IEEE 802.11a-1999
`From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`IEEE 802.11a-1999 or 802.11a was an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 wireless local network specifications that defined requirements for an orthogonal frequency division
`multiplexing (OFDM) communication system. It was originally designed to support wireless communication in the unlicensed national information infrastructure (U-NI)
`bands (in the 5—6 GHz frequency range) as regulated in the United States by the Code ofFederal Regulations, Title 47, Section 15.407.
`
`Oniginally described as clause 17 ofthe 1999 specification, it is now defined in clause 18 of the 2012 specification and provides protocols that allow transmission and
`reception ofdata at rates of 1.5 to 54Mbit/s. It has seen widespread worldwide implementation, particularly within the corporate workspace. While the original amendment
`is no longer valid, the term "802.11a" is still used by wireless access point (cards and routers) manufacturers to describe interoperability of their systems at 5.8 GHz, 54
`Mbit/s (54 x 10°bits per second).
`
`802.11 is a set ofIEEE standards that govern wireless networking transmission methods. They are commonly used today in their 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n and
`802.1lac versions to provide wireless connectivity in the home, office and some commercial establishments.
`
`Contents
`
`2 Regulatory issues
`3 Timing and compatibility ofproducts
`4 Technical description
`5 See also
`6 References
`
`Description
`
`The 802.11a amendment to the original standard wasratified in 1999. The 802.11a standard uses the same core protocolas the original standard, operates in 5 GHz band,
`and uses a 52-subcarrier orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s, which yields realistic net achievable throughput
`in the mid-20 Mbit/s. The data rate is reduced to 48, 36, 24, 18, 12, 9 then 6 Mbit/s ifrequired. 802.11a originally had 12/13 non-overlapping channels, 12 that can be used
`indoor and 4/5 ofthe 12 that can be used in outdoor point to point configurations. Recently many countries ofthe world are allowing operation in the 5.47 to 5.725 GHz
`Band as a secondary user using a sharing method derived in 802.11h. This will add another 12/13 Channels to the overall 5 GHz band enabling significant overall wireless
`network capacity enabling the possibility of 24+ channels in some countries. 802.11a is not interoperable with 802.11b as they operate on separate bands, except ifusing
`equipment that has a dual band capability. Most enterprise class Access Points have dual band capability.
`
`Using the 5 GHz band gives 802.11a a significant advantage, since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point ofbeing crowded. Degradation caused by such conflicts
`can cause frequent dropped connections and degradation of service. However,this high carrier frequency also bringsaslight disadvantage: The effective overall range of
`802.11a is slightly less than that of 802.11b/g; 802.11a signals cannot penetrate as far as those for 802.11b because they are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid
`objects in their path and because the path loss in signal strength is proportional to the square ofthe signal frequency. On the other hand, OFDM has fundamental propagation
`advantages when in a high multipath environment, such as an indoor office, and the higher frequencies enable the building of smaller antennas with higher RF system gain
`which counteract the disadvantage ofa higher band of operation. The increased number ofusable channels (4 to 8 times as many in FCC countries) and the near absence of
`other interfering systems (microwave ovens, cordless phones, baby monitors) give 802.11a significant aggregate bandwidth and reliability advantages over 802.11b/g.
`
`Regulatory issues
`
`Different countries have different regulatory support, although a 2003 World Radiotelecommunications Conference improved worldwide standards coordination. 802.11a is
`now approved by regulations in the United States and Japan, but in other areas, such as the European Union, it had to wait longer for approval. European regulators were
`considering the use ofthe European HIPERLAN standard, but in mid-2002 cleared 802.11a for use in Europe. In the U_S., a mid-2003 FCC decision may open more
`spectrum to 802.11a channels.
