Computer
`.
`Desktop
`Encyclopedla
`
`Ninth Edition
`
`Alan Freedman
`\\
`
`Osborne/McGraw-Hill
`
`New York Chicago San Francisco
`Lisbon London Ma r MexicoCity Milan
`New Delhi Sanjuan Seoul Sin a ore Sydney Toronto
`
`VIRNETX EXHIBIT 2007
`
`Page 1 of 12
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`VIRNETX EXHIBIT 2007
`Apple v. VirnetX
`IPR2016-00332
`
`

`
`Osborne/ McGraw-Hill
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`contact Osborne/McGraw-Hill at the above address. For information on
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`afonta tlnformation page at the end of this book.
`
`computer Desktop Encyclopedia, Nlnth Edltion
`ight © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Printed in the
`States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part
`publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or
`of
`red in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the
`5
`publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and
`executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.
`
`1234567890 DOC DOC 901987654321
`
`Book p/n 0-07-219307-7 and CD p/n 0-07-219308-5
`parts of
`ISBN 0-07-219306-9
`
`Publisher
`Brandon A. Nordin
`
`Computer Designers
`Lauren McCarthy, Tabitha Cagan
`
`Vice President 8: Associate Publisher
`Scott Rogers
`Editorial Director
`Roger Stewart
`Senior Project Editor
`Pamela Woolf
`
`Illustrators
`Lyssa Wald, Michael Mueller
`Series Design
`Peter F. Hancik
`Cover Design
`Greg Scott
`
`Proofreaders
`Linda Med off, Paul Medoff
`
`Cover Illustration
`John Bleck
`
`This book was composed with Corel VENTURAT“ Publisher.
`
`LC comm Numbe,
`
`lllllillllllll i
`2001
`278111
`
`information has been obtained by OabomelMrcraw-Hill from sources believed to be reliable. However, because of the
`pomibilityof human or mechanical error by our sources, Osborne/McGraw-Hill. or othen. Osborne/Mt:Gnw-Hill does not
`guarantee theaccuracy, adequacy, or completeness oi any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or
`the results obtained from use of such information.
`
`Page 2 of 12
`
`

`
`146
`
`client
`
`(1) A workstation or personal computer in a client]sewer
`client
`environment. See client/server andfat client.
`(2) One end of the spectrum in a request/supply relationship
`between programs. See X Window and OLE.
`’
`client application
`An application running in a workstation or
`personal computer on a network. See also OLE.
`
`CUE,” p|_A'[;:oRr_,-'5 (CPU & 05]
`
`%a.i.o~u. m‘
`Doe
`33.8-uuumu
`‘mg-.,,,,
`a.w.."Wi$““
`% ‘,‘,,,
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`l
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`,
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`rfluhoaemn “cam
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`_
`
`.
`
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`“BIO
`
`PovnrP¢
`
`Refers to hardware or software that runs in the user's
`client based
`machine (client). Contrast with server based.
`
`A user's workstation that is attached to a network.
`client machine
`The term can also refer to a portable computer that is plugged into the
`network. See client and client/server.
`
`M“N”
`I-IPIUX (umx)
`
`W‘ W M
`indom NT
`um (uuoo
`
`client program Software that runs in the user's PC or workstation.
`
`MV“
`"""“"‘°"
`
`Illlnn Dnuhiu
`“W
`
`liwlc-tnlitn
`
`tau rumoo
`
`”°" °"°"“5""”"
`
`Contrastwithserverprogram,whichresidesinasewerinthenetwork. E ' E
`mm
`client/server Ariarchitecturein which the users re (the client) is
`therequestingmachine and theserver is the supplying machine, both of
`mm)
`‘:3: I“
`which are connected via a local nreanatwork (LAN) or wide area network
`(WAN). Throughout the late 1980s andearly 1990s, client/server was
`""'““’"°"
`""‘“"""
`the hot buzzword as applications were migrated from centralized
`rninicotnputeta and mainframes to networks of personaicomputers.
`hidiettl/8erver.thec!iemprooesscathetneriritetfuoe(Wh\dowmMnc.
