V ihe mesr eemnrehensine enmnurinn riierienarv ever nuhlisheri
`V More than 00,000 entries
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`0“
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`
`Limitation of Liability
`While the Editor and Publisher of this book have made reasonable efforts to
`ensure the accuracy and timeliness of the information contained herein. nei-
`ther the Editor nor the Publisher shall have any liability with respect to loss or
`damage caused or alleged to be caused by reliance on any information con-
`tained herein.
`
`Copyright © 1994 by International Business Machines Corporation. All rights
`reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under
`the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be
`reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data
`base or retrieval system, without the prior written permisssion of the pub-
`lisher.
`
`1234567890 DOC/DOC 99876543
`
`ISBN 0-07-031488-8 (HC)
`ISBN 0-07-031489-6 (PBK)
`
`The sponsoring editor for this book was Daniel A. Gonneau and the
`production supervisor was Thomas G. Kowalczyk.
`
`Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company.
`
`Tenth Edition (August 1993)
`This is a major revision of the IBM Dictionary of Computing, SC20—1699-8,
`which is made obsolete by this edition. Changes are made periodically to the
`information provided herein.
`
`It is possible that this material may contain reference to, or information about,
`IBM products (machines and programs), programming, or services that are
`not announced in your country. Such references or information must not be
`construed to mean that IBM intends to announce such IBM products, pro-
`gramming, or services in your country. Comments may be addressed to IBM
`Corporation, Department E37/656, P. O. Box 12195, Research Triangle Park,
`NC 27709.
`
`International Edition
`
`Copyright © 1994 by International Business Machines Corporation. Exclusive
`rights by McGraw-Hill, Inc. for manufacture and export. This book cannot be
`re-exported from the country to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hill. The
`International Edition is not available in North America.
`
`When ordering this title, use ISBN 0-07-113383-6.
`
`This book is printed on acid-free paper.
`
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`7"
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`downline
`
`[217]
`
`Note: A device may be down because of an internal
`fault or because of an external condition such as a
`network problem.
`
`downline Pertaining to the direction of transmission.
`Contrast with uplrne.
`
`DPPX FORTRAN Libra
`
`interactive program validation services, and
`(BDES),
`the subsystem information retrieval facility are part of
`host support.
`
`be
`can
`that
`expression
`DPCX instruction An
`interpretively executed by DPCX, resulting from the
`assembly of a DPCX/3790 programming statement.
`
`
`
`downlink Pertaining to data transmission from the
`headend to a data station. (T)
`Contrast with uplink.
`
`DPCX/3790 Image file See image file.
`
`download (1) To transfer programs or data from a
`computer to a connected device, typically a personal
`computer.
`(T)
`(2) To transfer data from a computer
`to a connected device, such as a workstation or micro-
`computer. Contrast with upload.
`See also terminal
`emulation.
`
`DPCX/3790 programming statement A statement,
`actually a macroinstruction,
`that a programmer at a
`host system uses to code user programs for DPCX.
`
`dpi Dots per inch.
`
`DPM Distributed presentation management.
`
`downloaded font A soft font copied (downloaded) to
`the memory of a printer.
`
`DPN Destination program name.
`
`downstream (1) In the direction of data flow or
`toward the destination of transmission.
`(2) From the
`processor toward an attached unit or end user.
`(3) In
`the direction from a host computer or from a host
`system. Contrast with upstream.
`
`downstream device For the IBM 3710 Network Con-
`Iroller, a device located in a network so that the 3710
`is positioned between the device and a host.
`A
`display terminal downstream from the 3710 is an
`example of a downstream device.
`Contrast with
`upstream device.
`
`(DSLU) A licensed
`Downstream Load Utility
`program that uses the communication network man-
`agement (CNM) interface to support the load require-
`ments of certain type 2 physical units, such as the
`IBM 3644 Automatic Data Unit and the IBM 8775
`
`Display Terminal.
`
`down time The time during which a functional unit
`cannot be used because of a fault within the functional
`
`unit or within the environment.
`
`(T)
`
`(A)
`
`downward reference In an overlay structure, a refer-
`enoe made from a segment to a segment lower in the
`path;
`that is, farther from the root segment.
`
`DP Data processing.
`
`DPA Display/printer adapter.
`
`DPAGE Device page.
`
`DPCX Distributed Processing Control Executive.
`
`DPCX host support In the 8100 Information System,
`a set of programs and data at the host system that
`Serve as the system control program. Program vali-
`datron services (PVS), batch data exchange services
`
`DPPX Distributed Processing Programming Execu-
`tive.
`
`DPPX/Base An IBM licensed program that schedules
`and supervises execution of programs written for 8100
`Information System processing. DPPX Base -
`I/O control, storage management, data in
`execution scheduling, application developme
`and related services.
`
`DPPX Distributed Presentation Services An IBM
`
`licensed program that provides services for full-screen
`formatting of display terminals.
