HPPS Operators Guide
`HPPS Operators Guide
`
`M A N 0 3 1 4 I s s u e 2 . 0 F e b . 2 0 0 3
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`Page 1
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`LUPIN EX. 1036
`Lupin v. iCeutica
`US Patent No. 8,999,387
`
`

`
`© Malvern Instruments Ltd. 2001, 2002, 2003
`
`Malvern Instruments makes every effort to ensure that this document is correct. However,
`
`due to Malvern Instruments policy of continual product development we are unable to
`
`guarantee the accuracy of this, or any other document after the date of publication. We
`
`therefore disclaim all liability for any changes, errors or omissions after the date of
`
`publication. No reproduction or transmission of any part of this publication is allowed
`
`without the express written permission of Malvern Instruments Ltd.
`
`Head office:
`
`Malvern Instruments Ltd.
`
`Enigma Business Park,
`
`Grovewood Road,
`
`Malvern,
`
`Worcestershire. WR14 1XZ
`
`United Kingdom.
`
`Tel + [44] (0)1684-892456
`
`Fax + [44] (0)1684-892789
`
`Windows 2000 and NT are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation.
`
`Printed in England
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`Page 2
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`C O N T E N T S
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`Table of Contents
`
`Part 1 - Operators Guide
`
`CHAPTER 1 - Introduction to this manual
`Introduction to this manual
`How to use this manual
`Access to the Instrument
`Assumed information
`Where to get help
`Health and safety
`
`CHAPTER 2 - What is the HPPS?
`Introduction
`What does the HPPS do?
`How it does it
`
`CHAPTER 3 - Navigating the HPPS software
`Introduction
`Quick guide to the HPPS software application
`
`CHAPTER 4 - Making measurements - A tutorial
`Introduction
`Quick guide to making a measurement
`Powering up the system
`Sample preparation
`Making an SOP measurement
`Making a manual measurement
`The Measurement display
`Displaying the results
`
`CHAPTER 5 - Managing SOPs
`Introduction
`Creating an SOP
`Modifying an SOP
`Distributing an SOP
`
`1-1
`1-1
`1-1
`1-2
`1-3
`1-4
`
`2-1
`2-1
`2-1
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`3-1
`3-1
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`4-1
`4-1
`4-2
`4-4
`4-11
`4-15
`4-17
`4-19
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`5-1
`5-1
`5-15
`5-15
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`C O N T E N T S
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`H P P S
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`CHAPTER 6 - Measurement file window - Managing the records
`Introduction
`6-1
`Displaying the information
`6-2
`
`CHAPTER 7 - Exporting results
`Introduction
`Exporting results
`Creating an export template.
`
`CHAPTER 8 - Creating custom reports
`Introduction
`Overview
`Opening a report
`Laying out a report
`Customising and editing the report
`A finished report
`Selecting the new report to view
`
`CHAPTER 9 - Security
`Introduction
`Initial start-up — set up the administrator:
`Enabling security
`User groups
`Users
`
`CHAPTER 10 - Maintenance
`Introduction
`Cleaning the instrument
`Cleaning cuvettes
`Replacing the filters
`Replacing the system fuse
`Maintenance schedule
`
`7-1
`7-1
`7-3
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`8-1
`8-1
`8-2
`8-2
`8-3
`8-8
`8-9
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`9-1
`9-2
`9-3
`9-3
`9-5
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`10-1
`10-1
`10-2
`10-2
`10-3
`10-3
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`C O N T E N T S
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`Part 2 - Theory of operation
`
`CHAPTER 11 - Introduction to Dynamic Light Scattering
`Introduction
`6-1
`What is Dynamic Light Scattering
`6-1
`Scattering intensity fluctuations
`6-1
`Interpreting scattering intensity fluctuation data
`6-3
`Using the correlation function to get size information
`6-4
`Intensity, volume and number distributions
`6-6
`
`CHAPTER 12 - Operation of the HPPS
`Typical DLS system
`Unique features of the HPPS system
`
`APPENDIX A - Specification
`Specification
`
`APPENDIX B - Installation
`Introduction
`Installing the HPPS
`Changing the computer
`
`APPENDIX C - Reference
`Further reading
`
`APPENDIX D - Regulatory Statements
`Statement of EMC performance
`Statement of LVD compliance
`
`7-1
`7-2
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`A-1
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`B-1
`B-1
`B-2
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`C-1
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`D-1
`D-1
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`C O N T E N T S
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`H P P S
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`Part 1 - Operators Guide
`Part 1 - Operators Guide
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`Page 7
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`Page 8
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`Page 8
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`Introduction to this manual
`Introduction to this manual
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`C H A P T E R
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`1
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`Page 10
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`C H A P T E R 1
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`Introduction to this manual
`
`This manual covers the operation and maintenance of the HPPS (High
`Performance Particle Sizer) particle analyser.
