United States Patent
`
`[19]
`
`Amano et al.
`
`[11]
`
`[45]
`
`Patent Number:
`
`Date of Patent:
`
`6,030,342
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
`US006030342A
`
`DEVICE FOR MEASURING CALORIE
`EXPENDITURE AND DEVICE FOR
`MEASURING BODY TEMPERATURE
`
`Inventors: Kazuhiko Amano, Snwa; Kazuo
`Uebaba, Yokohama; Hitoshi Ishiyama,
`Toride, all of Japan
`
`Assignee: Seiko Epson Corporation, Tokyo,
`Japan
`
`Appl. No.:
`PCT Filed:
`
`09/011,554
`
`Jun. 12, 1997
`
`PCT No.:
`
`PCT/JP97/02029
`
`§371 Date:
`
`Feb. 9, 1998
`
`§ 102(e) Date: Feb. 9, 1998
`PCT Pub. No.: W097/47239
`
`[87]
`
`PCT Pub. Date: Dec. 18, 1997
`
`[30]
`Foreign Application Priority Data
`.................... 8—151378
`Jun. 12, 1996
`[JP]
`Japan
`. 8—309749
`Nov. 20, 1996
`[JP]
`Japan .
`.................... 9—127648
`May 16, 1997
`[JP]
`Japan
`
`[51]
`[52]
`
`I581
`
`[56]
`
`I11t. CL7
`U.S. Cl.
`
`.................. A61B 5/02; A61B 5/00
`600/301; 600/500; 600/503;
`600/549; 702/131
`Field of Search ................................... .. 600/483, 485,
`600/500, 502, 503, 300, 301, 481, 549;
`702/130, 131
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`5,509,422
`1513353
`
`4/1996 Fukami
`..
`5/1996 Myllymaki
`FOREIGN PAl']:N T D()CUM]:N TS
`
`............... .. 600/483
`600/483
`
`5462878
`2—80029
`4-253839
`6—10144
`6—142087
`8-5211‘)
`8—80287
`8—126632
`8-131 425
`
`5/1979
`3/1990
`9/1992
`1/1994
`5/1994
`2/1996
`3/1996
`5/1996
`5/1996
`
`Japan .
`Japan .
`Japan .
`Japan .
`Japan .
`Japan .
`Japan .
`Japan .
`Japan .
`
`Primary Examiner4Iary O’Connor
`Assistant Examt'ner—Navin Natnithithadha
`Attorney, Agent, or 1"irm—]:'ric B. J anofsky
`
`[57]
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`In order to obtain calorie expenditure with good accuracy,
`the device is provided with a basal metabolic state specify-
`ing element (142) which specifies the subject’s basal meta-
`bolic state from his body temperature; a correlation storing
`element (151) which stores respective regression formulas
`showing the correlation between the pulse rate and the
`calorie expenditure when the subject is at rest or active; a
`correlation correcting element (152) which correcting the
`stored regression formulas using the basal metabolic state; a
`body motion determining element (104) which determines
`Whether or not the subject is at rest; and a regression formula
`selecting element (153) which selects the regression formula
`Which should be used in accordance with the results of this
`determination. The subject’s pulse rate is applied in the
`selected regression formula, and the calorie expenditure
`corresponding to this pulse rate is calculated by calorie
`expenditure calculator (162).
`
`4,090,504
`
`5/1978 Nathan .................................. .. 600/483
`
`36 Claims, 34 Drawing Sheets
`
`BODY MOTION
`SIGNAL
`A D
`IO2
`CONVERTER
`
`[FT
`PROCESSOR
`
`-103
`
`>104
`
`:1
`:||' 1:
`DETERMINING
`ELEMENT
`aonv
`MOTION
`PRESENT?
`.
`
`.
`,,
`.
`.
`FORMULA
`1
`SELECTING
`'
`ELEMENT
`I
`|_. . . _ _ , W , _ . _ ___I
`’
`
`0P1“:
`
`:n'
`TENPERATUTE
`P L
`1
`RATE
`153
`.
