`
`By Joel B. Wood
`
`This page discusses what a wireless LAN is, what products are out there to implement a wireless LAN,
`and has a list of many other sites where you can go to find more information on wireless.
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`What is a wireless LAN
`
` spread spectrum
` microwave
` infrared
`
`What products are available
`Standards used with wireless networking
`
` IEEE 802.11
`
`Other related sites
`References
`
`What is a wireless LAN?
`
`In the last few years a new type of local area network has appeared. This new type of LAN, which is the
`wireless LAN, provides an alternative to the traditional LANs based on twisted pair, coaxial cable, and
`optical fiber. The wireless LAN serves the same purpose as that of a wired or optical LAN: to convey
`information among the devices attached to the LAN. But with the lack of physical cabling to tie down the
`location of a node on a network, the network can be much more flexible moving a wireless node is
`easy. As opposed to the large amount of labor required to add or move the cabling in any other type of
`network. Also going wireless may be a better choice where the physical makeup of the building makes it
`difficult or impossible to run wire in the building.
`
`Wireless networks are ideal for portable computers. Using wireless connections allows portable
`computers to still be portable without sacrificing the advantages of being connected to a network. These
`machines can be setup virtually anywhere within the building.
`
`Wireless networks can be used in combination with cabled LANs. In that all the machines that will
`require relative mobility will be connected wirelessly, while the stations that are for the most part
`permanant can be connected through cable.
`
`Wireless LANs use one of three transmission techniques: spread spectrum, narrowband microwave, and
`infrared.
`
`Petitioners' Ex. 1012 - Page 1
`
`
`
`Spread Spectrum
`
`Spread spectrum is currently the most widely used transmission technique for wireless LANs. It was
`initially developed by the military to avoid jamming and eavesdropping of the signals. This is done by
`spreading the signal over a range of frequencies, that consist of the industrial, scientific, and medical
`(ISM) bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. The ISM bands include the frequency ranges at 902 MHz
`to 928 MHZ and at 2.4 GHz to 2.484 GHz, which do not require an FCC license.
`
`The first type of spread spectrum developed is known as frequency hopping spread spectrum . This
`technique broadcasts the signal over a seemingly random series of radio frequencies. A receiver, hopping
`between frequencies in synchronization with the transmitter, receives the message. The message can only
`be fully received if the series of frequencies is known. Because only the intended receiver knows the
`transmitter's hopping sequence, only that receiver can successfully receive all of the data. Most vendores
`develop their own hoppingsequence algorithms, which all but guarantees that two transmitters will not
`hop to the same frequency at the same time.
`
`Even though the FCC has made some rules for frequency hopping spread spectrum technologies. The
`FCC dictates that the transmitters must not spend more than 0.4 seconds on any one channel every 20
`seconds in the 902 MHz band and every 30 seconds in the 2.4GHz band. Also, the transmitters must hop
`through at least 50 channels in the 902MHz band and 75 channels in the 2.4GHz banda channel
`consists of a frequency width which is determined by the FCC. The IEEE 802.11 committee has drafted a
`standard that limits frequency hopping spread spectrum transmitter to the 2.4GHz band.
`
`The other type of spread spectrum communication is called direct sequence spread spectrum , or
`pseudonoise. This method seems to be the one that most wireless spreadspctrum LANs use. direct
`sequence transmitter spread their transmissions by adding redundant data bits called "chips" to them.
`Direct sequence spread spectrum adds at least ten chips to each data bit. Like a frequency hopping
`receiver, a direct sequence receiver must know a transmitter's spreading code to decipher data. This
`spreading code is what allows multiple direct sequence transmitters to operate in the same area without
`interference. Once the receiver has all of the data signal, it uses a correlator to remove the chips and
`collapse the signal to its original length.
`
`As with frequency hopping spread spectrum, the FCC has also set rules for direct sequence transmitters.
`Each signal must have ten or more chips. This rule limits the practical raw data throughput of direct
`sequence transmitters to 2 Mbps in the 902MHz band and 8Mbps in the 2.4GHz band. Unfortunately,
`the number of chips is directly related to a signal's immunity to interference. In an area with lots of radio
`interference, you'll have to give up throughput to avoid interference. The IEEE 802.11 committee has
`drafted a standard of 11 chips for direct sequence spread spectrum.
`
`Frequency hopping radios currently use less power than direct sequence radios and generally cost less.
