of all filter driers without
`loss of refrigerant.
`
`TKO Field Pressure Testing
`Systems shall be pressure-tested before charging. See
`Annex A for recommended procedures.
`
`TKP Field Leak Testing
`All systems shall be leak-tested to ensure system integrity
`and minimize refrigerant leakage. See Annex A for recom-
`mended procedures.
`
`TKQ Field Evacuation
`After determining that there are no refrigerant leaks,
`field-erected and factory-built, field-charged systems shall be
`evacuated to 1000 µm Hg (130 Pa) or less to remove moisture
`and noncondensables.
`
`TKR Field Charging
`After determining that the system does not leak or contain
`moisture and after the system is evacuated for charging, the
`system shall be charged with refrigerant following the equip-
`ment manufacturer’s literature and the refrigerant manufac-
`turer’s instructions on the shipping container. If the system is
`not to be fully charged immediately after evacuation, it shall
`be placed under positive pressure (assuming a high-pressure
`refrigerant) with a partial charge of the refrigerant to be used
`in the system.
`
`TKS Refrigerant Charging Log
`On large systems, a record shall be made o