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`AP-1006.001
`
`
`
`
`

`
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright© 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Control Number: 2002019714
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa(cid:173)
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput@microsoft.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, Directlnput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, IntelliEye,
`lntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual lnterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. XOS-41929
`
`AP-1006.002
`
`

`
`CGM
`
`Web page, including such features as providing a form that
`users can fill out, image maps that contain links to other
`Web pages or resources, and links that users can click on to
`send e-mail to a specified address. ActiveX controls and
`Java applets can provide much the same functionality as
`CGI scripts, through different means. See also CGI (defini(cid:173)
`tion I), cgi-bin, image map, Perl. Compare ActiveX con(cid:173)
`trol, Java applet.
`CGM n. Se,e Computer Graphics Metafile.
`chad 11. The paper removed when a hole is punched in a
`card, in a tape, or at the perforated edge of continuous-form
`paper-the computer equivalent of a doughnut hole.
`
`chaining n. 1. In computers, the linking of two or more
`entities so that they are dependent upon one another for
`operation. 2. In programming, the linking of two or more
`programs so that the first program causes the second pro(cid:173)
`gram to begin executing. J. In programming, linking pro(cid:173)
`gram statements so that each statement, except for the
`first, relies on the previous statement for input. 4. With
`batch files, linking two or more batch files so that the
`completion of the first batch file causes the second batch
`file to begin executing. 5. With data storage, linking two
`or more individual units of storage. ror example, a single
`file on a disk may actually be stored on several different
`sectors of the disk, each of which points to the next sector
`containing a piece of that file. These sectors are said to be
`chained together, or, more literally, to be a chain of clus(cid:173)
`ters. 6. See daisy chaining.
`
`chain printer n. See line printer.
`
`chalkware 11. See vaporware.
`
`Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol 11. An
`authentication scheme used by PPP servers to validate the
`identity of the originator of a connection, upon connection
`or any time later. Acronym: CHAP. See also authentica(cid:173)
`tion, PPP.
`
`change directory n. See ed.
`
`change file 11. A file that records transactional changes
`occurring in a database, providing a basis for updating a
`master file and establishing an audit trail. Also called:
`transaction log. See also addition record.
`
`change management 11. 1. The process of tracking and
`controlling updates, revisions, and other changes to a
`hardware or software product or project. 2. The process of
`managing change during a company's restructuring or
`reengineering.
`
`channel 11. 1. A path or link through which information
`passes between two devices. A channel can be either int
`.
`2 I
`.
`er.
`nal or external to a trncrocomputer.
`. n commumcation
`a medium for transferring information. Depending on itss,
`type, a communications channel can carry information
`(data, sound, and/or video) in either analog or digital fonn
`A communications channel can be a physical link, such a~
`the cable connecting two stations in a network, or it can
`consist of some electromagnetic transmission on one or
`more frequencies within a bandwidth in the electromag(cid:173)
`netic spectrum, as in radio and television, or in optical,
`microwave, or voice-grade communication. Also called:
`circuit, line. See also analog, band, bandwidth, digital,
`electromagnetic spectrum, frequency. J. A single color
`within a digital color space. For example, the RGB color
`space contains three channels-red, green, and blue-and
`all colors within the RGB color space are created with a
`combination of one or more of those three color channels.
`In CMYK there are four channels-cyan, magenta, yel(cid:173)
`low, and black. Color management and graphics applica(cid:173)
`tions rely on control and manipulation of individual color
`channels. See also color space.
`channel access n. 1. A method used in networked sys(cid:173)
`tems to gain access to the data communication channel
`that links two or more computers. Common methods of
`channel access are contention, polling, and the token ring
`network. See also channel, contention, polling, token ring
`network. 2. In wireless technology, an access method such
`as CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). See also
`Code Division Multiple Access.
`
`channel adapter 11. A device that enables"1ardware
`using two different types of communications channels to
`communicate.
`
`channel aggregator 11. See content aggregator.
`
`channel capacity 11. The speed at which a communica(cid:173)
`tions channel can transfer information, measurell! in bits
`per second (bps) or in baud.
