List of Titles/Authors
`Minneapolis Meeting Papers
`June 2000
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`4366
`Calculation of the Room Velocity Using Kinetic Energy Balance
`Kim Hagstrom; K. Siren
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`4367
`Economizer Control
`Kalman I. Krakow; Feng Zhao, Student Member ASHRAE;
`Ali E. Muhsin, Student Member ASHRAE
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`4368 (RP-980)
`Error Analysis of Measurement and Control Techniques of
`Outside Air Intake Rates in VAV Systems
`Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE;
`Michael Brandemuehl, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE; Christopher C. Schroeder
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`4369 (RP-980)
`Experimental Analysis of Measurement and Control Techniques
`of Outside Air Intake Rates in VAV Systems
`Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE;
`Christopher C. Schroeder; Eric Jeanette, Member ASHRAE
`Michael Brandemuehl, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE
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`4370
`Velocity Decay in Air Jets for HVAC Applications
`Zou Yue, Student Member ASHRAE
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`4371 (International Journal of Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating
`Research)
`An Adaptive Fuzzy Algorithm for Domestic
`Hot Water Temperature Control of a Combi-Boiler
`Christine Haissig, Ph.D.; Michael Woessner
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`4372
`Development of a Generalized Neural Network Model to
`Detect Faults in Building Energy Performance—Part 1
`Marcus R.B. Breekweg; Peter Gruber; Osman Ahmed
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`4373
`Development of a Generalized Neural Network Model to
`Detect Faults in Building Energy Performance—Part 2
`Marcus R.B. Breekweg; Peter Gruber; Osman Ahmed
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`4374 (International Journal of Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating
`Research)
`HVAC Duct System Design Using Genetic Algorithms
`R.W. Besant; Y. Asiedu; Peihua Gu
`
`4375 (International Journal of Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating
`Research)
`Uncertainty of “Measured” Energy Savings from Statistical Baseline Models
`T. Agami Reddy, Ph.D., P.E.; David E. Claridge, Ph.D., P.E.
`
`4376
`A Case Study of Condensing Boiler Energy Savings
`Perry L. Boeschen, P.E.; Bryan R. Becker, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE
`
`4377 (International Journal of Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating
`Research)
`A Damper Control System for Preventing Reverse Airflow Through
`the Exhaust Air Damper of Variable-Air-Volume Air-Handling Units
`John M. House, Ph.D., Associate Member ASHRAE;
`John E. Seem; George E. Kelly; Curtis J. Klaassen
`
`4378
`A Model for Simulating the Performance of a Shallow Pond as a Supplemental
`Heat Rejector with Closed-Loop Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
`Andrew Chiasson, Student Member ASHRAE;
`Jeffrey D. Spitler, Ph.D., P.E, Member ASHRAE;
`Simon Rees, Ph.D., Associate Member ASHRAE; Marvin D. Smith, P.E.
`
`4379
`A Semi-Empirical Method for Representing Domestic
`Refrigerator/Freezer Compressor Calorimeter Test Data
`Dagmar I Jahnig, Associate Member ASHRAE;
`Douglas T. Reindl, Ph.D., P.E.; Member ASHRAE;
`Sanford A. Klein, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE
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`4380 (RP-675)
`Air Filter Performance Under Variable Air Volume Conditions
`Richard D. Rivers, Fellow ASHRAE; Michael A. Murphy, Member ASHRAE
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`4381 (RP-763)
`Air Leakage Through Automatic Doors
`Rebecca Upham; Grenville K. Yuill, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE
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`4382 (International Journal of Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating
`Research)
`A New Quasi-Static Cogeneration Model
`P.K. Bansal, Member ASHRAE; J.M. O’Brien
`
`4383
`Analysis of Electric Energy Consumption in an Office Building in Saudi Arabia
`Syed M. Hasnain, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; Mohamed S. Smiai, Ph.D.;
`Abdulrahman M. Al-Ibrahim, Ph.D.; Saleh H. Al-Awaji, Ph.D.