`——J
`I61
`
`PULSE WAVE
`SIGNAL
`A D
`1
`1 2
`CONVERTER
`
`FT
`PROCESSOR
`
`PUL E RAT
`CALCULATOR
`
`_113
`
`0'’
`
`114
`
`TEMPERATURE
`R
`BODY TEMPERATURE
`SIGNAL
`122
`
`CONVERTER
`BODY
`TEMPERATURE
`
`141
`ll
`INFORMATION
`RECORD I NC
`[
`H
`142
`It (131
`—
`I
`1
`:-
`1
`-
`-
`}—|!fi§h!!Efi|
`1::
`3
`sma SPECIFYING — METABOLISM ~74 —
`ELEMENT
`CALCULATOR
`
`170
`
`PULSE RATE
`BASAL
`AT BASAL
`METABOLISM
`METABOLIC STATE
`1 52
`ORRELAT I ON CORRECTING ELENEN
`151
`
`CR LATIN RE ORDING ELEMENT
`REGRESSION
`Z PULSE RATEV
`E9BM9LA—1NE93M5TJ§91-
`OXYGEN INTAKE !UANT|TY CALCULATOR
`OXYGEN INTAKE UANTITY
`CALORIE EXPENDITURE CALCULATOR
`
`164*} 7
`NVTVIPYINO ELEMENT |-— —————————————————————————— --
`
`[
`
`u-1II11-111111
`
`5..,
`4.
`E.51
`:.
`_I
`
`FITBIT EXHIBIT 1004
`
`Page 1 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
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`
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`
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`
`6,030,342
`
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`
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`
`Page 3 of 54
`
`Page 3 of 54
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
`Sheet 3 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`SW2
`
`SW1
`
`Ps2
`
`Ps4
`
` 301 T5‘
`
`T52
`
`T34
`
`T36
`
`FIG. 3B
`
`300
`
`205: DISPLAY
`
`
`
`Page4-0f54
`
`Page 4 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
`Sheet 4 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG. 4A
`
`Page 5 of 54
`
`Page 5 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
`Sheet 5 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG. 5
`
`/g
`
`mo:A...
`
`
`
`I
`
`/ 7 ‘3
`65-1
`68—1\
`I
`
`67-
`
`31
`
` SWITCHING
`
`CIRCUIT
`
`Page 6 of 54
`
`Page 6 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
`Sheet 6 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG. 7
`
`FIG. 8
`
`O L’
`‘I '
`
`Pn
`
`Pn+1
`
`21
`
`0:
`
`Page 7 of 54
`
`Page 7 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
`Sheet 7 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG. 9
`
`Page 8 of 54
`
`Page 8 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
`Sheet 8 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FEICE. 1()/\
`
`
`
`E
`<
`27:
`3
`:3
`<1:
`
`2
`.4
`:5
`33
`I
`
`LINEAR RECRESSIOM
`WHEN SUBJECT
`ACTIvE
`
`LINEAR REGRESSION WHEN
`SUBJECT AT REST
`
`;;,E
`;§
`2.3
`g——
`G2’;
`BBS
`EELULEI
`"—-
`
`53
`$323
`Z§‘”
`
`BASAL
`METABOLISM
`
`_,
`
`OXYGENINTAKEQUANTITY(CALORIE
`
`
`EXPENDITURE)
`
`[ml/min]
`
`BASAL
`METABOLISM
`
`_,
`
`PULSE RATE [beats/min]
`
`F=IC3. 1()E3
`IAFTER CORRECTION Mhé'IE§‘5BIE‘é’IEiEI?IE
`
`TE
`
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`
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`
`BEFORE
`
`)
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`
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`BASALMETABOLICSTATE
`
`
`
`IAFTERCORRECTION)
`
`
`
`BASALMETABOLICSTA(BEFORE
`CORRECTI
`
`
`
`(AFTER CORRECTION)
`
`LINEAR REGRESSION WHEN
`SUBJECT AT REST
`
`I\IBEFORE CORRECTION)
`
`PULSE RATE
`
`[beats/min]
`
`Page 9 of 54
`
`Page 9 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
`Sheet 9 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`61218mm; FIG.11D
`
`’W|NTER
`
`FIG.11B
`
`SUMMER
`
`39
`
`38
`
`37
`
`36
`
`39
`
`(Do) 3HniVH3dW3l TVIOHH
`
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`
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`
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`FIG.11A
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`Page]()0f54
`
`Page 10 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
`Sheet 10 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG. 12
`
`
`STANDARD BASAL METABOLIC VALUES
`
`
`PER UNIT BODY AREA (kcal/m2/hour)
`__—
`FEMALE
`MALE
`(yea rs)
`AGE
`--
`48.7
`48.4
`
`
`
`_——_
`
`Page 11 of 54
`
`54.0
`51.6
`
`—9.3
`
`I
`
`Page 11 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29,2000
`
`Sheet 11 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG.13
`
` RADIAL
` TOWARDTHEHEART
`STYLOID
`
`Page 12 of 54
`
`Page 12 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29,2000
`
`Sheet 12 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG. 14A
`
`WHEN DRY
`
`=>TOWARD HEART
`I 10mm I
`
`
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`
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`
`/ \
`
`.