`
`Channel Definition Format n. A file format based on
`XML that describes a channel-a collection of Web
`pages-on a server. The Channel Definition rormat is
`used with the Active Channel feature in Microsoft Internet
`Explorer to deliver selected, often personalized, informa(cid:173)
`tion to individuals on a subscription basis. See also Active
`Channel, webcasting.
`channel hop vb. To switch repeatedly from one !RC
`channel to another. See also IRC.
`
`94
`
`AP-1006.003
`
`

`
`CPM.
`
`for microcomputers based on Intel microprocessors. The
`first system, CP/M-80, was the most popular operating
`system for 8080- and Z80-based microcomputers. Digital
`Research also developed CP/M-86 for 8086/8088-based
`computers, CP/M-Z8000 for Zilog Z8000-based comput(cid:173)
`ers, and CP/M-68K for Motorola 68000-based computers.
`When the IBM PC and MS-DOS were introduced, com(cid:173)
`mon use of CP/M by end users dwindled. ORI continues to
`enhance the CP/M line, supporting multitasking with the
`Concurrent CP/M and MP/M products. See also MP/M.
`CPM 11. See critical path method.
`CPRM 11. Acronym for Content Protection for Record(cid:173)
`able Media. Technology developed to control the use of
`copyrighted digital music and video material by blocking
`the transfer of protected files to pottable media such as zip
`disks and smart cards. CPRM would be added to storage
`devices and provide data scrambling and identification
`codes to block the copying of copyrighted files.
`
`cps 11. See characters per second.
`CPSR 11. Acronym for Computer Professionals for Social
`Responsibility. A public advocacy organization of com(cid:173)
`puter professionals. CPSR was originally formed out of
`concern over the use of computer technology for military
`purposes but has extended its interest to such issues as
`civil liberties and the effect of computers on workers.
`
`CPU 11. Acronym for central processing unit. The compu(cid:173)
`tational and control unit of a computer. The CPU is the
`device that interprets and executes instructions. Main(cid:173)
`frames and early minicomputers contained circuit boards
`full of integrated circuits that implemented the CPU. Sin(cid:173)
`gle-chip central processing units, called microprocessors,
`made possible personal computers and workstations.
`Examples of single-chip CPL's are the Motorola 68000,
`68020, and 68030 chips and the Intel 8080, 8086, 80286,
`80386, and i486 chips. The CPU-or microprocessor, in
`the case of a microcomputer-has the ability to fetch,
`decode, and execute instructions and to transfer informa(cid:173)
`tion to and from other resources over the computer's main
`data-transfer path, the bus. By definition, the CPU is the
`chip that functions as the "brain" of a computer. In some
`instances, however, the term encompasses both the proces(cid:173)
`sor and the computer's memory or, even more broadly, the
`main computer console (as opposed to peripheral equip(cid:173)
`ment). See the illustration. See also microprocessor.
`
`CPU.
`
`CPU-bound adj. See computation-bound.
`
`CPU cache 11. A section of fast memory 1 inking the CPU
`(central processing unit) and main memory that tempo(cid:173)
`rarily stores data and instructions the CPU needs to exe(cid:173)
`cute upcoming commands and programs. Considerably
`faster than main memory, the CPU cache contains data
`that is transferred in blocks, thereby speeding execution.
`The system anticipates the data it will need through algo(cid:173)
`rithms. Also called: cache memory, memory cache. See
`also cache, CPU, VCACHE.
`CPU cycle 11. 1. The smallest unit of time recognized by
`the CPU (central processing unit)-typically a few hun(cid:173)
`dred-millionths of a second. 2. The time required for the
`CPL' to perform the simplest instruction, such as fetching
`the contents of a register or performing a no-operation
`instruction (NOP). Also called: clock tick.
`
`CPU fan 11. An electric fan usually placed directly on a
`CPU (central processing unit) or on the CPU's heat sink to
`help dissipate heat from the chip by circulating air around
`it. See also CPU, heat sink.
`
`CPU speed n. A relative measure of the data-processing
`capacity of a particular CPU (central processing unit),
`usually measured in megahertz. See also CPU.
`
`CPU time n. In multiprocessing, the amount of time dur(cid:173)
`ing which a particular process has active control of the CPU
`(central processing unit). See also CPU, multiproc~ssing.
`CR 11. See carriage return.