`While direct sequence radios have a practical raw data rate of 8 Mbps and frequency hopping radios have
`a practical limit of 2 Mbps. So if high performance is key and interference is not a problem, go with
`direct sequencing. But if a small, inexpensive portable wireless adapter for a notebook or PDA is needed
`a the frequency hopping method should be good enough. With either method of spread spectrum the end
`result is a system that is extremely difficult to detect, does not interfere with other services, and still
`carries a large bandwidth of data.
`
`Narrowband Microwave
`
`Microwave technology is not really a LAN technology. It's main use is to interconnect LANs between
`
`Petitioners' Ex. 1012 - Page 2
`
`
`
`buildings. This requires microwave dishes on both ends of the link. The dishes must be in lineofsight to
`transmit and collect the microwave signals. Microwave is used to bypass the telephone company when
`connecting Lans between buildings.
`
`One major drawback to the use of microwave technology is that the frequency band used requires
`licensing by the FCC. Once a license is granted for a particular location, that frequency band cannot be
`licensed to anyone else, for any purpose, within a 17.5 mile radius.
`
`Infrared
`
`Infrared LANs use infrared signals to transmit data. This is the same technology used in products like
`remote controls for televisions and VCRs. These LANs can be setup using either a pointtopoint
`configuration or a sunandmoon configuration where the signals are diffused by reflecting them off of
`some type of surface.
`
`The major advantage of infrared is its ability to carry a high bandwidth, but its major disadvantage is that
`they can easily be obstructed, since light cannot pass through solid objects.
`
`Frequency
`
`902MHz to 928 MHz ; 2.4 GHz to 2.4385
`GHz ; 5.725 GHz to 5.825 GHz
`
`18.825 GHz to 19.205
`GHz
`
`Wireless LAN Transmission Techniques
`Spread Spectrum
`Narrowband Microwave Infrared
`3 x
`10^14
`Hz
`30 to 80
`feet
`
`Maximum coverage 105 to 800 feet, or up to 50,000 square feet
`
`40 to 130 feet, or up to
`5000 square feet
`
`Line of sight
`required
`Transmit power
`License required
`Interbuilding use
`Rated speed (% of
`10 Mbps wire)
`
`No
`
`Less than 1 W
`No
`Possible with antenna
`
`20% to 50%
`
`No
`
`25 mW
`Yes
`No
`
`33%
`
`Yes
`
`N/A
`No
`Possible
`50% to
`100%
`
`Return to the table of contents
`
`What products are available?
`Quick Reference
`
`AirShare AirLAN AIRplex AltAir FreePort InfraLAN LAWN PARCTAB RadioLink RangeLAN
`RoamAbout WaveLAN
`
`Petitioners' Ex. 1012 - Page 3
`
`
`
`Table of Specifications
`Spread Spectrum Technologies
`
`Altair
`
`AirLAN
`AirLAN by Solectek is based on radio technology originally developed by NCR Corp. Except for
`its parallelport Wireless LAN adapter, Solectek's technology is based on OEM products from
`AT&T and Digital and has an advertised speed of 2 Mbps.
`
`Motorola offers this LAN choice that operates in the 18 GHz range which is licensed to Motorola
`by the FCC. The Altair system runs at speeds of up to 10 MBps, and is limited by license to five
`channels for a 17.5mile radius. Since Motorola controls the licenses they can better manage the
`interference potential.
`AIRplex Cordless Modems
`A new catagory of PCMCIA 28.8 modems have been developed which are similar to conventional
`modems but require no cord to connect to the telephone line. The idea is to permit you to use your
`notebook freely without being tied to your desk. They also permit multiple users in an office to
`easily share an analog telephone line. New wireless technology (AIRplex) is used which permits
`use of these modems in every room in a large building without mutual interference.
`RangeLAN
`The RangeLAN2/PCMClA ($695) operates at distances of up to 500 feet in standard office
`environments and up to 1000 feet in open spaces. Based on frequencyhopping spreadspectrum
`technology in the 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz bandwidth, the wireless adapter has a data rate of 1.6
`Mbps. The unit's average power output is 100 mW. With the RangeLAN2/PCMClA, as many as 15
`independent wireless LANs can operate within the same physical space.
`RoamAbout
`The RoamAbout PCMCIA Network Adapter is a PC Network Interface Card (NIC) for wireless
`LANs. The Network Adapter operates in a PC with a Type II PCMCIA slot that conforms to the
`PCMCIA release V2.01 specification. An antenna is externally connected via an 18" (0.5 meter)
`cable. The RoamAbout PCMCIA Network Adapter communicates with the RoamAbout PCMCIA
`Network Adapter in other portable computers, the WaveLAN NIC in stationary computers, or the
`RoamAbout Access Point for connectivity to the wired network.