`
`4384
`Analysis of the Refrigerator/Freezer Appliances Having Dual Refrigeration Cycles
`Andre I. Gan; Sanford A. Klein, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE;
`Douglas T. Reindl, P.E., Member ASHRAE
`
`4385
`Comparitive Study to Investigate Operating and Control Strategies for Hybrid
`Ground Source Heat Pump Systems Using a Short Time Step Simulation Model
`Cenk Yavuzturk, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE;
`Jeffrey D. Spitler, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE
`
`4386
`Consideration of Transient Response and Energy Cost in
`Performance Evaluation of a Desiccant Dehumidification System
`Ali A. Jalalzadeh-Azar, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE
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`4387 (RP-807)
`Development of Guidelines for Assessing the Environmental
`Benefits of Heat Recovery Heat Pumps
`Douglas Cane, P.E., Member ASHRAE; Jeremy Garnet; Christopher Ireland
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`4388 (RP-953)
`Economic Analysis for Foundation Heat Gain for Refrigerated Warehouses
`Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE ;
`Pirawas Chuangchid, Student Member ASHRAE
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`4389 (RP-953)
`Parametric Analysis and Development of a Design Tool for
`Foundation Heat Gain for Refrigerated Warehouses
`Moncef Krarti, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE ;
`Pirawas Chuangchid, Student Member ASHRAE
`
`4390 (International Journal of Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating
`Research)
`Effect of Oil on the Boiling Performance of Structured and Porous Surfaces
`Vlad Zarnescu; Ralph L. Weeb; Liang-Han Chien
`
`4391 (International Journal of Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating
`Research)
`Effectiveness of Heat and Mass Transfer Processes in a
`Packed Bed Liquid Desiccant Dehumidifier/Regenerator
`Viktoira Martin, Ph.D.; D. Yogi Goswami, Ph.D.
`
`4392
`Evaluation of Hydraulic Stability and Its Application in Hydronic Systems
`Xuzhong Qin, Ph.D.; Yi Jiang, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; Liiu Gang
`
`4393
`Exergy Efficiencies of Sensible, Mixed Thermal Energy Storage Systems
`Ibrahim Dincer, Ph.D.; Marc Rosen, Ph.D., P.Eng.
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`4394
`Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Annular Film Flow Reversal in a
`Vertical Pipe: Application to Retrun in Refrigeration Systems
`Sunil S. Mehendale; Reinhard Radermacher
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`4395
`Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Chillers, Part 1: Model Development
`I.B.D. McIntosh, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE, J.W. Mitchell, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE;
`W.A. Beckman, Ph.D.
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`4396 (International Journal of Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating
`Research)
`Flow Pattern, Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Flow Condensation, Part 1:
`Pure and Azeotropic Refrigeration, & Part 2: Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures (NARMs)
`D.W. Shao, Ph.D; E. Granryd
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`4397
`Hydraulic Process Fault Diagnosis and Parameters
`Identification in District Heating Networks
`Xuzhong Qin, Student Member ASHRAE; Yi Liang, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE
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`4398
`Impact of Temperature Control Approaches on the
`Thermal Performance of a Household Refrigerator
`Xiaoyong Fu, Ph.D., Associate Member ASHRAE
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`4399
`On the Temperatures in Forced-Ventilation Fires
`Wan K. Chow, Ph.D.
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`4400
`Physical Model of an Air-Conditioned Room (Space) for Control Analysis
`Masato Kasahara, Associate Member ASHRAE; Yoshiaki Kuzuu;
`Tadahiko Matsuba, Associate Member ASHRAE;
`Yukihiro Hashimoto, Member ASHRAE; Kazuyuki Kamimura, Member ASHRAE;
`Shigeru Kurosu, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE
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`4401 (RP-1019)
`Potential Icing at the Inlet of Gas Turbines
`William E. Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE; Anthony B. Parrack
`
`4402 (RP-942) (International Journal of Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating
`Research)
`Qualitative Comparison of North American and
`U.K. Cooling Load Calculation Methods
`Jeffrey D. Spitler, Ph.D.; Simon J. Rees
`
`4403 (RP-885)
`Responses of Disabled Persons to Thermal Environments
`Fariborz Haghighat; Ahmed C. Megri; Giovanna Donnini; Giovanni Giorgi
`
`4404 (International Journal of Heating, Ventilating, Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating
`Research)
`Simulation of Refrigerants Flowing Through Adiabatic Capillary Tubes
`Sih-Lin Chen, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; Yong-Ren Cheng;
`Chen-Hua Lin; Ching-Song Jwo
`
`4405
`Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality in Indoor Ice Skating Arenas
`Austin Parsons; Chunxin Yang, Ph.D.; Filios K. Demokritov, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE;
`Qingyan Chen, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; John Spengler, Ph.D.
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`MN-00-1-1
`Applicable Input Data for a Proposed Ventilation Modeling Data Guide
`Malcolm Orme
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`MN-00-1-2
`Simulation of a Naturally Ventilated Building at Different Locations
`Geoff J. Levermore, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; Alan M. Jones, Ph.D.;
`Andrew J. Wright, Ph.D.