`crack vb. 1. To gain unauthorized access to a network by
`breaching its security. 2. To decipher encrypted information.
`cracker 11. A person who overcomes the security mea(cid:173)
`sures of a computer system and gains unauthorized access.
`The goal of some crackers is to obtain information ille-
`
`132
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`AP-1006.004
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`

`
`on line transaction processing n. See OL TP.
`
`on-screen keyboard n. An interactive keyboard that
`appears as a graphical image on the display screen of a
`computing device. A user spells words by tapping the let(cid:173)
`ters on the screen with a stylus. On-screen keyboards
`appear primarily on personal digital assistants (PDAs) and
`other handheld computing devices that are too small to
`contain a traditional keyboard.
`on tl\e fly adv. Doing a task or process as needed without
`suspending or disturbing normal operations. For example,
`it is often said that an HTML document can be edited on
`the fly because its content can be revised without the need
`to completely shut down or re-create the Web site on
`~which it resides. See also HTML document, Web site.
`00 adj See object-oriented.
`OOP n. See object-oriented programming.
`OPA n. Acronym for Online Privacy Alliance. An organi(cid:173)
`zation of over eighty Internet companies and trade associ(cid:173)
`ations created to be the voice of the industry on digital
`privacy issues. The OPA stresses the need for consumer
`trust and encourages online businesses to post privacy pol(cid:173)
`icies. The OPA created a set of guidelines for privacy poli(cid:173)
`cies that have become the industry standard.
`
`opacity n. The quality that defines how much light passes
`through an object's pixels. If an object is 100 percent
`opaque, no light passes through it.
`
`opcode n. See operation code.
`open1 adj. Of, pertaining to, or providing accessibility.
`For example, an open file is one that can be used because a
`program has issued an open file command to the operating
`system.
`open2 vb. To make an object, such as a file, accessible.
`Open Applications Group, Inc. n. See OAGI.
`open architecture n. 1. Any computer or peripheral
`design that has published specifications. A published
`specification lets third parties develop add-on hardware
`for a computer or device. Compare closed architecture
`(definition I). 2. A design that provides for expansion
`slots on the motherboard, thereby allowing the addition of
`boards to enhance or customize a system. Compare closed
`architecture (definition 2).
`OpenCyc n. An open source artificial intelligence plat(cid:173)
`form. OpenCyc forms the foundation of knowledge(cid:173)
`dependent applications such as speech understanding,
`
`Open Profiling Standard
`
`database integration, and e-mail routing and prioritizing.
`OpenCyc development is administered through Open(cid:173)
`Cyc.org.
`Open Data-link Interface n. See ODI.
`
`OpenDoc n. An object-oriented application program(cid:173)
`ming interface (AP!) that enables multiple independent
`programs (component software) on several platforms to
`work together on a single document (compound docu(cid:173)
`ment). Similar to OLE, OpenDoc allows images, sound,
`video, other documents, and other files to be embedded or
`linked to the document. OpenDoc is suppo1ted by an alli(cid:173)
`ance that includes Apple, IBM, the Object Management
`Group, and the X Consortium. See also application pro(cid:173)
`gramming interface, component software. Compare
`ActiveX, OLE.
`Open Document Management API n. See ODMA.
`
`open file n. A file that can be read from, written to, or
`both. A program must first open a file before the file's
`contents can be used, and it must close the file when done.
`See also open2.
`
`Open Financial Connectivity n. The Microsoft specifi(cid:173)
`cation for an interface between electronic banking ser(cid:173)
`vices and Microsoft Money personal finance software.
`Acronym: OFC.
`OpenGL n. An industry standard application program(cid:173)
`ming interface (AP!) for 3D graphics rendering and 3D
`hardware acceleration. OpenGL is cross-platform and is . . . ,
`~
`available for all major operating systems.
`
`Open Group n. A consortium of computer hardware and
`software manufacturers and users from industry, govern-
`ment, and academia that is dedicated to the advancement
`of multi-vendor information systems. The Open Group
`was formed in 1996 as a consolidation of the Open Soft-
`ware Foundation and X/Open Company Limited.
`
`OpenMPEG Consortium n. An international organiza-
`tion of hardware and software developers for promoting
`the use of the MPEG standards. Acronym: OM-I. See also
`MPEG.
