Polymer Technology
`Dictionary
`
`Tony Whelan MSO, Consultant
`
`Fornm'/*1‘ D/'r<*(*I0r
`London P0/AVI7l(’l" (V()I'IA'1rl/l(1Il{S Lia’
`l’\’<>w Smut/Igulv, [,0/Ir/On, UK
`
`WL,
`
`CHAPMAN}; HALL
`
`London - Glasgow - New York - Tokyo - Melbourne - Madras
`
`°°°°°1
`
`AVX CORPORATION 1010
`
`AVX CORPORATION 1010
`
`000001
`
`

`
`
`
`Published by Chapman & Hall, 2—6 Beundary Row, lmitl<);1 S16] 8llN, [ K
`
`ti Boundztry Rim; l.0l1LlUI} Slil til IN. UK
`(huptnzm &. Hall. 3,
`lllztekie /\LIL1LlCililC & l’mfessionztl. Wester (‘leddens R();{(i\
`Bisliopbriggs’. Ulzisgmx (E64 ZNZ. UK
`
`(‘ltzmmztn & llall 1ne.. One Penn Plu/.11. -tlst l:lU0!‘. New York
`.\'Y1t)l1‘). USA
`
`Cillitptllilil & Hall Jzzpzm, Tliotnsmi Pttlslislting Jztpzm.
`l'li1“.ll\'l)W2lCl'l0 Nemotn liuildin-gt 6!‘.
`l~7-l l Hi:u:il<,uw:i~elm_ (_ll}l}’0tl2lvl\Ll.
`Tulxyo 102. Japan
`
`l\iels«m /\U$ii'Ltlt:t. Hi: Dntltls Street.
`Cliztpmztn 8.’ Hull /\‘4(j"iA€l1iLl\l”IV‘i\‘{)lT)z4xS
`South l\1elh0urne. ‘\/it‘lt)I‘l21 3205, «\L|.st2'2tli;:
`
`Cliztptmin 8: Hull lndia. R. Sc.<.lmtli‘i. 32 Seeontl ,Vl;i§n R0:ttl_ (‘ll liztst.
`l\/ladms 600 035. lmlia
`
`First edition 1994
`
`t“ 1994 Chztpmzm & Hall
`
`Typeset in ‘}'l(,|pt Times by V£1I‘l0l‘Ll§\1 Publisliing Limited. l{ii}_!lW}‘
`Printed in (il‘L‘£lf liritxiin liy
`Si l3.Llim1ndslm1‘y l’ress limitml, litlrf; St litltiitimls, fwtillollx
`lSl£.\ 0 417 5t‘<lt\’() ‘)
`
`Apart lrmn any lltir tlezilittg for th: purposes of resnzmh 01' p1’t\‘;ite study‘
`or erttieism or review. its permitted under the UK (npyriglit l)e.signs:1titl
`Patients Act,
`l‘r)t‘<8. this piihliczttimi nlzty not he repmtlueed. smretl_ or
`tmnsmittetl. in any form or by any means. withnut the prim‘ pertiiissitni in
`writing 01‘ the pt,ihlisl1eI's. or in the ease t»l‘I‘eprog1'ztpltie rep1‘<\Ltuetion only
`:11 ueeordttnee with the terms at‘ the licences issued by the (“o;'>yriglit
`lfteensing Ageney in the UK. or in aeeortlzmee with the terms of licences
`istsuetl ‘ht
`ll\C1lDp['0[)1l;|1C RCDl'k)klllCllflll Rights ()i‘g:tni'/,:1tioi't outside the
`UK. linqniries eoneerning reprntluetitm outside the te1‘m.si stated here
`slmultl he sent to the publishers :11 the l,ontlon zitldress‘ printed on this page.
`The puhlishei‘ tiiztkes nu representutimi. express or implied. with I‘CgLll'(l
`to the zxeeuruey (iii the ititlmnzttitm ennmiited in this hook Lind C;ll1t10l
`neeept am) lentil res;mnsihilit_\ or liability for zniy ermrs tn‘ omissions tltut
`m:1_\' he inmle.