`
`Timing and compatibility of products
`
`802.11a products started shipping late, lagging 802.11b products due to 5 GHz components being more difficult to manufacture. First generation product performance was
`poor and plagued with problems. When second generation products started shipping, 802.11a was not widely adopted in the consumer space primarily because the less-
`expensive 802.11b was already widely adopted. However, 802.11a later saw significant penetration into enterprise network environments, despite the initial cost
`disadvantages, particularly for businesses which required increased capacity and reliability over 802.11b/g-only networks.
`
`With the arrival ofless expensive early 802.11g products on the market, which were backwards-compatible with 802.11b, the bandwidth advantage ofthe 5 GHz 802.1la
`was eliminated. Manufacturers of 802.11a equipment responded to the lack ofmarket success by significantly improving the implementations (current-generation 802.1la
`technology has range characteristics nearly identical to those of 802.11b), and by making technology that can use more than one band a standard.
`
`Dual-band, or dual-mode Access Points and Network Interface Cards (NICs) that can automatically handle a and b/g, are now common in all the markets, and very close in
`price to b/g- only devices.
`
`Technical description
`
`Ofthe 52 OFDM subcarmiers, 48 are for data and 4 are pilot subcariers with a carnier separation of0.3125 MHz (20 MHz/64). Each of these subcarriers can be a BPSK,
`QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM.The total bandwidth is 20 MHz with an occupied bandwidth of 16.6 MHz. Symbolduration is 4 microseconds, which includes a guard
`interval of0.8 microseconds. The actual generation and decoding of orthogonal components is done in baseband using DSP which is then upconverted to 5 GHz at the
`transmitter. Each ofthe subcarriers could be represented as a complex number. The time domain signal is generated by taking an Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT).
`Correspondingly the receiver downconverts, samples at 20 MHz and does an FFT to retrieve the original coefficients. The advantages ofusing OFDM include reduced
`multipath effects in reception and increased spectral efficiency.
`.
`Microsoft, Ex. 1014
`Microsoft v. Bradium, IPR2016-00448
`
`Microsoft, Ex. 1014
`Microsoft v. Bradium, IPR2016-00448
`
`
`From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
`
`IEEE 802.11a-1999 or 802.11a was an amendment to the IEEE 802.11 wireless local network specifications that defined requirements for an orthogonal frequency division
`multiplexing (OFDM) communication system. It was originally designed to support wireless communication in the unlicensed national information infrastructure (U-NI)
`bands (in the 5—6 GHz frequency range) as regulated in the United States by the Code ofFederal Regulations, Title 47, Section 15.407.
`
`Oniginally described as clause 17 ofthe 1999 specification, it is now defined in clause 18 of the 2012 specification and provides protocols that allow transmission and
`reception ofdata at rates of 1.5 to 54Mbit/s. It has seen widespread worldwide implementation, particularly within the corporate workspace. While the original amendment
`is no longer valid, the term "802.11a" is still used by wireless access point (cards and routers) manufacturers to describe interoperability of their systems at 5.8 GHz, 54
`Mbit/s (54 x 10°bits per second).
`
`802.11 is a set ofIEEE standards that govern wireless networking transmission methods. They are commonly used today in their 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n and
`802.1lac versions to provide wireless connectivity in the home, office and some commercial establishments.
`
`Contents
`
`2 Regulatory issues
`3 Timing and compatibility ofproducts
`4 Technical description
`5 See also
`6 References
`
`Description
`
`The 802.11a amendment to the original standard wasratified in 1999. The 802.11a standard uses the same core protocolas the original standard, operates in 5 GHz band,
`and uses a 52-subcarrier orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with a maximum raw data rate of 54 Mbit/s, which yields realistic net achievable throughput
`in the mid-20 Mbit/s. The data rate is reduced to 48, 36, 24, 18, 12, 9 then 6 Mbit/s ifrequired. 802.11a originally had 12/13 non-overlapping channels, 12 that can be used
`indoor and 4/5 ofthe 12 that can be used in outdoor point to point configurations. Recently many countries ofthe world are allowing operation in the 5.47 to 5.725 GHz
`Band as a secondary user using a sharing method derived in 802.11h. This will add another 12/13 Channels to the overall 5 GHz band enabling significant overall wireless
`network capacity enabling the possibility of 24+ channels in some countries. 802.11a is not interoperable with 802.11b as they operate on separate bands, except ifusing
`equipment that has a dual band capability. Most enterprise class Access Points have dual band capability.