`eh) Ind W‘ P°"f°m" Wm‘ °" 3“ °f “*9 “PP“'~'3fi°“
`Sewers range
`inmpadtyfiomhigh-endPCsmmainfrmtes.Adatabasesa-vermaintaim
`thedaiabasesmdprotessesmrueststrmntttcdienttoexkaddatahomor
`to update the database. An application serverprovides additionaibusineas
`processingfortheciiettts.5eeclt‘¢nt/smxrdevelopmcnt system.
`Client/server Versus the Web
`Because of the Internet, terms such
`as "Web based" and ”Web atablecl" have replaced the client/server
`buzzword, yet the client/server architecture is conceptually the same.
`Users’ PCs are still clients, and there are tens of thousands of Web servers
`throughout the lnternet delivering Web pagm. Nevertheless, client]
`server is mostly used to refer to "legacy," non-Web based systems.
`On the Web, the client runs the browser and just like legacy clientl
`server can perform little or a lot ofprocessing: simple displaying of
`i-ITML pages, more processing with embedded scripts or considerable
`processing with Java applets. A myriad ofbrowser plug-ins provide all
`9°35 °f€1ie"*P’°°995i“3-
`The server side of the Web is a muiti-tier server architecture with
`interlinked Web servers, application servers, database servers and
`caching sewers. See application server.
`cIient/server analyst
`A person responsible for performing
`analysis and design of a client/server system. A knowledge of two-tier and
`three-tier client/server architectures is required. See systems analyst and client/server.
`client/server architecture An environment in which the application processing is divided between client
`workstations and sewers. it implies the use of desktop computers interacting with servers in a network, in contrast to
`processing everything in a large centralized mainframe. See client/server.
`
`_
`
`N°lt'c"°|'|‘/53"”?
`’“"‘°“3" ”‘°‘’'’ 5'‘ °''°"‘° “'3” ‘°'V°'° ‘“ ‘"5
`b:°c:':f;;°{h::":Jr::r":s':'c‘:t:ln'2’:‘";{:fn"g'a
`remote disk drive. and the client does all the
`processing. Lengthy searches on‘: bog down the
`|'|°lW°'k- 339435959 939" °“°'"- "93 W '93“ ‘"0
`antlra datahase. At 1.000 bytes per record.
`3 database wim 100,000 lecords sends
`100MB ow" ‘M LAN"
`
`computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`Page 3 of 12
`
`

`
`_-..._—_.-—n.-r-—--.—ro\—l
`
`
`.......u—._-.—-
`
`626
`
`Iioniula-3
`
`VAR Plhrrlllhlu
`BIG!!!
`writ-se:1ng(“anr.er Fahrenheit ")1
`Roadlonl (Fnhz) 1
`tlz1t:oIant
`Writo8t:1ng(“ca1I:i.ua in ")3
`w:1coRea1((Pahr < 32)
`I 5 / 9);
`END Pahriocant-.
`
`(MODUlar Litnguage-3) The successor to the Modula—2 language. Developed by Digital and Olivetti, it
`Modula-3
`adds objecboriented extensions, automatic garbage collection and improved exception handling. It is considered an
`excellent teaching language.
`
`A hardware device that is designed for expansion and accepts a variety of plug-in modules of
`modular chassis
`different types. Network switches and routers are typically built with a modular chassis. See line card.
`
`A network hub that is configured by adding different modules, each supporting
`modular hub
`a topology, such as Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, etc. See hub.
`’
`
`The characteristic of a system thathasbeen divided into smaller subsystems which
`modularity
`interact with each other.
`
`Breaking down the design of a program into individual components
`‘ modular programming
`(modules) that can beprogrammed and tested independently. It is a requirement for effective
`development and maintenance of large programs and projects.
`Modular programming has evolved into object~orlented programming, which provides formal
`ml fordeveloping self—contained software modules. Sec objcctvrimted programming.
`
`To vary a carrier wave. Modulation blends a data signal (text, voice, etc.) into a
`modulate
`carrier for transmission over a network. The most common methods are (1) amplitude modulation
`(AM), which modulates the height of the carrier wave, (2) frequency modulation (FM), which
`modulates the frequency of the wave, and (3) phase modulation (PM), which modulates the
`polarity of the wave. Contrast with demodulatc. See carrier.