`
`'l'm1}. Wlxelun
`
`lst ed
`
`A C‘.ilitlt>f._lLlC record for this hunk is tivxulnhle from the British l,ilirz1r)'
`l.iht‘.'n‘y 01' (‘tmgress (‘ztml:igtng—i1t»l’uhlie;ttion dzttz:
`Whelun. Tmiy.
`Pulymer l.CCl1l10l\>}l'_\' Llietioimry
`p.
`em
`ISBN I’) VH2 5Xlks‘() 9
`l.
`l’l;1stie.s
`l)ietit>n.tries.
`ll’l l l().\N4i
`l‘.l‘}“\
`(>68 .‘)'(I3
`tlelti
`
`I.
`
`l’olyniei\‘
`
`l)ietiun;1ries
`
`l
`
`litle.
`
`We 1 Wit)
`(‘W
`
`,
`.
`(
`.
`.
`.
`A
`x \
`@’ Pmiteti mi acid-lrce text paper. m2li1ul2tC1Lll‘CG in ‘ACCC-E'LlLi1]CC Wlill
`./\NSl=NiS(3 !.3¢>,4t§—lU92 tl’er1'nzinenee of P;:pet‘;=.
`
`000002
`
`000002
`
`

`
`The importance of bulk thermoplastics cannot be over-
`
`::rnplia:'* rd; approxiniately 7(l‘f/it of all plastics used fall into
`this category.
`
`common names - plastics materials
`The names of most
`thermoplastics begin with “poly” and
`then this term. which means ‘many’ is followed by the old
`i’ashioned name for the monomer from which the plastic is
`derived i,c. the name is source-based. Because of this practice
`names such as polystyrene and polyethylene. for :'mnmp.r1/'_y-
`mars, are common. When the plastics material has more
`than one word in the name, parentheses, or brackets. may be
`put around the words so that poly(yinyl chloride) results.
`However this practice is not universal and so the same term
`Without the brackets is also used
`polyvinyl chloride. Sotirce»
`based nomenclature i not however. umversttlly used and so
`names such as ‘acetal
`and “cellulo:~.i"‘ are also encountered.
`
`
`To add to the confusion, many pl’./is res are known by more
`than one name.
`for exarriple, an aceml may be known as
`polyforinaldeliyde or
`polyoxymethylene.
`rt/ifimtrir1rirm.»'
`and table ‘I.
`
`common tests
`
`A test which is widely used. The most common type of tests
`performed on plastics inaterials are tests such as impact
`strength determination and tensile testing. Tensile testing and
`hardness testing are most commonly perlorrned for rubbers
`and their compounds. 11 is for reasons of speed. economy and
`convenience, that tests such as tensile strength measurernent
`are perforinetl.
`
`comparative tracking index
`An abbreviation used for this term is cti. See r<n<;i.s‘rrrrzce
`1 rtIr’1rz'IIg.
`
`Ir;
`
`conipatibilization
`in thermoplastics blend technolog.;y this term means making a
`commercially useful material from an incompatible 5} tern.
`See m2mz.mv'bfc> /)lL‘l')(/. The aim
`to reduce the iitter—1a‘al
`tension gradient so that coalescence of the dispersed phases is
`avoided and adhesion is improved. There are two approaclies
`(ii) addition of a pre-formed mnz;>c1zi/n’l:.ing agar! and, (ii) l’t’~
`active mmpuIi/i:urion.
`
`cempatibilircr
`See c*onz,rJzzri/n’/:':ir2g czgrcrzr.
`
`compatibilizing agent
`Also known as a compatibilizer or as. a pr‘e~lor'rrred compati~
`bilizing agent. An additive: a material used to improve the
`properties of polymer blends or alloys. A compatibiliz.ing
`agent is an additive which is compatible with inzmiscrfblce pr)/“t"~
`.:22er'.r. Such a material may be. for example. a block copo1y~
`
`rner. For example. the two ends ot‘ the block’ an/m/_wm>r ma
`be each soluble in a ditlcrent polymer. ABA~type copolyinerls
`are used for this purpose. See rm(~rivr2 r=on'z,naIiii:urirm.
`
`compatible blend
`A commercially useful lfleml. or systein. based on an ir1:nz1'sc:'/>/e
`3:-ri.rrrn'c= of two or more therrnoplastics materials. See im‘»:)m~
`patio/c blend and al/r,2_t=.