`
`DPPX/DPS DPPX Distributed Presentation Services.
`
`DPPX/DTMS DPPX Data Base
`
`and Transaction
`
`Management System. An IBM licensed program that
`provides database and transaction processing services
`in an IBM 8100 Information System processor.
`DPPX/DTMS operates in its own environment under
`control of the Distributed Processing Programming
`Executive (DPPX/Base) licensed program.
`
`DPPX/DTMS system data set A data set used by
`DPPX/DTMS to manage and control transactions and
`databases. The DPPX/DTMS system data sets are the
`recovery data set, reset information data set, pending
`request outboard data set, audit file, transaction profile
`library, and database profile library.
`
`IBM licensed
`DPPX FORTRAN Compiler An
`program that compiles DPPX FORTRAN programs.
`
`IBM licensed
`DPPX FORTRAN Library An
`program that makes
`intrinsic
`function
`routines;
`service subroutines;
`internal services for arithmetic,
`input/output, and other operations;
`and software
`floating-point routines that simulate hardware floating-
`point available to a DPPX FORTRAN program.
`
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`serially reusable resource (SR)
`[612]
`serviceability
`
`serially reusable resource (SRR) A logical resource
`or object that can be accessed by one task at a time.
`
`serially shared resource In ACF/'I‘CAM, a resource
`that is defined to more than one host node but can be
`
`Serially
`owned by only one host node at a time.
`shared resources can be binary synchronous or start-
`stop lines or stations, physical units (PUs), or logical
`units (LUs). See also concurrently shared resource.
`
`serial interchange node search A search request for
`a specific target sent sequentially to each interchange
`node in an APPN network.
`
`serial networks A group of SNA networks connected
`in series by gateways.
`
`serial number An integer denoting the position of an
`item in a series. (I)
`(A)
`
`serial operation (1) Pertaining to the sequential or
`consecutive execution of two or more operations in a
`single device
`such as
`an arithmetic
`and logic
`unit. (A)
`(2) Deprecated term for sequential opera-
`tion.
`(3) Contrast with parallel operation.
`
`serial-parallel converter Synonym for staticizer.
`
`(T)
`
`serial port An access point through which a computer
`transmits or receives data, one bit at a time. Contrast
`with parallel port.
`
`serial printer Synonym for character printer.
`
`serial processing (1) Pertaining to sequential or con-
`secutive execution of two or more processes in a
`single device,
`such as
`a
`channel or processing
`unit. (A)
`(2) Contrast with parallel processing.
`
`serial search A search in which the members of a set
`
`are consecutively examined, beginning with the first
`member and ending with the last.
`
`serial sort A sort that requires only sequential access
`to the items in a set. A serial sort can be performed
`using only serial access storage devices. (A)
`
`serial terminal A terminal that transmits elements of
`
`a signal one after the other. Contrast with parallel ter-
`minal.
`
`serial-to-parallel converter Synonym for deserializer.
`
`serial transfer A transfer of data in which elements
`
`are transferred in succession over a single line.
`
`transmission
`transmission (1) The sequential
`serial
`of the signal elements of a group representing a char-
`acter or other entity of data. (I)
`(2) In data commu-
`nication, transmission at successive intervals of signal
`
`elements constituting the same telegraph or data
`signal. The sequential elements may be transmitted
`with or without interruption, provided that they are not
`transmitted simultaneously;
`for example,
`telegraph
`transmission
`by
`a
`time
`divided channel. (A)
`(3) Contrast with parallel transmission.
`
`serveability The ability of a service to be obtained,
`within specified tolerances and other given conditions,
`when requested by the user and continue to be pro-
`vided for a requested duration. (T)
`
`server (1) A functional unit that provides shared ser-
`vices to workstations over a network;
`for example, a
`file server, a print server, a mail server. (T)
`(2) In
`a network, a data station that provides facilities to
`other stations;
`for example, a file server, a print
`server, a mail server. (A)
`(3) In the AIX operating
`system, an application program that usually runs in the
`background and is controlled by the system program
`controller.
`(4) In AIX Enhanced X-Windows,
`a
`program that provides the basic windowing mech-
`anism.
`It handles interprocess communication (IPC)
`connections
`from clients,
`demultiplexes
`graphics
`requests onto screens, and multiplexes input back to
`clients.
`(5) See name server.
`(6) In TCP/IP, a
`system in a network that handles the requests of a
`system at another site, called a client-server.
`
`the
`server grabbing In the AIX operating system,
`action of a client seizing the server for exclusive use
`to prevent processing requests from other client con-
`nections until the grab is complete. This is typically a
`transient state for such things as rubber-banding and
`pop-up menus or to run requests indivisibly.
`See
`button grabbing, key grabbing, keyboard grabbing,
`pointer grabbing. See also active grab, passive grab.