`
`Instrument
`
`Model number
`
`Description
`
`HPPS
`
`HPP5001
`
`Standard system
`
`HPPS ET
`
`HPP5002
`
`Extended temperature system
`
`The aim of this manual is to:
`. Identify what the instrument is.
`. Explain in simple terms how it works.
`. Explain how the instrument should be used to make a measurement.
`. Identify the user maintenance procedures.
`
`How to use this manual
`
`It is important that the Health and Safety section at the end of this chapter is read
`before attempting to operate the instrument.
`
`Users who have never operated a Malvern particle analyser before, are
`recommended to read this manual fully before starting their first measurement.
`
`User who are more familiar with particle size analysers, may wish to jump straight
`to Chapter 4 - “Making measurements” which gives practical details on making
`measurements.
`
`Access to the Instrument
`
`Within this manual, reference is made to the various people who will have access
`to the instrument. Below is a list of these people and their responsibilities:
`
`Malvern personnel
`Malvern personnel (service engineers, representatives etc.) have full access to the
`instrument and are authorised to perform all service procedures that may require
`the removal of the covers.
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`C H A P T E R 1
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`H P P S
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`Supervisor
`The supervisor is the person responsible for the management/safety of the
`instrument and of its operation. The supervisor is responsible for the training of
`the operators. The supervisor can perform all user maintenance routines
`identified in chapter 10.
`
`Under no circumstances, should the supervisor remove the main cover of the
`instrument.
`
`Operator
`An operator is a person trained in the use of the system. The operator can
`perform all user maintenance routines identified in chapter 10, except changing
`the fuse.
`
`Under no circumstances, should the operator remove the main cover of the
`instrument.
`
`#Warning!
`
`Failure to follow these guidelines could result in exposure to hazardous
`voltages and laser radiation.
`
`#Warning!
`
`Removal of the covers by unauthorised personnel will invalidate the
`warranty of the instrument.
`
`Assumed information
`
`Naming convention
`
`Within this manual the HPPS will be referred to in full or as the "Instrument".
`
`The combination of the HPPS instrument, the computer and HPPS software will
`be referred to as the "System".
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`C H A P T E R 1
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`Menu commands
`
`Menu commands from the Malvern software are referred to in the form main
`menu-menu item. As an example, the command Configure-New SOP refers
`to selecting the New SOP item in the Configure menu. Menu commands are
`always shown in bold text.
`
`Where to get help
`
`Manual
`
`The primary source of help for the HPPS system is from this manual. The
`manual is designed to give an overview of the system as a whole.
`
`Help desk
`
`All queries regarding the system should initially be directed to the local Malvern
`representative. Please quote the following information:
`. Model number of the instrument (this is located on the rear panel).
`. Serial number of the instrument (again located on the rear panel).
`
`. The version of the HPPS software (select Help-About within the soft-
`ware).
`
`Contact the United Kingdom help desk if the local Malvern representative is not
`available. The direct line to the United Kingdom Helpdesk is +44 (0) 1684
`891800. It should be noted that this help line is primarily English speaking.
`
`Remote support
`
`Malvern Instruments offers a remote support service, delivered via a modem or
`an internet connection, for the system. Benefits include fast and efficient fault
`diagnosis anywhere in the world, reduced costs and less downtime. On-line user
`training is also available, as well as software updates delivered directly via the
`modem. A direct, dedicated modem line or internet connection via dial up or
`LAN must be available to make use of this facility.
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`C H A P T E R 1
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`H P P S
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`Health and safety
`
`General Warnings and Safety Regulations
`
`#Warning!
`
`The instrument or the samples to be measured may be hazardous if
`misused. Read and fully understand this section before operating the
`system.