`
`AT RADIAL ARTERY
`
`AT ULNAR ARTERY
`
`FIG. 1413
`AFTER IMMERSING IN WATER
`
`RADIAL STYLOID PROCESS
`
`I 10mm '
`
`IDTOWARD HEART
`
`
`
`AT RADIAL ARTERY
`
`AT ULNAR ARTERY
`
`K I
`I
`
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`
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`
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`
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`
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`
`PageiK30f54
`
`Page 13 of 54
`
`

`
`U.
`
`6,030,342
`
`
`
`
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`Page 14 of 54
`
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`
`Page 14 of 54
`
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
`Sheet 14 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG. 16
`
`ARTERY
`
`ARTERIOLE
`
`CAPILLARY VESSELS
`
`Page 15 of 54
`
`
`
`VENULE
`
`VEIN
`
`Page 15 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29,2000
`
`Sheet 15 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG. 17
`
`INTERRUPT
`PROCESSING (0
`
`PULSE RATE DETECTION
`
`BODY MOTION
`
`No
`
`Sal
`
`Sa2
`
`PRESENT?
`
`Sa3
`
`PULSE RATE ABOVE
`
`No(4I
`
`
`
`
`
`THRESHOLD?
`
`
`
`SELECTION OF
`REGRESSION FORMULA
`
`FOR ACTIVE SUBJECT
`
`
`
`SELECTION OF
`
`REGRESSIONFORMULA
`
`FOR SUBJECT AT REST
`
`
`
`CALCULATION OF CALORIE
`EXPENDITURE B USING SELECTED
`
`REGRESSION FORMULA
`
`Sa7
`
`DISPLAY AND STORING OF
`CALCULATED CALORIE EXPENDITURE
`
`Sa8
`
`END
`
`Page](S0f54
`
`Page 16 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29,2000
`
`Sheet 16 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG. 18
`
`INTERRUPT
`PROCESSING (2)
`
`Sb]
`
`READ OUT AND SUMMING OF ALL CALORIE EXPENDITURE
`
`VALUES STORED FROM PREVIOUS INTERRUPT PROCESSING TO CURRENT INTERRUPT PROCESSING
`
`NOTICE OF SUMMED CALORIE
`EXPENDITURE VALUE
`
`'
`
`STORAGE OF SUMMED
`CALORIE EXPENDITURE VALUE
`
`READ OUT OF SPECIFIC NUMBER OF
`SUMMED VALUES STORED IN THE PAST
`
`NOTIFICATION OF CHANGE
`IN SUMMED VALUE OVER TIME
`
`TARGET VALUE SET?
`
`No
`
`Sb2
`
`Sb3
`
`Sb
`
`5
`
`Sb
`
`6
`
`Sb4
`
` Yes
`
`
`
`COMPARISON OF CURRENT
`SUMMED VALUE AND TARGET VALUE
`
`NOTIFICATION OF COMPARED RESULTS
`
`END
`
`PageiY70f54
`
`Page 17 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
`Sheet 17 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`F:|C3. 159
`
`-3700
`
`CALORIE
`
`-3400
`
`--
`
`-
`
`-
`
`EXPENDITURE
`kcal/day
`
`'3500
`
`-3500
`
`205: DISPLAY
`
`I:|C3.22C)
`
`TARGET VALUE
`[kcal/day]
`
`Y7
`
`F:|(3. 221
`
`TARGET VALUE
`[kcal/day]
`
`0
`
`
`
`Page 18 of 54
`
`Page 18 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29,2000
`
`Sheet 18 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG. 22
`
`
`
`WW
`
`ACHIEVEMENT
`RATE G
`
`FACE CHART
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Page 19 of 54
`
`Page 19 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
`Sheet 19 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`INTERRUPT PROCESSING (M
`
`FIG. 23
`
`Sc]
`
`TARGET VALUE SET?