`WaveLAN
`A premier spreadspectrum network system manufactured by NCR Corporation. This is a 2Mbps
`network system that utilizes a proprietary protocol. WaveLAN also uses a robust errorchecking
`protocol that can detect and correct most transmission errors, and a dataencryption option that
`makes the network highly resistant to electronic eavesdropping.
`
`Company
`
`Product
`
`AT&T
`
`WaveLAN
`
`California
`Microwave
`
`RadioLink
`
`No/Yes
`
`No/Yes
`
`Wireless LAN Products
`Infrared/Radio Frequency Advertised
`Speed
`902 MHz
`to 928
`MHz
`902 MHz
`to 928
`MHz
`
`2 Mbps
`
`???
`
`Advertised Distance
`
`800 feet
`
`???
`
`Petitioners' Ex. 1012 - Page 4
`
`
`
`Digital
`
`RoamAbout
`
`No/Yes
`
`902 MHz
`to 928
`MHz
`
`2 Mbps
`
`800 feet
`
`Infrared
`Wireless LAN
`Adapter
`
`Yes/No
`
`N/A
`
`1 Mbps
`
`17' X 17' room
`(integrated PC Card) 30'
`X 30' room (tethered
`transceiver)
`
`N/A
`
`10 Mbps
`
`90 feet
`
`2 Mbps
`
`18 GHz* ???
`902 MHz
`to 928
`MHz
`902 MHz
`to 928
`MHz
`
`???
`
`???
`
`800 feet
`
`???
`
`IBM
`
`InfraLAN
`Technologies
`Motorola
`
`InfraLAN
`
`Altair
`
`Yes/No
`
`No/Yes
`
`NCR
`
`WaveLAN
`
`No/Yes
`
`O'Neill
`Communications
`
`LAWN
`
`No/Yes
`
`Photonics
`
`Wide Area and
`PointtoPoint
`products
`
`Yes/No
`
`N/A
`
`1 Mbps
`
`20' X 20' room
`(integrated PC Card) 25'
`X 25' room (tethered
`transceiver)
`
`Proxim, Inc.
`
`RangeLAN
`
`No/Yes
`
`Solectek
`
`AirLAN
`
`No/Yes
`
`Traveling Software
`and National
`Semiconductor
`
`AirShare
`
`No/Yes
`
`Windata, Inc.
`
`FreePort
`
`No/Yes
`
`902 MHz
`to 928
`MHz
`902 MHz
`to 928
`MHz
`902 MHz
`to 928
`MHz
`2.4 GHz
`& 5.8
`GHz
`
`Xerox
`
`PARCTAB
`
`Yes/No
`
`N/A
`
`???
`
`???
`
`2 Mbps
`
`800 feet
`
`No
`
`Portable to desktop
`
`5.7 Mbps
`
`260 feet
`
`9.6Kbps,
`19.2Kbps,
`38.4Kbps
`
`30' X 30' room
`
`* Frequency use requires a FCC license
`
`Return to the table of contents
`
`Standard protocols for wireless networks
`
`Petitioners' Ex. 1012 - Page 5
`
`
`
`IEEE 802.11
`
`802.11 uses a contention mechanism to allow stations to share a wireless channel, based on carriersense
`multiple access (CSMA), like 802.3. 802.11 cannot use all of 802.3 because it is not possible in the
`wireless environment for a station to listen and transmit on the same channel as would be required for the
`collision detection (CD) used in 802.3. Because of this a statin on a wireless LAN will not be able to
`determine that a collision has occured until the end of the packet transmission, making collisions more
`expensive in 802.11 than in 802.3. The 802.11 MAC uses a collision avoidance mechanism to reduce the
`probablility of collisions. The 802.11 MAC is designed to operate over multiple physical layers, and does
`not specify various mediadependent parameters.
`
`For a more detailed description of the IEEE 802.11and other standards used with wireless networking see
`the paper by Antonio DeSimone and Sanjiv Nanda, Wireless Data: Systems, Standards, Services, Baltzer
`Journals, 1995.
`
`Back to Table of Contents
`
`Other Wireless Related Sites
`
`Girish Welling's Home Page
`From rutgers, he's done some research in mobile computing.