`
`#Warning!
`
`Use of the system in a manner not specified by Malvern Instruments
`Ltd may impair the protection provided by the system.
`
`The instrument must only be stored or operated in environmental conditions
`conforming to the specification within Appendix A.
`
`Electrical Warnings and Safety Regulations
`
`#Warning!
`
`The HPPS contains high voltage components. Only Malvern trained
`personnel are permitted to remove the main cover of the instrument.
`
`The HPPS instrument is a mains powered device and all power cables and
`electrical sockets should be treated accordingly. Do not place cables in positions
`where they are likely to become wet.
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`C H A P T E R 1
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`Should the instrument become wet (i.e. sample or dispersant has been
`accidentally spilt), switch off the instrument and disconnect it from the mains
`power supply immediately. Scrupulously clean and dry the instrument before
`re-applying power.
`
`The metal parts of the optical unit and the accessories are earthed via a protective
`earth connection. Never run the equipment without a protective earth
`connection.
`
`Laser Safety Regulations
`
`The HPPS optical unit is a Class 1 laser product, and as such, there is no exposure
`to laser radiation in the normal operation of the instrument.
`
`%Caution!
`
`Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other
`than those specified herein may result in hazardous radiation exposure.
`
`The internal laser has a maximum cw-power of 5mW at 632.8 nm.
`
`The diagram below shows the location of the laser warning labels.
`
`CLASS 1
`LASER PRODUCT
`
`DANGER
`LASER RADIATION WHEN OPEN
`AVOID DIRECT EYE EXPOSURE
`
`CAUTION
`LASER RADIATION WHEN OPEN
`AVOID EXPOSURE TO BEAM
`
`CLASS 1
`LASER PRODUCT
`
`DANGER
`LASER RADIATION WHEN OPEN
`AVOID DIRECT EYE EXPOSURE
`
`CAUTION
`LASER RADIATION WHEN OPEN
`AVOID EXPOSURE TO BEAM
`
`ILL6080
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`C H A P T E R 1
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`H P P S
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`Temperature warnings
`
`The warning triangle on the cuvette lid is there to warn the operator of potentially
`hazardous temperatures within the cuvette holder area. The instrument is capable
`of heating the sample to user specified temperatures. The maximum temperature
`achievable by each model is detailed below.
`
`Model
`
`Maximum temperature
`
`HPPS
`
`HPPS ET
`
`55°C
`
`90°C
`
`Sample handling warnings
`
`Always handle all substances in accordance with the COSHH (Control Of
`Substances Hazardous to Health) regulations (U.K.) or any local regulations
`concerning sample handling safety.
`
`Before using any substance, check the Material Safety Data Sheets for safe
`handling information.
`
`Use the instrument in a well ventilated room, or preferably within a fume
`cupboard, if the fumes from the sample or dispersant are toxic or noxious.
`
`Wear personal protective equipment as recommended by the Material Safety Data
`Sheets if toxic or hazardous samples are being handled, particularly during sample
`preparation and measurement.
`
`Wear protective gloves when handling hazardous materials, or those that cause
`skin infections or irritations.
`
`Do not smoke during measurement procedures, particularly where inflammable
`samples are used or stored.
`
`Do not eat or drink during measurement procedures, particularly where
`hazardous samples are used or stored.
`
`Take care when handling glass (e.g. beakers). Hazardous materials may enter a
`wound caused by broken glass.
`
`Always test a new sample or dispersant for chemical compatibility before use.
`
`After measuring hazardous samples, scrupulously clean the system to remove any
`contaminants before making another measurement.
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`C H A P T E R 1
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`Always label samples for analysis using industry standard labelling, particularly if
`they are handled by a number of staff or stored for long periods. Clearly mark any
`operator hazard and associated safety precautions that are required for the
`handling of dangerous materials.
`
`It is important to keep a record of all hazardous substances used in the system for
`protection of service and maintenance personnel.
`
`Always adopt responsible procedures for the disposal of waste samples. Most local
`laws forbid the disposal of many chemicals in such a manner as to allow their
`entry into the water system. The user is advised to seek local advice as to the
`means available for disposal of chemical wastes in the area of use.
`Recommendations can be found within the Materials Safety Data Sheets.