`
`°
`
`Yes
`
`Sc
`
`2
`
`No
`
`Yes
`
`SC3
`
`TEMPé—TARGET VALUE
`
`DETECTION OF PULSE
`
`BODY MOTION PRESENT?
`
`SC4
`
`SE5
`,5/ N0
`
`Sc9
`
`SC6
`
`“°‘4)
`
`
`
`
`
`PULSE RATE ABOVE
`THRESHOLD?
`
`:0DY TEMPERATURE
`
`ABOVE THRESHOLD?
`
`SC8
`
`SELECTION OF REGRESSION
`FORMULA FOR ACTIVE SUBJECT
`
`SELECTION OF REGRESSION
`FORMULA FOR SUBJECT AT REST
`
`SC10
`
`CALCULATION OF CALORIE EXPENDITURE B
`USING SELECTED REGRESSION FORMULA
`
`TEMP+—TEMP-—B
`
`Sc11
`
`NOTIFICATION OF TEMP VALUE
`
`SC
`
`12
`
`IIEEHIEENI
`
`SC13
`
`Page 20 of 54
`
`Page 20 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29, 2000
`
`Sheet 20 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG. 24
`
`INTERRUPT
`PROCESSING I4I
`
`
`
`SdI
`
`Sd2
`
`COMPARISON OF TEMP VALUE
`
`AND TARGET VALUE
`
`NOTIFICATION OF
`
`COMPARISON RESULTS
`
`Sd3
`
`Page 21 of 54
`
`Page 21 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29,2000
`
`Sheet 21 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`
`
`FIG. 25B
`
`300
`
`205: DISPLAY
`
`
`
`Page 22 of 54
`
`Page 22 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29,2000
`
`Sheet 22 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG. 26
`
`
`
`Page 23 of 54
`
`Page 23 of 54
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent
`
`Feb. 29,2000
`
`Sheet 23 of 34
`
`6,030,342
`
`FIG. 27A
`
`/111
`
`I II I
`
`Page 24 of 54
`
`Page 24 of 54
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`U.S. Patent
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`Feb. 29, 2000
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`Sheet 24 of 34
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`6,030,342
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`FIG. 28
`
`(A/D CONVERTED)
`PULSE WAVE SIGNAL
`
`M”
`
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`
`MK”
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`
`FREQUENCY CORRECTOR
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`
`
`MKD'
`
`700
`
`300
`
`
`
`
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`U.S. Patent
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`Feb. 29,2000
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`Sheet 25 of 34
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`6,030,342
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`FIG. 30A
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`Page 26 of 54
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`Feb. 29,2000
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`Sheet 26 of 34
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`6,030,342
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`FIG. 31
`
`UPPER ARM
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`Page 27 of 54
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`H|%P JOINT
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`U.S. Patent
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`Feb. 29, 2000
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`Sheet 27 of 34
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`6,030,342
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`FIG. 32
`
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`U.S. Patent
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`Feb. 29,2000
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`Sheet 28 of 34
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`6,030,342
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`FIG. 34
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`Page 29 of 54
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`Page 29 of 54
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`U.S. Patent
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`Feb. 29, 2000
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`Sheet 29 of 34
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`6,030,342
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`FIG. 35
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`205
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`U.S. Patent
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`Feb. 29, 2000
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`Sheet 30 of 34
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`6,030,342
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`FIG. 36A
`
`
`
`FIG. 36B
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`73
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`Sheet 33 of 34
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`6,030,342
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`
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`2052: AREA
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`2051: AREA
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`205: DISPLAY
`
`FIG. 41
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`U.S. Patent
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`Feb. 29, 2000
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`Sheet 34 of 34
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`6,030,342
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`FIG. 42
`
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`OXYGEN INTAKE QUANTITY
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`
`160
`
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`
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`
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`Page 35 of 54
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`6,030,342
`
`1
`DEVICE FOR MEASURING CALORIE
`EXPENDITURE AND DEVICE FOR
`MEASURING BODY TEMPERATURE
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD
`
`The present invention relates to a calorie expenditure
`measuring device which can accurately measure the calorie
`expenditure by a subject regardless of whether the subject is
`resting or active, without being effected by such factors as
`the temperature of the surrounding environment, daily or
`annual fluctuations in the subject’s physical state, this device
`accordingly being useful in maintaining health. The present
`invention is further related to a body temperature measuring
`device suitably employed in the aforementioned calorie
`expenditure measuring device which can continuously mea-
`sure a body temperature which is as close as possible to the
`subject’s deep body temperature, and is therefore also useful
`in maintaining health.