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`MN-00-1-3 (4406)
`Computer Analysis and Comparison of Experimental Data for Moisture
`Accumulation in Concrete Masonry Walls
`Jerry M. Sipes, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE;
`Mohammed Hosni, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-1-4
`Estimation of Annual Energy-Saving Contribution of an Automated Blind System
`M.B. Ullah, Ph.D., C.Eng., Member ASHRAE; Geraldine Lefevre
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`MN-00-2-1
`Geology and the Ground Heat Exchanger: What Engineers Need to Know
`Harvey M. Sachs, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; David R. Dinse, P.E., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-2-2
`Measurement of Thermal Conductivity for Three Borehole Fill Materials
`Used for GSHP
`Qiang Zhang, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE;
`William E. Murphy, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE
`
`MN-00-2-3
`GSHP Bore Field Performance Comparisons of Standard and Thermally
`Enhanced Grout
`Steven W. Carlson, P.E., Member ASHRAE
`
`MN-00-2-4
`Regulations on Grouting for Closed-Loop Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps in the
`United States
`Karen R. Den Braven, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE
`Symposium MN-00-03
`MN-00-3-1
`Development of Expanded AMeDAS Weather Data for Building Energy
`Calculation in Japan
`Hiroshi Akasaka, Dr.Eng.; Etsuko Emura, Ph.D.; Hideyo Nimiya, Dr.Eng.;
`Kazuhiro Soga, Dr.Eng.; Kazuo Emura, Dr.Eng.; Koji Takemasa, Dr.Eng.;
`Nobuhiro Miki, Dr.Eng.; Shin-ichi Matsumoto, Dr.Eng.
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`MN-00-3-2
`Effect of Data Period-of-Record on Estimation of HVAC&R Design Temperatures
`Donald G. Colliver, Ph.D., P.E., Fellow ASHRAE;
`Richard S. Gates, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-3-3
`Comparison of a Manual Load Calculation Using Simplified Weather Data with
`Simulation and Hourly Weather Data
`George Bowman; Michael J. Holmes, Member ASHRAE;
`Geoff J. Levermore, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-4-1
`Outdoor Temperature and Indoor Thermal Comfort - Raising the Precision of the
`Relationship for the 1998 ASHRAE Database of Field Studies
`Michael A. Humphreys; J. Fergus Nicol
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`MN-00-4-2
`Effects of Measurement and Formulation Error on Thermal Comfort Indices in the
`ASHRAE Database of Field Studies
`Michael A. Humphreys; J. Fergus Nicol
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`MN-00-4-3
`Temperature and Humidity: Important Factors for Perception of Air Quality and
`for Ventilation Requirements
`Lei Fang, Ph.D.; Geo Clausen, Ph.D.; P. Ole Fanger, D.Sc., Fellow ASHRAE
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`MN-00-4-4
`Angle Factors Between Human Body and Rectangular Planes Calculated by a
`Numerical Model
`Chie Narita; Masaaki Konishi; Shin-ichi Tanabe, Dr. Eng., Member ASHRAE; Yoshiichi
`Ozeki, Dr. Eng.