`
`A self-contained hardware or software component that interacts with a larger system.
`module
`Hardware modules are often made to plug into a main system. Program modules are designed in
`.
`.
`.
`_
`I
`hindleansipecrfictaskwithin a larger program Seememory module, ROM om! MCM and modular
`P 37""
`3‘
`modulo A mathematical operation (modulus arithmetic) in which the result is the remainder of
`the division. For example, 20 MOD 3 results in 2 (20/3 = 6 with a remainder of 2).
`MOF
`(1) (Managed Object Format) An ASCII file that contains the formal definition of a CIM
`schema. See CIM.
`(2) (Meta Object Facility) An object model from the Object Management Group (OMG) for
`defining metadata in a distributed CORBA environment. its four levels define the meta-meta
`model, meta model, model and instance data. See CORBA and OMG.
`moire
`Pronounced "mor—ray” and spelled "moire." In computer graphics. a visible distortion.
`it results from a variety of conditions; for example, when scanning hnlltoncs at a resolution not
`consistent with the printed resolution or when superimposing curved patterns on one another.
`Internal monitor misalignment can also be a cause.
`MOLAP
`SeeOLAP.
`
`
`
`
`
`llllllllllllllllllllllllll|I|l|l|llll§§.
`
`M0“-"3?
`Programming
`Bundlng a pwgam
`’ d
`nd
`t
`In modules, or
`To.ft?,?es_°|';
`he m u e
`oorrT\rnon pgatitlce.
`p°'f°"“‘ 3
`'“r';‘{fl'f,fs‘j3':,‘f‘t‘f;‘}"
`back [9 me
`program or
`ca e
`.
`o u or
`lllftglltiflnrl gm’!
`p'°eg’£|"vg‘1'?§t:a5
`°b]ecm,le,,ted
`pmgrammlng,
`stricter rules for
`which Df0V‘de5
`de
`I
`'ng
`semfgfiglnw
`routines.
`
` ‘__j
`computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`Page 4 of 12
`
`

`
`Pt)
`
`PATROL An appllcatinn management suite from BMC that uses agents to report on software activities on all the
`servers within the enterprise. Using the information in "knowledge modules” (l(Ms) about each system component,
`agents detect events, collect information and notify system and network uclrninlst-rators to take corrective action.
`PRX (1) (Private Automatic Exchange) An inhouse intercom system.
`(2) (Parallel Architecture Extended) A parallel prooasirtg environment standard based on l.ntel’s i861! RISC chip,
`UNIX System V and Alliant Computer's parallel and 3-D graphics technologies.
`payload
`The data-carrying capacity ofsame structure. It typically reters to a part of a packet or frame in a
`communications system that holds the message data in contrast to the headers, which are consldemd overhead.
`
`payment service
`
`See Web payment service.
`
`Software distributed for money. Contrast withfreeware.
`paywaro
`FE See Pawcrliuildcr.
`
`“mm.
`ffiigmn‘
`
`7
`p
`p
`1
`'
`"
`" " "‘ ‘
`Tms PBX beganfioigggflflgnpfiganzor Mame in
`1333. (Image courtesy o1Aré.r.;
`
`PBX (Private Branch exchange) An inhousc telephone switching
`system that 'rnterconnects' telephone extenslom to oach other, as well as
`to the outside telephone network. Itmay include tuncfinns such as least
`cost routing for outsidecalts, call forwarding, cmterence mlllng andcall
`accounfing.Mcn1emPBXsuseall—dlgitalmethodsforswitchmgendmay
`supportboth diptal terminalsandtelephones alongwithanalog
`E‘_’_"h°“°°'5°“MEX‘
`Pc
`(3) (Printed Grcuit) See printed circuit board.
`(2) (Personal Computer) Any laptop or dmktop
`computer such as Windows rnachine or a Macintosh.