`
`BACKGROUND ART
`
`In this time of abundant food, calorie expenditure during
`exercise or daily activities has been recognized as one
`important index for maintaining health. Accordingly,
`the
`determination of calories expended is very significant. The
`standard total number of calories expended daily may vary
`widely, from a minimum of 1,000 kcal for a 1-year old child
`to a maximum of 3,800 Kcal for a 17-year teenager.
`When measuring calorie expenditure, accuracy of within
`about 5% of the minimum value is considered necessary.
`Accordingly, the measurement error must be within 50 kcal.
`Calorie expenditure measuring devices, such as th at
`disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Hei 8-52119 for
`example, has been proposed as devices for measuring the
`body’s calorie expenditure. Such calorie expenditure mea-
`suring devices record the subject’s sex, age, height, body
`weight, body fat ratio, and other constants in advance, as
`well as a table of standard basal metabolism values per unit
`of surface area on the body. These devices also use formulas
`for calculating the calorie expenditure when the subject is at
`rest or
`is exercising. When measuring the calorie
`expenditure, the measured pulse rate value and each of the
`constants cited above are substituted into formulas accord-
`
`ing to whether the subject is resting or exercising. Calorie
`expenditure is then calculated by referring to the aforemen-
`tioned table of standard basal metabolism values.
`
`However, the conventional devices for measuring calories
`expended described above have the following problems.
`First, these conventional calorie expenditure measuring
`devices are provided with a comparison and determination
`device which determines the calculation formula to be used
`
`by comparing the measured pulse rat e and the “pulse rate
`threshold value (pulse rate when standing quietly)”.
`However, it is well known that the pulse rate may rise due
`to various factors, including stress. Thus, since these devices
`determine the calculation formula which will be used
`
`according to the pulse rate only, they cannot discriminate
`between whether an increase in the pulse rate is due to
`factors other than increased activity, such as stress, or
`because the subject is actually exercising. As a result, calorie
`expenditure may be incorrectly calculated.
`Second, in recent years it has come to be understood that
`there are a variety of physiological parameters, pulse rate
`included,
`that are subject
`to cyclical variation (daily,
`monthly or annually). For this reason, if the calculation of
`calorie expenditure is not corrected for this variation, then
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`the accuracy of the calculation is suspect. Conventional
`calorie expenditure measuring devices do not
`take into
`consideration the fact that pulse rate varies cyclically, so that
`accurate measurement of calorie expenditure is difficult.
`Thus, measurement accuracy of within 50 kcal as
`described above cannot be obtained using these conven-
`tional calorie expenditure measuring devices.
`DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION
`
`The present invention was conceived in consideration of
`the above-described circumstances, and has as its first objec-
`tive the provision of a calorie expenditure measuring device
`which can accurately discriminate between resting and
`active states, and which can calculate the calorie expenditure
`with high accuracy by taking into consideration physical and
`psychological effects as well as cyclical variation in the
`pulse rate.
`Further, the present invention has as its second objective
`the provision of a body temperature measuring device
`suitably employed in this calorie expenditure measuring
`device which continuously measures a body temperature
`which is as close as possible to the subject’s deep body
`temperature.
`In order to achieve the above stated first objective, the
`present invention is firstly characterized in the provision of
`a basal metabolic state specifying means for specifying the
`subject’s basal metabolic state; a correlation recording
`means for recording the correlation between the pulse rate
`and calorie expenditure; a correlation correcting means for
`correcting the correlation stored in the correlation storing
`means by using the basal metabolic state specified by the
`basal metabolic state specifying means; and a calorie cal-
`culating means for applying the subject’s pulse rate in the
`correlation stored in the correlation storing means, to cal-
`culate the calorie expenditure corresponding to this pulse
`rate.