`
`Open Prepress Interface n. See OPI.
`
`Open Profiling Standard n. An Internet personalization
`and privacy specification submitted for consideration to
`the World W:ide Web Consortium by Netscape Communi(cid:173)
`cations Corporation, Firefly Network, Inc., and VeriSign,
`Inc. Open Profiling Standard (OPS) enables users to cus(cid:173)
`tomize online services while protecting their privacy. To
`
`377
`
`AP-1006.005
`
`

`
`serial port adapter
`
`.Server Message Bloc.~
`
`serial port adapter fl. An interface card or device that
`either provides a serial port or converts a serial port to
`another use. See also adapter, serial port.
`
`serial printer 11. A printer connected to the computer via
`a serial interface (commonly RS-232-C or compatible).
`Connectors for this type of printer vary widely, which is
`one reason they are less popular than parallel printers
`among those who use IBM and IBM-compatible PCs.
`Serial printers are standard for Apple computers. See also
`DB connector, serial, serial transmission. Compare paral(cid:173)
`lel printer.
`
`serial processing 11. See sequential processing (defini(cid:173)
`tion 2).
`
`Serial Storage Architecture 11. See SSA.
`serial transmission fl. The transfer of discrete signals
`one after another. In communications and data transfer,
`serial transmission involves sending information over a
`single line one bit at a time, as in modem-to-modem con(cid:173)
`nections. Compare parallel transmission.
`series circuit n. A circuit in which two or more compo(cid:173)
`nents are linked in series. All the current passes through
`each component in a series circuit, but the voltage is
`divided among the components. See the illustration. Com(cid:173)
`pare parallel circuit.
`
`Series circuit.
`
`serifl adj. Marked by the use of serifs. For example,
`Goudy is a serif typeface, whereas Helvetica is a sans serif
`typeface. See the illustration. See also serit'2. 'Compare
`sans serif.
`
`ABC
`ABC
`
`v
`
`Serifs
`
`Serif. A serif typeface (trJp) and a sans serif type.face (bo110111).
`
`serif2 11. Any of the short lines or ornaments at the ends of
`the strokes that form a typeface character.
`
`server n. 1. On a local area network (LAN), a comput .
`running administrative software that controls access t ehi Ot e
`network and its resources, such as printers and disk driv
`es,
`'d
`f'
`.
`d
`an . prov1 es resources to computers unct1oning as work.
`stations on the network. 2. On the Internet or other net(cid:173)
`work, a computer or program that responds to command
`from a client. For example, a file server may contain an s
`archive of data or program files; when a client submits a
`request for a file, the server transfers a copy of the file to
`th~ client. See als~ application server ~definitions I and 2),
`client/server architecture. Compare client (definition 3).
`
`server appliance n. A device designed to deliver one or
`more specific network services in a single turnkey pack(cid:173)
`age that includes both hardware and software. All neces(cid:173)
`sary programs are preinstalled on a server appliance,
`which has minimal, simplified options and controls.
`Server appliances can be used to complement or replace
`traditional servers on a network and can provide such ser(cid:173)
`vices as file and printer sharing and Internet connectivity.
`Also called: appliance. See also information appliance.
`
`server-based application n. A program that is shared
`over a network. The program is stored on the network
`server and can be used at more than one client machine at
`a time.
`
`server cluster fl. A group of independent computer sys(cid:173)
`tems, known as nodes, working together as a single system
`to ensure that mission-critical applications and resources
`remain available to clients. A server cluster is the type of
`cluster that Cluster service implements. See also cluster.
`
`server control n. See ASP.NET server control.
`
`server error n. A failure to complete a request for infor(cid:173)
`mation through HTTP that results from an error at the
`server rather than an error by the client or the user. Server
`errors are indicated by HTTP status codes beginning with
`5. See also HTTP, HTTP status codes.
`server farm n. A centralized grouping of network servers
`maintained by an enterprise or, often, an Internet service
`provider (ISP). A server farm provides a network with
`load balancing, scalability, and fault tolerance. lndividuaf
`servers may be connected in such a way that they appear
`to represent a single resource.
`
`serverlet n. See servlet.
`
`Server Message Block fl. See SMB.
`
`474
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`AP-1006.006