`(1) (Personal Computer) A stand-alone laptop or
`deskhrrp computer nmnlng Windows (or DOS for earlier
`applications). PC hardware and operating systems are
`primarlly governed by Intel and Microsoft respectively.
`The ]?C1's the world’s largest computer base.
`PC: are also widely used as clients and severe in a local
`area network (LAN). PC clients prcdondnmtly run under
`Windows, but PC servers (x86-based servers) run under
`Windows, NetWs.re or a variation of UN[X such as Linux
`or Unlxware. PC servers may use Windows 95/98, but
`Windows NT and 2000 are more likely choices.
`Although there are literally thousands of PC vendors,
`from mom and pop shops to large mail order houses (Dell,
`Gateway, etc.) to the major computer companies (Compaq.
`HP, etc.), and of course IBM, still one of the world's largest
`PC makers, all PCs use an Intel x36 or compatible CPU.
`What‘: Ineldoa P07
`AflnerIBM int-oducedt1\ePCin1981.tlrefustatt.empts at
`cloning it were mostly unsuccessful. Except for Compaq’s first
`PC, from 1932 to 1985, there were a lot of ”almoet cumpatih1e"_PCs. However. as soon as the part of theoperating system
`knownas the BIOSwas succeeafullycloned and made commercially available, true cornpatlbles appeared in abundance.
`Before Windows 95, addlng another peripheral device to a PC was often an emrdse in trial and error. Modifying
`Dogrs infamous configurafign 51¢; (Au1°()E)cEc.BAT and CONFIGSYSJ causlecl manya user togive up. Windows 95,
`98 and 2000 added Plug and Play, which mans for the most part, you um rep ace hard disks and display adapters, as
`well us add a scanner, CD-ROM or other device without dlflicutty.
`The PC has become a commodity item, winding its way onto the shelves of retail outlets worldwide. This is a
`testimonial to the power of a computer standard, even one fraught with loopholes and inconsistencies.
`
`commuter Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`Page 5 of 12
`
`

`
`personal computer
`
`751
`
`(Practical Extraction Report Language) A programming language written by Larry Wall that combines syntax
`Perl
`from several UNIX utilities and languages. Introduced in 1987, Perl is designed to handle a variety of system
`administrator functions and provides comprehensive string handling functions. it is widely used to write Web sewer
`programs for such tasks an automatically updating user accotutts and newsgroup postings, processing removal requests,
`synchronizirlg databases and generating reports. Perl has also been adapted to non-UNIX platforms. See also FURL.
`
`(1) A soft font that is kept in the printer’:-1 memory until the printer is turned off.
`permanent font
`(2) Same as internalfont.
`
`permanent memory
`
`Same as non-volatile memory.
`
`One possible combination of items out of a larger set of items. For example, with the set of numbers
`permutation
`1, 2 and 3, there are six possible permutations: 12, 21, 13, 31, 23 and 32.
`
`perpendicular recording
`
`See vertical recording.
`
`per seat
`
`By workstation. See per seat licensing.
`
`Software licensing based on a per user basis. For example, a 100-user llceme means that up
`per seat licensing
`to 100 specifically-named users have access to the program. Per seat licensing is administered by providing user—level
`security to the directory containing the program. Contrast with concurrent licensing.
`
`(1) In a CRT, the time a phosphor dot remains illuminated after being energized. Long-persistence
`persistence
`phosphors reduce flicker, but generate ghost-like images that linger on screen for a fraction of a second.
`(2) in object technology, the storage of an object on a disk or other permanent storage device.
`
`Data that exists from session to session. Persistent data is stored in a database on disk or tape.
`persistent data
`Contrast with transient data.
`
`persistent link
`
`See hot link.
`
`persistent object An object that continues to exist after the program that created it has been unloaded. An
`object's class and current state must be saved for use in subsequent sessions. In object technology, persistence means
`storing the object for later use.
`
`personal agent
`
`See agent.
`
`personal communicator
`
`See PDA.
`
`synonymous with "microcomputer," ”desktop computer," and "laptop computer,” it is a
`personal computer
`computer that serves one user in the office or home. A complete personal computer system with printer can cost as
`little as $1,000 or as much as $8,000 or more. Size is based on memory and disk capacity. Speed is based on the CPU
`that runs it, and output quality is based on the type and resolution of its monitor and printer.