`
`compatible plastlcizer
`A ,')r’u.rtitri:cr wlticli can be used as the sole plasticizer and
`which will not exude from a material in use.
`
`compensator control
`A term used in /.{t»drur.e/ic.s' and which refers to a type of dis-
`placement control which is used for variable displacement
`pumps and motors. When the system pressure exceeds the set
`pressure then the displacement is altered.
`
`complex material
`Sec crm1pr).s'ite rmlrcria/'.
`
`83
`
`COMPOUND BLENDING
`
`compliance
`Complying to a standard. A standard number on a product is
`a manufacturers claim ofcompliance with a standard. It does
`not indicate assessment by an independent body as does. for
`example, a BS1 Kitemark. See Brim/2 Srmidrmls In.srr‘mlr’r,m
`K1'zcmczr/c .
`
`compo
`An abbreviation sometimes used for compound. Also used to
`describe the brown crepe-type rubbers produced from mrluml
`ru/'2/m‘.
`compo t'r'ept'.
`compo crepe
`One of the forms in which rrrrltlrzrr’ a"Z»l]?]?(’F is supplied. An inferior
`grade of rubber obtained from lumps,
`tree scraps. smoked
`sheet cuttings etc.
`
`composite
`A shaped product made from a (‘r)mpr).\'ifc imzzeariai.
`
`composite material
`A complex material: sometimes simply referred to as a corn-
`pdyiiv. A combination of two or more materials; each of
`which retains its identity in the finished component. The most
`common exarrrples are based on jglrrsiv y//"hm and resirts zrlw
`though thermoplastics composites are receiving considerable
`coiniriercial
`interest.
`for exarnple.
`I/zcrmop/r:,x‘lr’r'
`bu/.>’<
`nwzl/(I'ir2g z*<mzpomm' and ,s})cc’g'}‘iv mr.rrI’u/us.
`
`composite moulding
`The production ol" ill//'(’L‘/i()l'1 rr'zr>zr/tfirzgs where a part of the
`moulding need not be produced during. the moulding cycle.
`Many finished components consist of dillerent materials
`which have been combined during the moulding process, The
`term includes both irzwri zmrzrlr/{rig and our.rr>rt morr1c!zT21,rz.
`
`composition density
`The density of at composite material. The addition of in«
`organic fillers and fibres usually increases the density oi‘ poly»
`mer mixtures, as such materials usually have a density greater
`than that of the polymer. To calculate the density of a poly»
`mer composition divide the total niass of polymer compo»
`sition by the total volume. For example,
`it’ 100 g of” UP
`(density l‘28 g/cc) is mixed with 50 g oliglass (density 2-55 gtccl
`then the compound density will equal‘
`100+ 50 /" ('lUU/128 + St)¥2<55‘} 2 l~52 g/cc.
`This assumes that all the air spaces. or voids. in the mixture
`are filled.
`
`compound
`The intimately mixed material which results when the poly-
`mer (rubber or plastic) and the compounding ingredients are
`melt mixed. or compounded. in a hair}: or rwrlirzuuus mi.xer.
`
`compound blending
`Once ingredients have been selected they are weighed to a
`preset
`formulation:
`it
`is common practice in the thermo»
`plastics industry to /ire/2r’crzzl' the ingredients together before
`they are fed to the melt processing equipment, tor example.
`to an [f'lft?t'iit)il mun/ding mat‘/zinc. This pre~blending operation
`may be performed. for exaniple. on the injection moulding
`machine or it may be performed as a separate operation.
`
`mun Bl,l'i;'\£l)l,V’G ()Pl,iRATl()
`For laboratory work. or for
`the small scale production of thermoplastics compounds,
`21
`hand shaken polyethylene bag. provides a useful blender. The
`ingredients are carefully weighed into a clean polyethylene
`bag which is then slowly inllated from a clean, dry air supply.
`By twisting the end of the bag.
`it may be sealed so that the
`shaking operation can commence. It is best to use a large bag
`as it is important not to till the bag more than half full; mix-
`ing will take approximately 5 minutes. The big advantage of
`this method
`that it is cheap, quick and there is little risk of
`contamination.
`
`000003
`
`000003