`
`In order to achieve the aforementioned second objective,
`the present
`invention is secondly characterized with the
`provision of a pulse wave detecting means for detecting over
`a specific range the pulse pressure around a site at which the
`subject’s pulse is present; a temperature detecting means for
`detecting temperature, which is provided near the pulse
`wave detecting means; and a body temperature specifying
`means for specifying the temperature which was detected at
`the site at which the largest pulse pressure was detected from
`among the pulse pressures which were detected over the
`aforementioned specific region, as the body temperature.
`As a result of the first characteristic described above, it is
`possible to calculate the calorie expenditure per unit time
`with excellent accuracy since the subject’s psychological
`state, and of course his resting or active state, are taken into
`consideration. Further, it is also possible to more accurately
`determine calorie expenditure since monthly and annual
`fluctuations in the subject’s state are taken into consider-
`ation.
`
`Further, as a result of the above described second
`characteristic, the pulse pressure is detected over a specific
`area near where a pulse is present, and the temperature at the
`site where the pulse wave having the highest pressure within
`this area was detected is measured as the body temperature.
`As a result, it is possible to measure at the periphery a body
`temperature which is stable and is as close as possible to the
`deep body temperature. Moreover, once this measurement
`site is determined, continuous measurement
`is possible
`without any conscious recognition by the subject.
`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
`
`FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the functional structure
`of the calorie expenditure measuring device according to an
`embodiment of the present invention.
`
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`6,030,342
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`3
`FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the electrical structure
`of the same device.
`
`FIG. 3A is a bottom view showing the outer appearance
`of the same device; FIG.
`3B is a planar view thereof.
`FIG. 4A is a partial cross-section perspective view of a
`portion of this device in cross-section showing the structure
`of the device’s temperature sensor and pressure sensor;
`FIG. 4B is a transparent perspective view of this part in
`cross-section.
`
`FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing an enlargement
`of the connection between the elastic rubber in this pressure
`sensor and the semiconductor substrate.
`
`FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a design in which a
`bias circuit has been added to the pressure sensor.
`FIG. 7 is a slant transparent view of a portion in cross-
`section showing another structural example of the pressure
`sensor and temperature sensor.
`FIG. 8 is a view in cross-section of an essential
`
`component, provided for explaining the theory of pulse
`wave detection using this pressure sensor.
`FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the structure of the external
`devices which carries out
`the sending and receiving of
`information with the device.
`
`FIG. 10A shows the regression formulas for resting and
`active states which are used in the calculation of calorie
`
`expenditure in this device;
`FIG. 10B is a diagram provided for explaining the cor-
`rection of the regression formula in the device.
`FIGS. 11A—11D are graphs showing the daily change in
`the rectal
`temperature in several
`individuals during the
`spring, summer, winter and fall, respectively.
`FIG. 12 is a table showing the standard basal metabolic
`values per unit area of body determined separately according
`to age and sex.
`FIG. 13 shows the external appearance of the site at which
`measurements are conducted in an experiment to measure
`body temperature in the embodiment of the present inven-
`tion.
`
`FIG. 14A is a diagram showing the positions at which
`measurements were made in this experiment, and the results
`of temperature measurements at each of these site, when the
`area was dry;
`FIG. 14B shows these results after the area was immersed
`in water.
`
`FIG. 15 is a diagram provided for explaining the broad
`circulatory system of the human body.
`FIG. 16 is a diagram showing arterial and venous branch-
`ing in the micro circulatory system of the human body.
`FIG. 17 is a flow chart showing the interrupt processing
`(1) which is carried out in this device.
`FIG. 18 is a flow chart showing the interrupt processing
`(2) which is carried out in this device.
`FIG. 19 is a diagram showing an example of the display
`in this device.
`
`FIG. 20 is a diagram showing an example of the display
`in this device.
`
`FIG. 21 is a diagram showing an example of the display
`in this device.
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`FIG. 22 is a diagram showing an example of the display
`in this device.
`
`65
`
`FIG. 23 is a flow chart showing interrupt processing (3)
`which is carried out in this device.
`
`4
`
`FIG. 24 is a flow chart showing interrupt processing (4)
`which is carried out in this device.
`FIG. 25A is a bottom view of the external structure of the
`
`device according to another embodiment;
`FIG. 25B is a planar view thereof.
`FIG. 26 is a diagram showing the state of attachment of
`the device in another embodiment.