`Major Suppl Iers of Personal Computers
`The personal computer world is dominated by Windows-based PCs.
`There are thousands of vendors that make them, from mom and pop shops to huge companies such as Compaq, HP
`and IBM. The alternate personal computer standard is Apple's Macintosh, which is only made by Apple. Atari and
`Commodore once carved out their respective niches, but Atari retumed to its gaming roots and Commodore has since
`closed its dodrs.
`
`The industry began in 1977, when Apple, Radio Shack and Commodore
`The History of Personal Computers
`introduced the first off—thc-shelf computers as consumer products. The first machines used an 8-bit microprocessor
`with a maximum of 64K of memory and floppy disks for storage. The Apple [1, Atari 500, and Commodore 64 became
`popular home computers, and Apple was successful in companies after the Vlsicalc spreadsheet was introduced.
`However, the business world was soon dominated by the Z80 processor and CP/M operating system, used by
`
`computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`Page 6 of 12
`
`

`
`_804
`
`protocol stack
`
`protocol stack The hierarchy of protocols used in a communications network. Network architectures am
`in layers, sum as rcp/rr, 051 and SNA, are referred to as stacks. See osz.
`protocol sulte
`Same as protocol stack.
`
`5”“
`
`(1) Creating a demo of a new system. Prototyping is essential for clarifying information requir-em:
`prototyping
`The design ofa system (functional specs} must be finalized before the system can bebuilt. While arralytically-orientagtm
`people may have a clear picture of requirements, others may not.
`Using taurth~gen.eration languages, systems analysts and usas can develoy the new system together. Databases can
`be created and manipulated while the user monitors the yrogress. Once users see tangible output on screen or ‘gape,
`theycan figure out what's missing or what the nextquestion might be it this war: a production system. Ifpmtofypkzg
`is carefully done, the end result can be a working system
`Even if the final system is reprogrammed in other languages for startdardizaticrr or meclulne efficiency, pxotngypgng
`has served to provide specifications for at working system rather than a theoretical one.
`(2) Seefimction prototyping.
`
`Set up for a particular type of telecommunications service. See provisioning.
`provisioned
`Setting up a teleoommurtications service for a particular customer. Common carriers provision
`provlslonlng
`circuits by programming their computers to switch customer lines into the appropriate networks.
`
`proxy ‘See proxy server.
`proxy cache A fndlity in a proxy server that caches incoming Web pages on the hard disk. It the next page
`requested by a bmwseria already Ln the proxy cache, the page is retrieved locally instead of from thelnternet. With
`proxy caches. the browser: must be configured to use the proxy server. See proxy sarverg reverse proxy cache. transparent
`cache and Web cache.
`‘
`
`’
`
`proxy server Also called a "proxy" or "applkatlon level gateway.” it is an application that breale the connection
`between sender and receiver. Allinput is forwarded out a different part, closing a straight path between two networks
`and preventing a hacker from obtainingintemal addresses and details of a private network.
`Fmxy sewers are ava‘
`le for common Internet services; for example, an I-1'11"!’ proxy is used for Web access, and.
`an SM'l'Ppr0xy is used for t.-ma.ll. Proxies generally employ network addres translation (NAT), which presents one
`organization-wide IP address to the Internet. It funnels all user reqttests to the Internet and fans responses back out to
`the appropriate users, Proxies may also cache Web pages, so that the next request :1 be obtained locally. Proxies are
`only one tool Llurt can be used to build a firewall. See LAN,firewal‘l, proxy cache and SOCKS server.
`PR/SM (Processor Resource}Systems Manager) Hardware circuits and microcode built into IBM System/390
`mainfrarrlea that support logical partitions (LPARs). LPARs allow the running of multiple systemimages on a single
`processor complex. Each such image has a full complement of Cl’Us (dedicated or shared], central storage, expanded
`storage and chnrmels. BSCON and FICON channels may be shared. across images using the MIF feature. Pronounced
`“prism,” PR/SM was derived from VM, the IBM operating system that provides xnultiple system irnages in software.