`
`Using the 5 GHz band gives 802.11a a significant advantage, since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point ofbeing crowded. Degradation caused by such conflicts
`can cause frequent dropped connections and degradation of service. However,this high carrier frequency also bringsaslight disadvantage: The effective overall range of
`802.11a is slightly less than that of 802.11b/g; 802.11a signals cannot penetrate as far as those for 802.11b because they are absorbed more readily by walls and other solid
`objects in their path and because the path loss in signal strength is proportional to the square ofthe signal frequency. On the other hand, OFDM has fundamental propagation
`advantages when in a high multipath environment, such as an indoor office, and the higher frequencies enable the building of smaller antennas with higher RF system gain
`which counteract the disadvantage ofa higher band of operation. The increased number ofusable channels (4 to 8 times as many in FCC countries) and the near absence of
`other interfering systems (microwave ovens, cordless phones, baby monitors) give 802.11a significant aggregate bandwidth and reliability advantages over 802.11b/g.
`
`Regulatory issues
`
`Different countries have different regulatory support, although a 2003 World Radiotelecommunications Conference improved worldwide standards coordination. 802.11a is
`now approved by regulations in the United States and Japan, but in other areas, such as the European Union, it had to wait longer for approval. European regulators were
`considering the use ofthe European HIPERLAN standard, but in mid-2002 cleared 802.11a for use in Europe. In the U_S., a mid-2003 FCC decision may open more
`spectrum to 802.11a channels.
`
`Timing and compatibility of products
`
`802.11a products started shipping late, lagging 802.11b products due to 5 GHz components being more difficult to manufacture. First generation product performance was
`poor and plagued with problems. When second generation products started shipping, 802.11a was not widely adopted in the consumer space primarily because the less-
`expensive 802.11b was already widely adopted. However, 802.11a later saw significant penetration into enterprise network environments, despite the initial cost
`disadvantages, particularly for businesses which required increased capacity and reliability over 802.11b/g-only networks.
`
`With the arrival ofless expensive early 802.11g products on the market, which were backwards-compatible with 802.11b, the bandwidth advantage ofthe 5 GHz 802.1la
`was eliminated. Manufacturers of 802.11a equipment responded to the lack ofmarket success by significantly improving the implementations (current-generation 802.1la
`technology has range characteristics nearly identical to those of 802.11b), and by making technology that can use more than one band a standard.
`
`Dual-band, or dual-mode Access Points and Network Interface Cards (NICs) that can automatically handle a and b/g, are now common in all the markets, and very close in
`price to b/g- only devices.
`
`Technical description
`
`Ofthe 52 OFDM subcarmiers, 48 are for data and 4 are pilot subcariers with a carnier separation of0.3125 MHz (20 MHz/64). Each of these subcarriers can be a BPSK,
`QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM.The total bandwidth is 20 MHz with an occupied bandwidth of 16.6 MHz. Symbolduration is 4 microseconds, which includes a guard
`interval of0.8 microseconds. The actual generation and decoding of orthogonal components is done in baseband using DSP which is then upconverted to 5 GHz at the
`transmitter. Each ofthe subcarriers could be represented as a complex number. The time domain signal is generated by taking an Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT).
`Correspondingly the receiver downconverts, samples at 20 MHz and does an FFT to retrieve the original coefficients. The advantages ofusing OFDM include reduced
`multipath effects in reception and increased spectral efficiency.
`.
