|PR20‘|6-00496
`Hughes v. Elbit,
`ELBIT EX. 2003 - 1/4
`
`Hughes v. Elbit, IPR2016-00496
`ELBIT EX. 2003 - 1/4
`
`

`
`NEWTON's TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`copyright© 1998 Harry Newton
`email: Harry_Newton@HarryNewton.com
`personal web site: www.harrynewton.com
`
`All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright conventions, including the right to reproduce this
`book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever.
`
`Published in the United States by
`Telecom Books,
`An Imprint of Miller Freeman, Inc.
`12 West 21 Street
`New York, NY 10010
`212-691-8215 Fax 212-691-1011
`1-800-999-0345 and 1-800-LIBRARY
`
`ISBN Number 1-57820-023-7
`
`October, 1998
`
`Manufactured in the United States of America
`
`Fourteenth Considerably Expanded and Updated Edition
`Cover Design by Saul Roldan
`Printed at Command Web, Secaucus, New Jersey
`www.commandweb.com
`
`Hughes v. Elbit, IPR2016-00496
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`Hughes v. Elbit, IPR2016-00496
`ELBIT EX. 2003 - 3/4
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`NEWTON’S TELECOM DICTIONARY
`
`A
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`problem in data transmission is to define when the letter, the
`number or the punctuation mark begins. Without knowing
`when it begins, the receiving computer or terminal won’t be
`able to figure out what the transmission means.
`"One way to do ‘his is by using some form of clocking signal.’
`At a precise time, the transmission starts, etc. This is called
`SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION.
`In ASYNCHRONOUS
`transmission times no clocking signal. The receiving termi-
`. hat or computer knows what's what because each letter, num- .
`- bet or punctuat'on mark begins with a start bit and ends with
`a stop bit. Transmission of data is called SYNCHRONOUS if
`' the exact sending or receiving of each bit is determined before
`it is transmittec or received.
`it is called ASYNCHRONOUS if
`the timing of the transmission is not determined by the timing
`-
`I of 3 previous character.
`I ASYNCHRONOJS is used in lower speed transmission and
`by less expensive computer transmission systems. Large sys-
`tems and computer networks typically use more sophisticat-
`ed methods of transmission, such as SYNCHRONOUS or
`-BISYNCHRONOUS, because of the large overhead penalty of
`-20% in ASYNCHRONOUS transmission. This is caused by
`adding one star‘ bit and one stop bit to an eight bit word -
`ihus 2 bits out of ten.
`.' The second problem with large transfers is error checkirg.
`' The user sitting in front of his own screen checks his ASYN~
`CHRONOUS transmission by looking at the screen and re-
`iyping his mistakes. This is impractical for transferring long
`files at high speed it there is not a person in attendance.
`bits arerot
`lri SYNCHRONOUS transmission start and stop
`used. According
`to
`the
`book Understanding Data
`I 7- Communications, characters are sent in groups called blocks
`with special synchronization etiaracters placed at the begin-
`ning of the block and within it to ensure that enough 0 to 1 or
`1 to 0 transitions occur for the receiver clock to remain acci-
`' rate. Error checking is done automatically on the entire block.
`lf any errors occur, then the entire block is retransmitted. This
`technique aiso carries an overhead penalty (nothing is free).
`I but the overhead is far less than 20% for blocks or more than
`'. a few dozen characters.
`A1‘ 1. Access Tandem.
`: 2. Advanced Technolo
`
`gy. Reters to a is bit Personal
`' Computer architecture using the 80X86 processor family
`_ which formed the basis for the ISA Bus as found in the first
`IBM PC.
`- 3. AudIOTeX. See AUDIOTEX.
`4. See AT COMMAND SET.
`. AT Bus The electrical channel used by the IBM AT and com-
`patible computers to connect the computers motherboard and
`
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`5
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`peripheral devices, such as memory boards, video con»
`trolters, PC card modems, bus mouse boards, hard and tipp-
`Dy disk controilers and serial/parallel input/output devices.