`Hiperlan/Netplan
`Hiperlan is a coming ETSI standard for 20 Mbit/sec wireless LANS at 15,7 GHz. Torben Rune at
`Netplan was Project Team Leader of PT41, the ETSI project team responsible for defining
`Hiperlan. Netplan is a danish consultant company in the field of tele and datacommunications. On
`our Web server you find articles among others about wireless computing. We contribute to the ITU
`Telecom 95 with a paper on Wireless LANs. The paper is also on our Web server.
`Multipoint Networks
`Multipoint Networks designs and manufactures wireless data communications systems for
`metropolitan area networks.
`
`Shiva
`Wireless faq
`Faq from the wireless newsgroup
`Wireless LAN Group
`Wireless Newsgroup: comp.std.wireless
`
`Return to the table of contents
`
`References on Wireless
`
`ARTICLES
`
`Scott, Benjamin L. ; "Answers from thin air" ; Inform v 8 n 3 Mar 1994. p 2628
`
`Harasty, Daniel J. ; Chang, Li Fung ; "Architecture alternatives fro wireless data services" ; Annual
`International Conference on Universal Personal Communications Record 1994. IEEE, Piscataway, NJ,
`
`Petitioners' Ex. 1012 - Page 6
`
`
`
`USA, 94TH06221. p 310314
`
`Zubrzycki, J.T. ; "MBS a wireless network for digital video" ; IEE Conference Publication n 397 1994.
`IEE, Stevenage, Engl. p 266271
`
`Pahlavan, Kavek; Levesque, Allen H. ; "Wireless data communications" ; Proceedings of the IEEE v82 n
`9 Sept 1994. p 13981430
`
`Abramson, Norman ; "Multiple access in wireless digital networks" ; Proceedings of the IEEE v82 n 9
`Sept 1994. p13601370
`
`Bantz, D.F. ; "Wireless LAN Design Alternatives," IEEE Network, March/April 1994, p. 4353.
`
`Pahlavan, K. ; "Trends in Local Wireless Networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, March 1995, p.
`99108.
`
`Links, E. ; "Universal Wireless LANs," Byte, May 1994, p. 99108.
`
`Jabbari, B. ; "Network Issues for Wireless Communications," IEEE Communications Magazine, January
`1995, p. 8898.
`
`Chen, K.C. ; "Medium Access Control of Wireless LANs for Mobile Computing," IEEE Network,
`September/October 1994, p. 5063.
`
`Fay, G. ; "Wireless Data Networking," International Journal of Network Management, 8 March 1992, p.
`817.
`
`Hayes, V. ; "Standardization Efforts for Wireless LANs," IEEE Network Magazine, November 1991, p
`1920.
`
`BOOKS Kaveh Pahlavan and Allen H. Levesque. "Wireless Information Networks". John Wiley & Sons,
`Incorporated. 04/1995
`
`IEEE (Bangalore Section, India Council) Staff . "IEEE International Conference on Personal Wireless
`Communications". Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Incorporated. 08/1994
`
`Nathan J. Muller. "Wireless Data Networking". Artech House, Incorporated. 10/1994
`
`Peter T. Davis and Craig R. McGriffin. "Wireless Local Area Networks: Technology, Issues &
`Strategies". McGrawHill, Incorporated. 12/1994
`
`Bud Bates. "Wireless Networked Communications Concepts, Technology & Implementation". McGraw
`Hill, Incorporated. 08/1994
`
`P.T. Davis and C.R. McGuffin, "Wireless Local Area Networks," McGrawHill, 1994.
`
`B. Bates, "Wireless Networded Communications," McGrawHill, 1994.
`
`Vivian Witkind Davis ... [et al.], "Competition and interconnection : the case of personal
`communications servicesm," National Regulatory Research Institute, [1994]
`
`Petitioners' Ex. 1012 - Page 7
`
`
`
`"International journal of wireless information networks". Plenum Press, c1994
`
`Seybold, Andrew M. "Using wireless communications in business", Van Nostrand Reinhold, c1994.
`
`Holtzman, David J. Goodman , "Wireless communications : future directions," Kluwer Academic
`Publishers, c1993.
`
`A. Santamaria, F.J. LopezHernandez, "Wireless LAN systems," Artech House, c1994.
`
`"Wireless networks," Baltzer Science Publishers, c1995
`
`Return to the table of contents
`
`Other Reports on Recent Advances in Networking
`Back to Raj Jain's Home Page
`Last Modified 8/24/95
`
`Petitioners' Ex. 1012 - Page 8