`Microsoft, Ex. 1014
`Microsoft v. Bradium, IPR2016-00448
`
`Microsoft, Ex. 1014
`Microsoft v. Bradium, IPR2016-00448
`
`
`
`
`
`MCSindex
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`See also
`
`= List of WLAN channels
`= OFDMsystem comparison table
`= Spectral efficiency comparison table
`
`802.11 network PHY standards
`
`stream
`
`s
`
`PI
`
`data rate
`
`MIMO ¢ Modulation +
`
`
`
`sep 1999|2 6,9, 12, 18,24,36,48,54 om|
`
`
`
`
`
`Sep 1999|24 1,2,5.5,11 115
`
`
`
`Jun 2003|2.4 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54
`
`N_ Wn
`
`
`3 ~~~~
`
`400 ns GI : 7.2, 14.4, 21.7, 28.9, 43.3, 57.8, 65, 72.2 Bl
`
`800 ns GI : 6.5, 13, 19.5, 26, 39, 52, 58.5, 65 [C1
`400 ns GI : 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150 B]
`800 ns GI : 13.5, 27, 40.5, 54, 81, 108, 121.5, 135 [1
`
`800 ns GI : 6.5, 13, 19.5, 26, 39, 52, 58.5, 65, 78, 86.7 [1
`400 ns GI : 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150, 180, 200 BI
`800 ns GI : 13.5, 27, 40.5, 54, 81, 108, 121.5, 135, 162, 180 [©]
`400 ns GI: 32.5, 65, 97.5, 130, 195, 260, 292.5, 325, 390, 433.3 BI
`80
`(800 ns GI: 29.2, 58.5, 87.8, 117, 175.5, 234, 263.2, 292.5, 351, 390
`
`C]
`
`99|400nsGI:7.2,14.4,21.7,28.9,43.3,57.8,65,72.2,86.7,96.3B] ”
`
`=2&S
`
`5
`
`115/41
`
`_ 400 ns GI : 65, 130, 195, 260, 390, 520, 585, 650, 780, 866.7 B]
`115/41
`
`800 ns GI : 58.5, 117, 175.5, 234, 351, 468, 702, 780 [©]
`
`Dec 2012}
`
`60
`
`2,160
`
`Upto 6,912 (6.75 Gbit/s) 51
`
`Est.
`2016U]
`Est.
`
`Boe
`wo me) maeaCarmier,
`
`a ALA2 TEER 802.11y-2008 extended operation of 802.11a to the licensed 3.7 GHz band. Increased power limits allow a range up to 5,000 m. As of2009,it is only bein
`licensed in the United States by the FCC.
`a 3B1B2B3 B4 BS B6A <cumes short guard interval (SGI) enabled.
`a C1C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Accumes short guard interval (SGI) disabled.
`
`References
`
`1 "Official IEEE 802 11 working group project timelines" June 2, 2014 Retrieved 2014-06-03
`2 "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED n: Longer-Range, Faster-Throughput, Multimedia-Grade Wi-Fi® Networks” (registration required) Wi-Fi Alliance September 2009
`3 "802 11n Delivers Better Range" Wi-Fi Planet 2007-05-31
`Microsoft Ex ] 0 14
`5
`.
`Microsoft v. Bradium, IPR2016-00448
`
`Microsoft, Ex. 1014
`Microsoft v. Bradium, IPR2016-00448
`
`
`
`4 "IEEE 802 11ac: What Does it Mean for Test?" (PDF) LitePoint October 2013
`5 "WiGig and IEEE 802 11ad For MultiGigabytePerSecond WPAN and WLAN" (PDF) Tensorcom Inc
`
`General
`
`"802.11a1999 Highspeed Physical Layer in the 5 GHz band" (PDF). 19990211. Retrieved 20070924.
`
`Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11a1999&oldid=740398108"
`
`Categories: IEEE 802.11
`
`This page was last modified on 20 September 2016, at 20:37.
`Text is available under the Creative Commons AttributionShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and
`Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a nonprofit organization.
`
`Microsoft, Ex. 1014
`Microsoft v. Bradium, IPR2016-00448
`
`
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