`The AT bus supports 16 bits of data in one slug, whereas the
`original IBM PC supported only 8 bits (and was called the ISA
`bus for industry Standard Architecture). These days there are
`lnuch
`faster
`“buses,”
`including
`the
`EISA, MCA
`WllCtdCh&illiel Architecture), Local Bus, PCI, VESA, etc.
`AT Command Set Also known as the Hayes Standard AT
`Cttmmand Set. A language that enables PC communications
`
`M
`
`.
`
`'
`
`software to get an asynchronous and “Hayescompatible
`modem" to do what you want it to do. So calied “AT" because
`all
`the commands begin with “AT,” which is short
`for
`ATtention. The most common commands inciude ATDT
`(touchtone a number), ATA (manually answer the phone), ATZ
`(reset modem —— it will answer OK), ATSO=O (disable auto—
`answer), and ATH (hang up the phone).
`I
`To avoid having yourself knocked off your data call by the
`beep that comes in on the phone comparrys call waiting, put
`the following line in your modem setup: ATS1f)=20. That will
`increase your 810 register to two seconds. This register sets
`the time between loss of carrier (caused by the 1.5 second call
`waiting signal) and internal modem disconnect. Factory
`default on most modems is 1.4 seconds -— just perfect to be
`cut off by the wall waiting tone! (Dumb)
`If you have to dial through several phone systems, waiting for
`dial tone on the way and/or going through fax/modem switch-
`es, you may consider a dial stream that looks like ATDT1-800-
`433~980O [W]212—989—4675 [W]22, where [W] means (in
`some software programs) “Wait for any key. When you get it,
`touchiorre out the next digits." In other software programs --
`pure Hayes command —— W means wait for second dialtone.
`If [W] doesn’t work for you, then change X3 in your setup line
`to X1; change your computers dialed number to 9; and dial
`your distant computer with your phone. When you hear the
`modern at the other end answer, left your computer's soitware
`to dial 9. It will dial 9, hear the modem tone at the other end
`and connect as though it had dialed it all by itself. X1 tells
`your modem to dial (or touchtone) immediately —— without
`waiting for dial tone.
`You can use several AT commands on one line. You only rieed
`AT before the first one. Some modems require commands
`typed in capital letters. When your dialing fails and you can't
`figure why, get out of your communications software program
`and start again. Or in total desperation, turn your computer
`and modem completely off and start again. The word "Hayes"
`comes frorri
`the manufacturer of modems called Hayes
`Microcomputer, Norcross, GA, the creator of the command
`set. Not all Hayes compatible modems are. See also AT+V and
`HAYES COMMAND SET.
`AI local Mode One of the command modes available on
`the ISDN set. It is used for compatibility with existing com-
`munications packages for analog modems or for data-onty
`application programs. See AT COMMAND SET.
`At Work Pronounced “At Work.” Microsoft's office equip-
`ment architecture announced on June 9, 1993. Microsoft’s
`idea is to put a set of software building blocks into both office
`machines and PC products, including:
`- Desktop and networi<—coni1ected printers.
`0 Digital monochrome and color copiers.
`- Telephones and voice messaging systems.
`-.Fax machines and PC tax products.
`- Handheld systems.
`0 Hybrid combinations of the above.
`According to Microsoft, the Microsoft At Work architecture
`focuses on creating digital connections between machines (ie.
`the ones above) to allow information to flow freely throughout
`the workplace. The Microsoft At Work software architecture
`consists of several
`technology components that serve as
`building blocks to enable these connections. Only one of the
`components, desktop software, will reside on PCs. The rest
`will be incorporated into other types of office devices (the ones
`above), making these products easier to use, compatible with
`one another and compatible with Microsoft Windows~based
`
`|PR20’|6-00496
`Hughes V. Elbit,
`ELBIT EX. 2003 - 4/4
`
`Hughes v. Elbit, IPR2016-00496
`ELBIT EX. 2003 - 4/4