`
`MN-00-4-5
`Discomfort Due to Skin Humidity with Different Fabric Textures and Materials
`Jorn Toftum, Ph.D.; J. Mackeprang; L.W. Rassmussen;
`P. Ole Fanger, D.Sc., Fellow/Life Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-5-1
`The Implications of the Measured Performance of Variable Flow Pumping
`Systems in Geothermal and Water Loop Heat Pump Applications
`Adam C. Walburger, Associate Member ASHRAE;
`Hugh I. Henderson, Jr., P.E., Member ASHRAE;
`Mukesh K. Khattar, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE;
`Steven W. Carlson, P.E., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-5-2
`Energy Use of Ventilation Air Conditioning Options for Ground-Source Heat
`Pump Systems
`Lan Xie, Student Member ASHRAE; Steven P. Kavanaugh, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-5-3
`Comparative Analysis of the Life Cycle Costs of Geothermal Heat Pumps and
`Three Conventional HVAC Systems
`John A. Shonder, Member ASHRAE; Howard A. McLain, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE;
`Michaela A. Martin, P.E., Member ASHRAE; Patrick J. Hughes, P.E., Member ASHRAE
`
`MN-00-5-4
`Representative Operating Problems of Commercial Ground-Source and
`Groundwater-Source Heat Pumps
`Jitendra B. Singh, P.E., Member ASHRAE; Arthur W. Hunt; Gustav Foster, Jr., P.E.,
`Member ASHRAE
`Symposium MN-00-06
`MN-00-6-1 (4407) (RP-824)
`Modeling Frost Characteristics on Heat Exchanger Fins: Part 1, Numerical Model
`Hong Chen; Leena Thomas; Robert W. Besant, P.Eng., Fellow ASHRAE
`
`MN-00-6-2 (4408) (RP-824)
`Modeling Frost Characteristics on Heat Exchanger Fins: Part 2, Model Validation
`and Limitations
`Hong Chen; Leena Thomas; Robert W. Besant, P.Eng., Fellow ASHRAE
`
`MN-00-6-3
`Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Propane (R-290), Isobutane (R-600a), and 50/50
`Mixture of Propane and Isobutane
`Gursaran D. Mathur, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-6-4
`Experimental Evaluation of Five Refrigerants as Replacements for R-22
`Josua P. Meyer, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE
`Symposium MN-00-07
`MN-00-7-1
`Surface Temperature Measurements Inside an Insulated Glazing Unit Using
`Liquid Crystals
`Stéphane Hallé, Student Member ASHRAE; Michel A. Bernier, Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-7-2
`Experimental Procedure and Uncertainty Analysis of a Guarded Hotbox Method to
`Determine the Thermal Transmission Coefficient of Skylights and Sloped Glazing
`A. Hakim Elmahdy, Ph.D., P.Eng., Member ASHRAE; K. Haddad, Ph.D., Member
`ASHRAE
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`MN-00-7-3
`U-Factors of Flat and Domed Skylights
`Joseph H. Klems, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-8-1
`HVAC Systems for Inpatient Rooms
`Anand K. Seth, P.E., Member ASHRAE; Gregory O. Doyle, Member ASHRAE;
`Teerachai Srisirikul, P.E., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-8-2
`HVAC Design Approach and Design Criteria for Health Care Facilities
`Alexandra Dragan, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-8-3
`Inpatient Facility Requirements
`Theresa Gallivan, R.N.; Anand K. Seth, P.E., Member ASHRAE; David Hanitchak
`
`MN-00-8-4
`Comparative Analysis of HVAC Systems that Minimize the Risk of Airborne
`Infectious Disease Transmission
`Alexandra Dragan, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE
`Symposium MN-00-09
`MN-00-9-1
`The Impact of Chemistry on the Use of Polyol Ester Lubricants in Refrigeration
`Kenneth C. Lilje, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-9-3
`Effects of Lubricant Miscibility and Viscosity on the Performance of an R-134a
`Refrigerating System
`Predrag Popovic, Ph.D., Associate Member ASHRAE;
`Michael Pate, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE;
`Nicolas E. Schnur; Ronald L. Shimon, Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-10-1
`Whole-House Ventilation Strategies to Meet Proposed Standard 62.2: Energy Cost
`Considerations
`Craig P. Wray, P.Eng., Member ASHRAE; Max H. Sherman, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE;
`Nance E. Matson, P.E., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-10-2
`Comparative Ventilation Systems Tests in a Mixed Climate
`John K. Holton, AIA, P.E., Member ASHRAE; Timothy R. Beggs, P.E., Associate
`Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-10-3
`Measurement of Ventilation and Interzonal Distribution in Single-Family Houses
`Armin F. Rudd, Member ASHRAE; Joseph W. Lstiburek, Ph.D., P.Eng., Member
`ASHRAE
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`MN-00-11-1
`Effective UVGI System Design Through Improved Modeling
`W.J. Kowalski, P.E., Student Member ASHRAE; William P. Bahnfleth, Ph.D., P.E.,
`Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-11-2
`Methodology for Minimizing Risk from Airborne Organisms in
`Hospital Isolation Rooms
`Farhad Memarzadeh, Ph.D., P.E.; Jane Jiang, Ph.D.
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`MN-00-11-3
`Thermal Comfort, Uniformity, and Ventilation Effectiveness in Patient Rooms:
`Performance Assessment Using Ventilation Indices
`Andy Manning, Ph.D.; Farhad Memarzadeh, Ph.D., P.E.