`
`The surfaces of the system may be permanently damaged if samples are spilt onto
`them. If spillages should occur, then the system should be disconnected from the
`power supply before scrupulously cleaning up the spillage.
`
`Moving the system
`
`If it is necessary to move the system, the following guidelines should be followed:
`. Always disconnect the computer and power supply before attempting to
`move the system.
`. Always adopt proper lifting techniques to avoid back injury.
`. Always lift the instrument by holding it under its base. Never lift an instru-
`ment by its covers.
`. If the system is to be moved large distances then it is recommended that it
`is repacked in its original packaging.
`
`Disposing of the instrument and accessories
`
`When the need eventually arises to dispose of the system, it should be done so in a
`responsible manner. The following are guidelines that should be followed.
`. Before disposal of the optical unit, the laser should be disabled in such a
`manner as to make it impossible for it to be powered up. Seek advice from
`the local Malvern representative for details.
`. The instrument should be decontaminated if hazardous materials have
`been used in the system.
`. Refer to any local regulations on disposal of equipment.
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`What is the HPPS?
`What is the HPPS?
`
`C H A P T E R
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`2
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`C H A P T E R 2
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`Introduction
`
`The HPPS system is installed and ready to go (if not, follow the instructions in
`Appendix B), but what is the HPPS system and what is it supposed to do?
`
`This chapter gives a brief overview of the system, answering the two basic
`questions of “what does the HPPS system do?” and “how it does it”. A more
`detailed chapter at the end of this manual (Chapter 12 - Theory of operation) is
`provided for those of users who wish to know more about the underlying theory
`of operation. It should be noted that it is not necessary to understand this in order
`to use the HPPS system.
`
`Reading this chapter and Chapter 4 - Making measurements, should give enough
`information to perform measurements on the HPPS system.
`
`What does the HPPS do?
`
`The HPPS system is an instrument for measuring the size of molecules in
`solution or the size of particles in dispersion. The unique technology within the
`HPPS system allows measurements to be made over a wide range of
`concentrations.
`
`Two models of the HPPS system are available. They are identical apart from the
`temperature specification. The HPPS is capable of heating or cooling the sample
`to a pre-defined temperature. The specification for the two systems is given
`below.
`
`Model
`
`Temperature specification
`
`HPPS
`
`10°C (at 20°C ambient ) to 55°C
`
`HPPS ET
`
`10°C (at 20°C ambient ) to 90°C
`
`How it does it
`
`A typical system, shown below, comprises the instrument + and a PC with the
`HPPS software installed ,. A cuvette - is filled with the sample to be measured
`and loaded into the cuvette holder on the top of the instrument ..
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`C H A P T E R 2
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`H P P S
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`ILL6081
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`The software is then used to control the measurement of the sample. There are
`two ways to make a measurement:
`
`. SOP measurements. A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is like a
`template that pre-defines all the measurement settings. This ensures that
`measurements made on the same type of sample are made in a consistent
`way. New SOPs can be created or modified by the user if required. SOPs
`are ideal if the same type of sample is regularly measured, such as in a qual-
`ity control environment. Having to set the same parameters each time a
`measurement is made is tedious and also runs the risk of making errors in
`the settings!
`
`To start an SOP measurement, select Measure-Start SOP. A dialogue will
`appear allowing the appropriate SOP to be chosen. Once the SOP is
`selected, the measurement screen will appear. After the measurement has
`been named, press the Start button and the measurement will be made.
`Once the measurement is complete the results can be viewed by selecting
`one of the pre-set reports.
`
`. Manual Measurement. A manual measurement is basically a one-off
`measurement where all the measurement parameters are set immediatly be-
`fore the measurement is performed. This is ideal if measuring many differ-
`ent types of sample, or experimenting with the measurement parameters.
`
`To start a manual measurement, select Measure-Manual. The
`Measurement display will initially appear followed by the Measurement
`settings dialogue. Use the dialogue tabs make any changes required to the
`measurement settings and if required press the Save as SOP... button to
`store the settings. Click the OK button to return to the Measurement
`display.
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`C H A P T E R 2
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`Press the Start ( $ ) button and the measurement will be made. Once the
`measurement is complete the results can be viewed by selecting one of the
`pre-set reports.
`
`All measurement results are saved to a measurement file. The measurement file
`to save the results to must be selected before the measurement is started.