`See LPAR, M1!-‘ and VM.
`
`PR1‘ 50
`
`See print screen.
`
`ps
`
`(1) (Picosecond) See space/time.
`(2) (PS--l’ersonal Services] IBM office automation software for PCS, minis and mainframes, which includes word
`processing, electronic mail and library services.
`(3) (Postscript) See Postscript.
`P5/1 An early IBM home computer seria introduced in 1990. The original models featured an integrated monitor
`and easy-toopen case. The first PS/1 was a 286 with an ISA bus. See PC.
`
`computer Ilasktop Encyrlonptlia
`
`Page 7 of 12
`
`

`
`882
`serpentine recording
` V
`_..______g.._.___..__..—_.
`
`UNIX SVR4
`
`SERVER PLATFORMS (CPU & NOS)
`Lantastic-DOS
`DYNIX/ptx (UNIX)
`Netware
`OS/2-Lan Managerlserver
`Windows NT and 2000
`Solaris (UNIX)
`AIX (umx)
`SCO Open Sewer (UNIX)
`SCO Unixware (UNIX)
`NeXTStep (UNIX)
`V|NES (UNIX)
`Interactive UNIX
`
`NCR (x86)
`Saquen! (X86)
`UN1X SVR4
`
`Intel (xas)
`
`Solaris (UNIX)
`
`Unlsys (x86)
`
`Mac OS
`NUX (umx)
`
`Mac OS
`AIX (UNIX)
`
`Sun SPARCerver
`
`Motorola
`GBOXD
`
`MVS, VM, OSI390 OS
`
`IM Systemlao
`zsaries
`
`‘
`
`IBM RSl6fl00
`pserlos
`
`Digital UNIX
`OpsnVMS
`windows NT
`
`‘
`VMS
`Ultrix (UNIX)
`Palnworks
`
`IBM AS1400
`Isarlns
`HP/UX (UNIX)
`MFE/IX (UNIX)
`
`DEC VAX
`
`Compaq
`Alpha
`Dlgiial UNIX
`
`HP (PA-RISC)
`
`De/ux (umx)
`
`Econ: (Ipha)
`
`DG AViION (sax)
`
`DC/OSX (UNIX)
`
`Nonstop Kernel
`
`lR|X (UNIX)
`
`...lIlII:II|!l
`II
`Tadnm (MIPS)
`
`soups)
`
`$l°m°'}S
`Pyramid
`(MIPS)
`
`Tape recording format of parallel
`serpentine recording
`tracks in which the data ”snakes" back and forth from the end of
`one track to the beginning of the next track.
`
`A computer in a network shared by multiple users. The
`server
`term may refer to both the hardware and software or just the
`software that performs the service. For example, Web server may
`refer to the Web server software in a computer that also runs other
`applications, or, it may refer to a computer system dedicated only to
`the Web server application. There would be several dedicated Web
`servers in a large Web site.
`The following are the network servers defined in this database.
`
`Network access server
`Print server
`Proxy server
`Remote access server
`Telephony server
`
`Terminal server
`Video server
`Web server
`
`I I I I
`
`II I I
`
`Application server
`Audio server
`Database server
`Fax server
`File server
`lntranet server
`Mail server
`Merchant server
`Modem server
`
`A sel.f—c0ntained computer system specialized
`sewer appliance
`for network use. Its applications are preinstalled, and access to
`setup and configuration is via a Web browser. Server appliances
`may provide a single application or several applications; for example,
`a single device may provide file server, Web server, mail server and
`firewall capabiliies.
`Server appliances are designed to be plugged into the network
`and configured, loaded with files and begin working immediately
`with limited or no technical support, at least for a power user or
`experienced network administrator. The appliance may also include
`a RA1D—based disk system and redundant power supplies to
`provide an increased level of fault tolerance.
`Although not known as such, one might say that the router was
`the first server appliance. It is a specialized, self-contained system
`that plugs into the network and is used for the application of packet
`forwarding. However, routers come in many sizes and complexities,
`the larger ones requiring significant technical expertise and detailed
`knowledge of the network. See Internet appliance.