`
`MN-00-11-4
`Health Care Facility Design Manual—Room Design
`Richard D. Hermans, P.E., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-12-1 (RP-1056)
`Field Validation of Standard 152P
`Paul W. Francisco, Member ASHRAE; Larry Palmiter
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`MN-00-12-2
`Evaluation of the Duct Leakage Estimation Procedures of ASHRAE Standard 152P
`James B. Cummings, Member ASHRAE; Charles R. Withers, Jr.; Neil A. Moyer
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`MN-00-12-3
`Validation of ASHRAE Standard 152P in Basement Warm-Air Distribution
`Systems
`Peter R. Strunk
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`MN-00-12-4
`Field Evaluation of a Residential Hydronic Distribution System in the
`Cooling Mode
`Edward A. Vineyard, P.E.; Randall L. Linkous
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`MN-00-13-1
`Rationalization and Optimization of Heating Systems Coupled to Ground-Source
`Heat Pumps
`Birol ì. Kilkis, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-13-2
`Monitoring and Evaluating a Year-Round Radiant/Convective System
`David Scheatzle, Arc.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-13-3
`Hydraulic-Powered Fan-Coil for Advanced Hydronic Distribution Systems, Part 1:
`Thermal Performance and Energy Characterization of Conventional Fan Coil Units
`Evelyn Baskin, Ph.D., Associate Member ASHRAE; Edward A. Vineyard, P.E., Member
`ASHRAE; Essam A. Ibrahim, Ph.D., P.E.
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`MN-00-13-4
`Hydraulic-Powered Fan Coil for Advanced Hydronic Distribution Systems, Part II:
`Thermal Performance and Energy Requirements of Modified Fan Coil Units
`Evelyn Baskin, Ph.D., Associate Member ASHRAE; Edward A. Vineyard, P.E., Member
`ASHRAE; Essam A. Ibrahim, Ph.D., P.E.
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`MN-00-14-1
`3-D Simulation of the Thermal-Hydraulic Characteristics of Louvered Fin-and-
`Tube Heat Exchangers with Oval Tubes
`Min-Sheng Liu; Chi-Chuan Wang, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; Jane-Sunn Liaw;
`Jin-Sheng Leu, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-14-2
`A Numerical Analysis of Three-Dimensional Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in
`Chevron Plate Channels
`Jiin-Yuh Jang, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; Chien-Nan Lin, P.E.
`
`MN-00-14-3
`A Computational Study of Heat Transfer and Friction Characteristics of a Smooth
`Wavy Fin Heat Exchanger
`Ming Zhang, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; Scott D. Dahl, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-15-1 (4409)
`Thermal Performance of Residential Electric Water Heaters Using Alternative
`Blowing Agents
`A. Hunter Fanney, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; Jareb D. Ketay-Paprocki;
`Robert R. Zarr, P.E.
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`MN-00-15-2
`Cost of Increased Energy Efficiency for Residential Water Heaters
`Alex B. Lekov, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; James D. Lutz, P.E., Associate Member
`ASHRAE; Camilla Dunham Whitehead; James E. McMahon, Ph.D.
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`MN-00-15-3
`A Monte Carlo Approach the Calculation of Energy Consumption for Residential
`Gas-Fired Water Heaters
`James D. Lutz, P.E., Associate Member ASHRAE; Alex B. Lekov, Ph.D., Member
`ASHRAE; Camilla Dunham Whitehead; Xiaomin Liu; James E. McMahon, Ph.D
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`MN-00-16-1
`Cooling Thermal Storage Capital Cost Economies
`Jim B. Sawers, P.Eng., Member ASHRAE;
`Robert Akkerman, P.Eng., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-16-2
`Contribution of Stratified Thermal Storage to Cost-Effective Trigeneration Project
`Shashi Dharmadhikari, Ph.D., Member ASHRAE; Didier Pons; François Principaud
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`MN-00-16-3
`Dynamic Ice—Low-Cost Alternative for New Construction
`Kirby P. Nelson, P.E., Member ASHRAE
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`MN-00-16-2
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`Contribution of Stratified
`Thermal Storage to Cost-Effective
`Trigeneration Project
`
`Shashi Dharmadhikari, Ph.D.
`Member ASHRAE
`
`Didier Pons
`
`François Principaud
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`The trigeneration plant for Expo ‘98 in Lisbon, Portugal,
`provides electricity, heat, and refrigeration, three energy prod-
`ucts, from the same energy source, i.e., gas—thus the term
`“trigeneration”—and incorporates a number of innovations,
`including a stratified chilled water thermal energy storage
`system, the largest to date in Europe.