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`C H A P T E R 2
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`H P P S
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`Navigating the HPPS software
`Navigating the HPPS software
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`C H A P T E R
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`3
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`Page 25
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`C H A P T E R 3
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`Introduction
`
`The Malvern software controls the system during a measurement and then
`processes the measurement data to produce a size distribution. It also displays the
`results and allows reports to be printed.
`
`There are two modules that are incorporated into the standard Malvern software.
`The main application is described below, while a secondary module known as the
`Report Designer allows the user to create custom reports to display the results.
`The features of the Report Designer are detailed later in this manual.
`
`Within the software, various parameters, settings or reports will have either a
`small Malvern logo (
`) or an (M) alongside. This identifies it as Malvern defined
`and therefore cannot be overwritten. The Malvern defined parameters can be
`used as a template that can be altered and saved under a different name.
`
`The next section describes the key features of the main application.
`
`Quick guide to the HPPS software
`application
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`ILL6590
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`C H A P T E R 3
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`H P P S
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`The features of the screen are indicated above. The features and their function are
`described in the following sections.
`
`+ Menu bar.
`
`The menu bar contains the main menu headings for all software functions. There
`are several ways to select an item from the menu bar:
`
`. Using the mouse.
`To select an item from the menu bar, use the left mouse button to click
`once on the menu. The menu will drop down. Select the item from the
`menu by clicking once on the item.
`
`. Using the keyboard.
`To select an item from the menu bar using the keyboard, hold down the
`Alt key and press the key corresponding to the letter that is underlined in
`the item required. For example to use the Measure menu hold down Alt
`and press m. It does not matter if upper or lower case is used - M or m will
`both work.
`
`The items which end with a row of dots (...) will cause dialogue boxes to appear.
`Similarly any items which end with an arrow (}) will cause a second menu to
`appear.
`
`Items that are shown in grey indicate that they are currently not available. This
`will be dependent either upon personnel security permissions or if the choice is
`not compatible with the particular dialogue or instrument status.
`
`The Menus available are shown below, together with a brief overview. The
`functions within each menu will be explained in more detail later in the manual.
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`C H A P T E R 3
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`The File menu is used to Open… or
`create a New measurement file. The
`measurement file is where all the
`measurement records (results) will be
`stored. Press Save as… to store a
`measurement file under a different file
`name.
`
`Once a measurement file has been
`created, use Export file... to export the
`measurement details to other software
`packages such as Excel or Wordpad.
`
`Select Batch print... to simultaneously
`print a number of measurement
`records.
`
`Create PDF... is only enabled if the 21
`CFR part 11 feature key has been
`installed.
`
`As a shortcut, a list of the most recently
`used measurement files are shown at
`the bottom of the menu for immediate
`opening.
`
`Exit will close down the software.
`
`ILL6591
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`File Menu
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`ILL6592
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`Edit Menu
`
`Allows movement and manipulation of
`records in the Measurement file
`window(s). Records can be cut,
`copied, pasted and deleted into their
`own or other measurement files.
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`C H A P T E R 3
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`H P P S
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`Edit result... allows a previously saved
`measurement record to be reanalysed
`using different dispersant and particle
`properties. The temperature can be
`changed and comments for the editing
`added. The edited measurement will
`then be added to the bottom of the
`Records view listing.
`
`To determine the settings for any
`particular measurement record, select
`the record and then Extract SOP....
`The SOP dialogues will appear
`showing the original measurement
`settings. These can then be saved as an
`SOP so measurements can be made
`again with the same settings. This is
`useful if the SOP of the measurement
`record is not already saved in the SOP
`directory.
`
`' N o t e
`
`. This menu will appear when the right mouse button is pressed
`anywhere in the measurement file window.
`
`View Menu
`
`Selects which Report will be
`shown in the measurement
`file window and which
`toolbars are to be displayed.
`
`The reports available are
`those selected by the
`Configure-View/report
`selection dialogue.
`
`Select Status bar to toggle
`the status bar from being
`displayed or not.
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`Configure Menu
`
`Use this menu to create or edit the
`measurement settings in an SOP prior
`to performing the measurement.
`
`New SOP... opens the SOP creation
`wizard, while Existing SOP... allows a
`previously created SOP to be altered.