`
`FIG. 27A is a side view of the structure of the pulse wave
`detector according to another embodiment;
`FIG. 27B shows the state of attachment thereof.
`
`FIG. 28 is a block diagram showing the structure for
`carrying out wavelet conversion of the pulse wave signal.
`FIG. 29 is a block diagram showing the structure of the
`wavelet converter.
`
`FIG. 30A is a diagram showing a one-beat component of
`a typical pulse waveform;
`FIG. 30B is a table showing the corrected pulse wave data
`thereof;
`FIG. 30C is an example showing specific numerical
`values.
`
`FIG. 31 is a diagram. provided to explain each of the
`positions on the upper arm and hip joint at which the
`pressure sensor and temperature sensor can be attached.
`FIG. 32 is a diagram showing the external structure of the
`device when rendered into a necklace.
`
`FIG. 33 is a diagram which explains the arrangement in
`which the pressure sensor and temperature sensor are
`attached to the carotid artery.
`FIG. 34 shows the external appearance when the device is
`rendered as a pair of eyeglasses.
`FIG. 35 shows the external appearance when the device is
`rendered as a pocket card.
`FIG. 36A shows the external appearance when the device
`is rendered as a pedometer;
`FIG. 36B shows the state of attachment thereof.
`
`FIG. 37 shows an example of the display of the device
`when showing the change over time in the subject’s deep
`body temperature.
`FIG. 38 shows the relationship between the heartbeat
`waveform in an electrocardiogram and the RR interval
`obtained from this waveform.
`
`FIG. 39A shows the waves which make up the changes in
`blood pressure;
`FIG. 39B shows the results of spectral analysis of blood
`pressure variation.
`FIG. 40 shows an example of the display in this device.
`FIG. 41 shows the results of spectral analysis of the pulse
`waveform.
`
`FIG. 42 shows the change in the heart rate with respect to
`the change in the environmental temperature.
`BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE
`INVENTION
`
`Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now
`be explained.
`1: Theoretical Basis for Calculation of Calorie Expenditure
`The theoretical basis for the first embodiment will now be
`
`there is a curved line relationship
`explained. In general,
`between pulse rate and the oxygen intake quantity, such as
`shown by the solid line in FIG. 10A.
`With respect to the relationship between the quantity of
`oxygen consumed and the calorie expenditure, even if a
`
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`6,030,342
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`5
`coefficient of 4.85 kcal per liter of oxygen is consistently
`used, such as disclosed on page 206 in “Calculation of daily
`energy expenditure by diary profile of heart-rate” in the
`Employees’ Pension Plan Hospital Annual Report No. 17,
`1990, this does not lead to a large error. For this reason,
`provided that the pulse rate per unit time (beats/min) is
`known,
`then the quantity of oxygen consumed may be
`understood by referring to the correlations shown in this
`figure. If this is multiplied by the aforementioned coefficient
`values, then the calorie expenditure per unit time can be
`calculated. In other words,
`the correlation shown in the
`figure actually shows the relationship between pulse rate and
`calorie expenditure.
`Next, the correlation shown in FIG. 10A is determined by
`measurement for each subject in advance. A design may be
`provided in which the thus obtained correlations are stored
`in table form, for example. In view of the fact that the change
`in the amount of oxygen consumed in the region where the
`pulse rate is low is small, while the change in the amount of
`oxygen consumed in the region where the pulse rate is high
`is large, however, a design is also acceptable in which the
`aboved-described relationship is divided into “aresting” and
`“active”, and the respective relationships are expressed
`using linear regression formulas.
`The method disclosed in Hirosaki Medicine Journal
`
`40(1): 60-69, 1988, “Study on estimating energy expendi-
`ture by heart rate,” may be used as a method for obtaining
`the correlation for a subject. Namely, the oxygen intake
`quantity during basal metabolism, such as when sleeping,
`may be measured using an ordinary method employing a
`Douglas bag, and may be measured when the subject is at
`rest or exercising using a commercially available respiration
`analyzer or the like. Further, when carrying out measure-
`ments after applying an exercise load on the subject, it is
`acceptable to wait for the subject’s pulse rate and oxygen
`intake quantity to become constant, and then to gradually
`increase the exercise load using a treadmill or the like.
`In this way, the correlation between calorie expenditure
`and the pulse rate corresponding to the subject is obtained in
`advance. Specifically, when using “resting” and “active”
`linear regression formulas,
`the information (slope,
`y-intercept of the regression line, etc.) for each regression
`formula is determined in advance.