`The entire project was completed on a fast-track basis,
`commissioned, and brought into operation long before the
`opening of the World Fair. The innovations contributed very
`substantial savings in both investment and operating costs; the
`stratified storage system was particularly important in achiev-
`ing such reductions.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`Lisbon’s new eastern district, a 350 ha site near the Tage
`River, has recently been modernized in readiness for the
`World Fair Expo ‘98. When completed, the district will
`include housing, leisure facilities, hotels, a modernized rail-
`way station, and a large number of administrative buildings,
`including, probably, the future national parliament. Around
`the year 2008, this new quarter will have 12,000 residential
`units for over 27,000 inhabitants.
`The organizer of the World Fair, Parque Expo ‘98, wanted
`to adopt innovative technologies—fiber-optic telecommuni-
`cations, a centralized waste disposal system, and a district
`heating and cooling network supplied by a gas-fired central
`trigeneration plant, a concept presently unique in Europe.
`Unusual features of the energy distribution network are its
`length (about 45 km for chilled and hot water together) and its
`large number of users, spread out over a distance of up to 5 km,
`
`compared to a conventional trigeneration system often dedi-
`cated to one or two large consumers.
`Parque Expo ‘98 awarded the BOT (build, operate, and
`transfer) contract in 1995 to a French-Portuguese consortium,
`which, in turn, gave the turnkey contract to a consortium of
`three individual companies.
`The consortium formed a task force of multidisciplinary
`engineers, who, contributing their various skills, incorporated
`a number of innovative concepts to enhance the plant’s perfor-
`mance and reduce the investment costs, thereby making this
`fast-track project a great success. In this, the thermal storage
`played an important role.
`
`CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
`The plant was planned to be executed in two phases:
`
`•
`
`•
`
`the initial phase, covering the first ten years, with an
`estimated cooling demand of 40 MWr (11,373 tons), and
`the final phase, with the cooling demand estimated to
`rise to 60 MWr (17,060 tons).
`
`The estimated chilled water daily demand profiles
`during the initial and final phases, based on the anticipated
`cooling loads, are shown in Figure 1. Based on these profiles,
`the feasibility study showed that the addition of thermal stor-
`age to satisfy peak demand could result in a substantial
`saving in capital investment. The required volume of thermal
`storage, corresponding to the full storage operation during a
`peak period of two to three hours, is estimated at around
`15,000 m3 (4 million gal) of chilled water supplied at 4°C
`(39°F) and returned at about 12°C (54°F). The plant is
`designed to be operated continuously, night and day, replen-
`ishing the reserve of chilled water during the night. During
`
`Shashi Dharmadhikari is process manager (oil, gas, and energy), Didier Pons is director of energy business development, and François Prin-
`cipaud is a process engineer with Ingérop-Litwin, Puteaux, France.
`
`THIS PREPRINT IS FOR DISCUSSION PURPOSES ONLY, FOR INCLUSION IN ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS 2000, V. 106, Pt. 2. Not to be reprinted in whole or in
`part without written permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329.
`Opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ASHRAE. Written
`questions and comments regarding this paper should be received at ASHRAE no later than July 7, 2000.
`
`PAGE 13 of 20
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`PETITIONER'S EXHIBIT 1225
`
`

`
`Figure 1 Estimated profiles of the cooling load.
`
`Figure 2 Storage charging and discharging.
`
`peak periods, a cooling output of 12 to 18 MWr (3412 to
`5118 tons) can be supplied from thermal storage and the
`remainder from the chiller plant. Taking advantage also of
`the coincident load factor, it was estimated that a central
`chiller plant of only 20 MWr (5687 tons) will be needed
`during the initial phase.
`Other energy requirements during the initial phase are
`estimated as follows:
`
`•
`
`•
`
`Hot water: up to 3 MWth (10.2 MM Btu/h) (i.e., during
`summer, the higher demand during winter being satis-
`fied by an auxiliary gas-fired boiler)
`Electricity: about 1.1 MWe
`
`In the final phase, the capacity of the chiller plant will
`be doubled, thus providing chilling output of 40 MWr
`(11,373 tons), and the remaining cooling demand of 20 MWr
`(5687 tons) will be supplied by the thermal storage.
`This design concept provides certain advantages:
`
`•
`•
`
`•
`
`It reduces design and engineering time and cost.
`It minimizes the delivery time of the main equipment
`for the final phase, as this equipment is identical and can
`be ordered during the initial phase.
`It facilitates plant arrangement since future space
`required is defined during the initial phase.
`
`Thermal Storage
`
`A stratified type of thermal storage was preferred for
`following reasons:
`
`It is the least expensive in terms of cost per unit ($/kWh
`or $/ton-hour), especially for such large capacity.