`
`server workstation In the NetView Graphic Monitor
`Facility, a workstation with the graphic data sewer.
`This workstation uses the graphic monitor and the
`view administrator for administrative functions. The
`server workstation sends status information to client
`workstations over an LU 6.2 session.
`
`service (1) In Open Systems Interconnection architec-
`ture, a capability of a given layer and the layers below
`it
`that
`is provided to the next higher layer.
`The
`service of a given layer is provided at the boundary
`between this layer and the next higher layer. (T)
`(2) A customer-related or product-related business
`function such as design/manufacturing error correction.
`installation planning, maintenance, customer education.
`or programming assistance.
`(3) The common-carrier
`facilities provided to meet customers’ data trans-
`mission requirements;
`for example, telephone service.
`
`capability to perform effective
`serviceability The
`problem determination, diagnosis, and repair on a data
`processing system.
`
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`update script
`
`[722]
`
`user account
`
`update script In the AIX operating system, a shell
`procedure or executable file created by the developer
`of an application program to update a program. The
`script file must follow specific guidelines in order to
`be compatible with the program update tools that are
`provided in the operating system.
`
`update transaction In IMSNS, a transaction in a
`system with the DC feature with capabilities
`for
`updating a database. Update transactions are recover-
`able.
`
`upgrade set In VSAM, all of the alternate indexes
`that are to be updated whenever there is a change to
`the data component of the related base cluster.
`
`upline Pertaining to the direction opposite to the
`direction of transmission. Contrast with downline.
`
`uplink Pertaining to data transmission from a data
`station to the headend. (T) Contrast with downlink.
`
`upload (1) To transfer programs or data from a con-
`nected device,
`typically a personal computer,
`to a
`computer with greater resources. (T)
`(2) To transfer
`data from a device, such as a workstation or a micro-
`computer,
`to a computer. Contrast with download.
`See also terminal emulation.
`
`letters, as distin-
`uppercase Pertaining to the capital
`guished from the small letters;
`for example, A, B, G,
`rather than a, b, g.
`
`upper curtate The adjacent card rows at the top of a
`punch card. (A)
`
`upper letter row On a keyboard, the top letter row.
`Synonymous with row D.
`See lower
`letter
`row,
`middle letter row. See also numeric row.
`
`upper print line On a display screen, the line through
`the upper 50-percent luminance contour of the highest
`row of pels of the uppercase character matrix. Con-
`trast with lower print line.
`
`UPS Uninterruptible power supply.
`
`upside-down portrait A page orientation such that
`the top of the printed image is at the trailing edge of
`the paper as it emerges from the printer.
`
`limiting upward
`upstop (1) A mechanical device
`motion of a movable part.
`(2) A physical part,
`usually nonmovable, used to limit or stop the upward
`travel of the armature in an electromechanical device
`
`such as a relay.
`
`(3) 1,,
`processor from an attached unit or end user.
`the direction toward a host computer or toward a host
`system.
`(4) Contrast with downstream.
`
`upstream device For the IBM 3710 Network Con-
`troller, a device located in a network so that
`the
`device is positioned between the 3710 and a host. A
`communication controller upstream from the 3710 is
`an example of an upstream device. Contrast with
`downstream device.
`
`operable
`uptime (1) Synonym for
`(2) Deprecated term for available time.
`for operating time.
`
`time. (T)
`(3) Synonym
`
`upward compatibility The capability of a computer
`to execute programs written for another computer
`without major alteration, but not vice versa.
`
`upward reference In overlay, a reference made from
`a segment to another segment higher in the same path,
`that is, closer to the root segment.
`
`URC Unit reference code.
`
`US The unit separator character. (A)
`
`usability The quality of a system, program, or device
`that enables it
`to be easily understood and conven-
`iently employed by a user. See also utility.
`
`usability test A test to determine whether an imple-
`mented system fulfills its functional purpose as deter-
`mined by its users. Synonymous with fitness-for-use
`test. (T)
`
`usable area (1) In the 3270 Information Display
`System, the area on a display surface that can be used
`to display data, (2) In the 3270 Information Display
`System, data in a query reply structured field that
`defines the size and characteristics of the screen avail-
`
`able for defining viewports.
`
`an object
`use authority In the AS/400 system,
`authority that allows the user to run a program or to
`display the contents of a file. Use authority combines
`object operational authority, read authority.
`
`user (1) A person who requires the services of a
`computing system.
`(2) Any person or any thing that
`may issue or receive commands and messages to of
`from the
`information
`processing
`system.
`('1')
`(3) Anyone who requires the services of a computing
`system.
`See also end user, multiuser, terminal user-
`(4) In the AIX operating system, the name associated
`with an account.
`See privileged user.
`(5) Contml
`with customer.
`
`upstream (1) In the direction opposite to data flow or
`toward the source of transmission.
`(2) Toward the
`
`user account See account.
`
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