`
`Additionally, the regression formulas for the correlation
`present in the curved line relationship can be complicated, or
`may require much memory even if rendered into table form.
`In view of these disadvantages,
`the present embodiment
`incorporates a design which employs a “resting” and
`“active” linear regression formulas. The present invention is
`not limited thereto, however, but may employ a correlation
`which is present in the curved line relationship.
`However, it is known that pulse rate may rise due to a
`variety of factors such as stress and the like. Accordingly, if
`a design is employed in which a regression formula is
`selected which is appropriate according to the detected pulse
`rate, then it is not possible to determine whether the rise in
`pulse rate is due to a factor other than activity, such as stress,
`or is due to activity performed by the subject. Thus, calorie
`expenditure may be incorrectly calculated.
`Accordingly, as a general rule, the present embodiment
`employs a “resting” regression formula when the subject is
`at rest, and employs an “active” regression formula when the
`subject is in a state of activity. However, if the pulse rate and
`body temperature are high even when the subject is in a state
`of rest, then it is possible that the subject has just suspended
`activity, or that an abnormal condition exists. For this
`reason, as an exception in the embodiments, the “active”
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`regression formula is used when the subject’s pulse rate and
`body temperature are high, even though the subject is in a
`state of rest.
`
`By selecting the regression formula in response to the
`subject’s resting or active state, and applying the pulse rate
`in that regression formula, it is possible to calculate calorie
`expenditure per unit time with excellent accuracy.
`On the other hand, physiological conditions such as body
`temperature and pulse rate not only change over the course
`of one day, but are also known to change over longer periods
`of time (one month or one year, for example). When these
`changes are compared, the change over the course of one
`day (hereinafter, referred to as “daily change”) starts from
`and then returns to a standard value. Change over one month
`or one year (hereinafter, referred to as “monthly change” or
`“annual change”) is change in the standard value itself over
`the passage of days.
`temperature (body
`The annual change in rectal
`temperature) will be explained here as one example of
`annual changes in physiological conditions. FIGS. 11A—11D
`are graphs showing the change over one day in rectal
`temperature in a plurality of subjects, for spring, summer,
`fall and winter, respectively. As is clear from these figures,
`a human being’s rectal temperature (body temperature) and
`the standard value thereof changes over the course of one
`year. The same may be said of the pulse rate, with its
`standard value also viewed to change over the course of one
`year
`However, the pulse rate at the subject’s basal metabolic
`state in FIG. 10A is the value for obtaining the correlation,
`i.e., is a value which is limited to a specific time period. For
`this reason, setting this value as the base for the correlation
`does not take into consideration this type of monthly and
`annual change, and is thus a cause of error when calculating
`calorie expenditure.
`Therefore, in this embodiment, the basal metabolic state
`is specified after continuously measuring the subject’s deep
`body temperature, the pulse rate thereof is obtained, and the
`correlation is corrected after matching it to monthly and
`annual change in the subject’s condition. In other words, this
`embodiment provides a design in which the information for
`each of the linear regression formulas is corrected by match-
`ing it to monthly and annual change in the subject’s condi-
`tion.
`
`By taking this cyclical change in pulse rate into consid-
`eration in this way, it is possible to calculate calorie expen-
`diture with excellent accuracy.
`2: Embodiment
`
`Drawing on the theoretical basis explained above, the
`calorie expenditure measuring device according to the
`embodiment of the present invention will now be explained.
`2-1: Functional structure
`
`The functional structure of the calorie expenditure mea-
`suring device according to the present invention will now be
`explained. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing this functional
`structure.
`
`In this figure, body motion detector 101 is a sensor for
`detecting body motion when the subject is exercising. It may
`be formed of an acceleration sensor, for example. The body
`motion signal from this body motion detector 101 is con-
`verted to a digital signal by A/D converter 102. FFT (fast
`Fourier transform) processor 103 uptakes over a specific
`interval of time the body motion signal which has been
`digitally converted, and executes FFT processing. Body
`motion determining element 104 determines whether the
`subject is in a state of rest or activity (exercise), based on the
`results of FFT processing. As a method for
`this
`
`Page 38 of 54
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`6,030,342
`
`7
`determination, a meth