`Enough space was available adjacent to the trigenera-
`tion plant for the tank construction.
`No major limitations were imposed, either by the
`authorities or by aesthetics.
`An affiliated company provided strong support based on
`their operating experience of this type of storage in the
`USA (Andrepont 1994).
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`•
`
`
`
`Figure 3 Electricity export from the trigeneration plant.
`
`Design-Day Operating Strategy
`
`Anticipated storage charging and discharging during a
`design-day is shown in Figure 2. During early morning, the
`chillers are operated mainly to charge the thermal storage,
`while from 3 p.m. to midnight the thermal storage is used
`exclusively to satisfy the cooling demand. The electricity
`export during a design-day, based on load simulation calcula-
`tions, is shown in Figure 3.
`
`Plant Configuration Studies
`
`A wide variety of trigeneration schemes are able to satisfy
`the energy requirements; hence, a careful techno-economic
`study is needed to select and optimize an appropriate scheme
`(Dharmadhikari 1997). During the initial design, different
`process schemes were evaluated, and some of these are shown
`in Figure 4.
`
`Scheme I: This is essentially the trigeneration concept
`(Richard 1995) developed by the affiliated company in the
`USA in which a gas turbine drives a 1.1 MWe generator
`and a 5 MWr (1422 tons) compression chiller. This concept
`is in successful operation in the USA in two trigeneration
`plants as well as in a third trigeneration plant where three
`similar units are in operation also with stratified storage
`(Andrepont 1998). The scheme studied for Expo ‘98
`
`01
`
`PAGE 14 of 20
`
`PETITIONER'S EXHIBIT 1225
`
`

`
`Figure 4 Trigeneration schemes.
`
`comprised two such units in parallel, each with exhaust
`duct firing, and a 4 MWth (13.6 MM Btu/h) waste heat
`boiler. Additionally, a gas turbine-driven 1.1 MWe alterna-
`tor, a waste heat boiler, and two 5 MWr (1422 tons) absorp-
`tion chillers were included to meet the Expo ‘98 energy
`requirement.
`
`Scheme II: This scheme is composed of one trigeneration
`concept described above, complemented by three 1.3 MWe
`gas engine-driven generators, electric motor-driven compres-
`sion chillers including three with 3.5 MWr (995 tons) and one
`with 5 MWr (1422 tons), one 1.5 MWr (426 tons) single-effect
`absorption chiller, and one 3 MWr (852 tons) double-effect
`absorption chiller.
`
`Scheme III: This includes a gas turbine-driven 4.8 MWe
`generator, a 12 MWth (41 MM Btu/h) waste heat boiler with
`supplementary firing, two 5 MWr (1422 tons) electric motor-
`driven compression chillers, and two 5 MWr (1422 tons)
`double-effect absorption chillers.
`
`Using consistent units,
`
`Efficiency = (E+H+R) / F,
`
`(1)
`
`where
`E
`H
`R
`F
`
`= net power generated,
`= heat produced,
`= refrigeration produced,
`= fuel consumed.
`Table 1 shows the efficiency thus calculated, the cooling
`water consumption, and the equipment cost for the three
`schemes studied. Although, scheme II is attractive from the
`points of view of investment cost and cooling water consump-
`tion, it was eliminated because of its complexity and the high
`maintenance cost of gas engines.
`
`TABLE 1
`Comparison of Schemes
`
`For environmental reasons, ammonia was selected as the
`refrigerant for the compression chillers for all these schemes.
`
`System efficiency
`
`Comparison Between Different Schemes
`
` Cooling water consumption,
`m3/m3 (gal/gal) of chilled water produced
`
`The cycle efficiency of a trigeneration system can be
`defined using the first law of thermodynamics.
`
`Main equipment investment
`(million US$)
`
`Scheme
`
`I
`
`1.46
`
`1.54
`
`II
`
`1.36
`
`1.42
`
`III
`
`1.24
`
`1.54
`
`7.1
`
`5.5
`
`6.8
`
`01
`
`
`
`PAGE 15 of 20
`
`PETITIONER'S EXHIBIT 1225
`
`

`
`Figure 5 The Expo ‘98 trigeneration plant.