`
`Data Export Templates.. opens a
`dialogue that defines which parameters
`from a record are to be exported. Once
`a template is created the measurement
`data can be exported to other software
`packages such as Excel or Wordpad, by
`using File-Export data.
`
`Select which reports to show with
`View/Report selection.... A dialogue
`will appear giving the option of
`removing or adding reports to the
`Measurement window.
`
`Line styles... allows the colour and
`style of lines to be changed in the
`report graphs.
`
`The parameters shown in the Records
`view tab can be determined by
`selecting Record view....
`
`Measure Menu
`
`Select this menu when ready to perform a
`measurement.
`
`There is a choice of using an existing
`measurement SOP or manually setting up
`the measurement and sample details.
`
`ILL6595
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`Once the measurement details have been
`entered or an SOP has been chosen, the
`Measurement display will appear.
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`H P P S
`
`Tools Menu
`
`The operation of Report
`Designer is explained in Chapter
`8.
`
`Instrument port... allows the
`communications port to which the
`instrument is connected to be
`defined.
`
`Engineering allows Malvern
`authorised service engineers to
`perform maintenance tasks. The
`engineering screens are password
`protected.
`
`Security Menu
`
`To prevent unauthorised changes, the
`Malvern software can be configured by a
`supervisor to limit each users access to
`various functions - e.g. Modifying an SOP.
`Users are assigned operating permissions
`that allow, or disallow, access; this will be
`fully explained in Chapter 9.
`
`ILL6597
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`ILL6598
`
`Window Menu
`
`Use this menu to alter the view
`characteristics of any measurement
`file windows that are open - i.e.
`minimise, tile, and cascade the open
`measurement file windows as
`required.
`
`Select Window-Windows... to open
`the view dialogue.
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`Tip of the day... will give hints on
`how to use the HPPS software; a
`different tip will appear each time
`this is selected. An option is given
`for turning off the Tip of the day
`dialogue that appears when the
`software starts.
`
`About… gives details on the
`instrument type and the software
`version. It is helpful to quote these if
`ever contacting Malvern
`Instruments.
`
`ILL6599
`
`Help Menu
`
`, Toolbars
`
`The toolbars contain a selection of tools that can be used to perform the most
`popular operations. Each tool will have its equivalent commands within the menu
`bar. For example, using the Open tool is equivalent to using the File-Open
`menu item.
`
`ILL6600
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`To identify each tools function, move the cursor over a tool - a tool tip will be
`displayed under each tool and a short description of its action displayed in the
`status bar.
`
`As with the menu bar, if a tool is not available it will be shown “greyed out”.
`
`The content and appearance of the toolbar can be changed using the
`View-Toolbars-Customise option.
`
`- Measurement display
`
`When a measurement is being performed a measurement display (below) will
`appear showing the progress of the measurement. The screen display shown will
`change depending on which kind of measurement is performed and the view tab
`selected.
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`ILL6601
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`. Measurement file window.
`
`The measurement file window displays all the information for each measurement
`file. More than one measurement window can be displayed at a time - one
`measurement file displayed for each measurement window. The contents of the
`display area will change depending on which Record or Report tab is selected.
`Manipulation of the measurement file windows is described in Chapter 6.
`
`Use the Windows menu to alter the view characteristics of the windows.
`
`Record and Report tabs.
`
`Selecting a report tab will display a predefined report as selected by
`Configure-Report selection. Malvern supplies several reports that give
`different views of the measurement settings and results, and show the
`measurement data and size distribution as a graph and table.
`
`Measurement records are selected using the Records view tab; this gives a listing
`of all the measurement records in any measurement file. The Records view tab
`is always shown as the prominent report tab when a new measurement file is
`opened.
`
`Custom reports can be generated using the Report Designer.
`
`Details on interpreting the reports can be found in Chapter 4.
`
`/ Title bar.
`
`The title bar displays the software name and the file name of the currently
`selected measurement file.
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`0 Status bar and 21 CFR 11 icon
`
`The status bar gives an indication of the instrument’s current operating state and
`describes any icon the cursor passes over. If required, use the View menu to
`disable.
`
`Double-clicking the HPPS icon will display the Serial number of the instrument
`(only if the instrument is connected and switched on).
`
`If the 21 CRF part 11 feature key is installed, the “21 CFR 11” icon will appear in
`yellow on the right of the status bar. Double-clicking the icon will display the
`feature key number. Please note that the 21 CFR part 11 option is not detailed in
`this manual.
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`Making measurements -
`Making measurements -
`A tutorial
`A tutorial
`
`C H A P T E R
`
`4
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`Introduction
`
`C H A P T E R 4
`
`After reading this chapter a user should be able to make simple measurements.
`The chapter goes through the basics from turning on the system to displaying the
`results of a measurement.
`
`The first section, “Quick guide to making a measurement” will run through
`the basic steps with little explanation of the detail. This will give an overview of
`the measurement process. The rest of the chapter will go through the same steps
`but in more detail.
`
`Manual and SOP measurements
`
`Before we start with the details of making a measurement, it is important to
`understand that there are two basic measurement methods to consider before
`proceeding. These are a manual measurement and a Standard Operating
`Procedure (SOP) measurement.
`
`A manual measurement is basically a one-off measurement where all the
`measurement parameters are set up immediately prior to the measurement. This
`is ideal if measuring many different types of sample, or experimenting with the
`measurement parameters.
`
`An SOP measurement uses pre-set parameters (that have previously been defined
`by an operator) to ensure that measurements made on the same type of sample are
`made in a consistent way; this is useful in quality control environments. SOPs are
`also ideal if measuring the same sample in slightly different ways; having to type a
`majority of identical parameters each time a measurement is made is tedious and
`runs the risk of making errors in the settings. Instead, alter an existing SOP and
`just change the required parameters.
`
`It should be noted that most of the settings and dialogues used for a manual
`measurement are the same as those used in an SOP measurement.
`
`Most of this chapter will focus on using SOP measurements. Chapter 5 will give
`you details on creating and managing your own SOPs.
`
`Selecting Edit-Extract SOP will allow any records measurement parameters,
`both SOP or manual, to be viewed and subsequently saved as an SOP.
`
`Quick guide to making a measurement
`
`This section will give a very brief overview of the measurement process using an
`SOP. If more explanation of any of the stages is needed, take a look at the relevant
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`section later in this chapter where more detail will be found. The text in bold
`matches headings found later in this chapter.
`
`. Turn on the instrument, after checking no cuvette is inserted, and allow
`its temperature to stabilise for 30 minutes.
`
`When the optics unit is switched on, a “beep” will be heard; the software
`should not be started until the unit “beeps” a second time. If this is not
`done, the software will not connect with the optical unit.
`
`. Start the HPPS software, only after the second ‘beep’ has been heard.
`
`. Choose the cuvette appropriate for the sample being measured.
`
`. Prepare the sample following the sample preparation guidelines.
`
`. Fill the cuvette with the prepared sample to a depth of between 10 and
`15mm.
`
`. Make an SOP measurement. Follow any onscreen instructions that ap-
`pear.
`
`If necessary Open or create a new measurement file.
`
`Select Measure-Start SOP from the HPPS software.
`Select the SOP required and select Open.
`Add any comments to the Labels tab (optional).
`
`The Measurement display will now be shown.
`
`. When prompted, insert the cuvette into the instrument and wait for the
`temperature to stabilise. The time to stabilise will be a minimum of 3 min-
`utes plus a minute for each degree temperature difference between the
`sample and the instrument temperature setting. e.g. If the sample is at 20°C
`and the instrument is at its default temperature of 25°C, then a minimum
`of 8 minutes should be allowed for the most accurate measurement.
`. Click Start ( $ ). The measurement will be made and the results saved to
`the open measurement file.
`
`Powering up the system
`
`The basic procedure to power up the system is to first Turn on the instrument
`and then Start the software.
`
`Turning on the instrument
`
`Ensure that there is no cuvette in the cuvette holder and that the lid is closed
`before the unit is switched on. This is because the optical unit performs a series of
`self tests on power up that ensure that it is functioning correctly; the tests require
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`the cuvette to be removed and the cell area lid to be closed. For instructions on
`removing the cuvette, reverse the procedure detailed in Inserting the cuvette
`later in this manual.
`
`If this is not done before power up, the self-test will detect the problem and halt
`the test until the cuvette is removed and the lid closed. Check the LCD on the
`front of the optical unit for the pr