`
`During the design phase, it became apparent that the inter-
`nal electricity consumption of the plant would be higher than
`the estimated 1.1 MWe. This favored scheme III, which can
`export surplus electricity to the national grid. Moreover, this
`scheme provides the additional advantage of fewer items of
`equipment, resulting in greater simplicity, and lower invest-
`ment and maintenance costs. The use of a single larger gas
`turbine in particular considerably reduced piping, civil work,
`and electrical installations. In spite of lower system efficiency,
`this scheme was therefore selected for the final design.
`
`Heat Rejection
`
`A trigeneration plant discharges a relatively large amount
`of heat, in spite of its good cycle efficiency. Although the Tage
`River is nearby, a cost comparison between river water cooling
`and a cooling tower system was made during the feasibility
`study. The river water design temperature is 23°C (73.4°F) and
`for the river cooling system, indirect cooling through plate-fin
`exchangers is contemplated. The cooling water temperatures
`attainable with both systems are identical, i.e., 26°C (78.8°F).
`The cost comparison showed that the cooling tower
`option consumes about 20% more electricity but needs 5%
`less investment. Nevertheless, this solution was eventually
`rejected for aesthetic reasons; it would also have resulted in
`some risk of vapor cloud formation over the exhibition area,
`particularly during periods of low ambient temperature.
`
`FINAL DESIGN
`
`The final design consists of a gas turbine, waste heat
`boiler, two absorption chillers, two compression chillers,
`chilled water storage, and auxiliary equipment (Figure 5)
`(Dharmadhikari et al. 1999). The exhaust gas from the gas
`turbine is reheated by direct combustion in the exhaust duct
`
`and then sent to the waste heat boiler to produce steam. An
`additional boiler produces the extra steam needed during the
`winter and also acts as a standby. Steam is supplied to
`
`•
`
`•
`
`a shell-and-tube exchanger in which water is heated
`from 65°C (149°F) to 100°C (212°F) and
`absorption chillers, providing the first stage of refrigera-
`tion from 12°C (53.6°F) down to 8°C (46.4°F).
`
`Compression chillers then further reduce the chilled
`water temperature from 8°C (46.4°F) down to 4°C (39.2°F).
`A closed-circuit treated-water system serves the chiller
`condensers and the cooling of rotating machines; the treated
`cooling water is itself cooled by river water through the plate
`heat exchangers. Electricity produced by the gas turbine
`generator is partly utilized within the plant, and the excess is
`sold to the electric utility. Chilled water from the thermal
`storage tank is provided for peak demands. Pumps for
`chilled water service (both chiller loop and chilled water
`distribution) have variable frequency drives. The chilled
`water is distributed through 600 mm steel piping to more
`than 40 users throughout the exhibition area, some as distant
`as 5 km. Each user has its own plate heat exchanger and
`closed circuit chilled water system. Table 2 summarizes the
`main equipment.
`
`CHILLED WATER THERMAL STORAGE
`The chilled water storage is the very heart of the trigen-
`eration plant and is undoubtedly its most significant and inno-
`vative concept. Apart from its feature as a unique application
`in trigeneration, it is the largest stratified chilled water thermal
`storage to date in Europe. With a diameter of 35 m (114.8 ft)
`and a height of 17 m (55.8 ft), the bottom 6 m (19.7 ft) of which
`is below ground, it consists of a cylindrical reinforced
`
`
`
`01
`
`PAGE 16 of 20
`
`PETITIONER'S EXHIBIT 1225
`
`

`
`TABLE 2
`Main Equipment
`
`Gas turbine
`
`5.2 MWe with inlet combustion air cooling
`
`Waste heat boiler
`
`Auxiliary boiler
`
`12 MWth (41 MM Btu/h) producing
`1000 kPa (145 psi) steam
`
`15.3 MWth (52.2 MM Btu/h) producing
`1000 kPa (145 psi) steam
`
`Compression chillers 2 × 5.8 MWr (1649 tons) each,
`ammonia screw compressors
`
`Absorption chillers
`
`2 × 5.1 MWr (1450 tons) each,
`lithium bromide double effect
`Chilled water system (2+1) chiller feed pumps, 1190 m3/h
`(5240 gpm), 270 kPa (39 psi),
`132 kWe variable speed motors
`(2+1) distribution pumps, 2050 m3/h
`(9027 gpm), 460 kPa (67 psi),
`355 kWe variable speed motors
`
`Hot water system
`
`Shell-and-tube exchanger
`11.5 MWth (39.2 MM Btu/h)
`(1+1) distribution pumps 555 m3/h
`(2444 gpm), 600 kPa (87 psi),
`160 kWe variable speed motors
`
`Cooling water system 4 plate exchangers
`(2+1) distribution pumps 175