`
`(1) An application designed to run in a
`
`server application.
`sewer. See client/server.
`(2) Any program that is run in the server, whether designed as
`a client /server application or not.
`(3) See OLE.
`
`Computer Desktop Encyclopedia
`
`
`
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`toggle switch
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`977
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`TLD (Top-Level Domain) The highest level domain category in the lntemet domain naming system. There are two
`types: the generic top—level domains, such as .com, .org, and .net, and the country codes, such as .ca, .uk and .jp. See
`Internet domain name.
`
`(Transport Level interface) A common interface for transport services (layer 4 of the OSI model). It provides a
`TLI
`common language to a transport protocol and allows client]server applications to be used in different networking
`environments.
`instead of directly calling NetWare’s SPX, for example, the application calls the TLI library. Thus, any transport
`protocol that is TLI compliant (SPX, TCP, etc.) can provide transport services to that application. TLI is part of UNIX
`System V. it is also supported by Netware 3.x. See STREAMS.
`
`(1) (Transport Layer Security) A security protocol from the IETF that is a merger of SSL and other protocols. it
`TLS
`is expected to become a major security standard on the Internet, eventually superseding SSL. TLS is backward
`compatible with SSL and uses Triple DES encryption. See SSL and D55.
`(2) (Transparent LAN Service) A communications service from the telephone companies that connects LANs in
`different locations. The service is provided via copper or fiber lines and is called "transparent/’ because the customer
`connects at both ends via the same protocol.
`
`(Tables Manager 1) A multidimensional analysis program for DOS and Windows from Applix, lnc.,
`TM1
`Westboro, MA (www.applix.com). It allows data to be viewed in up to eight dimensions. The data is kept in a database;
`and the formulas are kept in a spreadsheet, which is used as a viewer into the database. TM1 makes it easy to display
`different slice of the data, and it is designed to import and cross tab large amounts of data. TM] was originally
`developed by Sinper Corporation.
`
`(Transmission Minimized Differential Signalling) A trammission method for sending digital information
`TM D3
`to a flat panel display. TMDS is used in the VESA Plug and Display, D1’-‘P and DVI interfaces. TMDS is a variation of
`LVDS, but converts an 8-bit signal into a 10-bit signal to minimize voltage swings and provide more tolerance. See DVI,
`LVDS andflat panel display.
`
`(Telecommunications Management Network) .A set of international standards for network management from
`TWIN
`the ITU. It is used by large carriers such as Sprint, MCI WorldCom and A'l‘6rT.
`
`(Twisted Nematic) The first LCD technology. It twists liquid crystal molecules 90 degrees between polarlzers.
`Ti
`TN displays require bright ambient light and are still used for low-cost applications. See STN and LCD.
`
`('l'elNet 3270) A client program that includes the 3270 protocol for logging onto IBM mainframes. Using
`TN3270
`the TCP/ll’ networking protocol, it is widely used to connect a desktop computer to a mainframe and emulate a
`mainframe terminal (3270) session.
`
`(1) (Transparent Network Transport) Services from the telephone companies and common carriers that
`TNT
`provide Ethernet and Token Ring transmission over MANs and WANs.
`(2) A DOS extender front Phar Lap Software, Cambridge, MA (www.pharlap.com) that allows DOS applications to
`use various Win32 features, including memory allocation, DLLs and threads.
`toaster
`See intranet toaster and Video Toaster.
`
`(Top Of Form) The beginning of a physical paper form. To position paper in many printers, the printer is
`TOF
`turned offline, the forms are aligned properly and the TOP button is pressed.
`
`toggle
`
`To alternate back and forth between two states.
`
`A device that opens and closes an electric circuit. It uses a lever that is moved back and forth; a
`toggle switch
`light switch on the wall being a common example. Old computers often had rows of toggle switches on their consoles,
`making them look very formidable.
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`Computer llesliion Encyclopedia
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`TSOP
`
`(Thln Small Outline Package) A very-thin, plastic, rectangular surface mount chip package with gull-wing
`TSOP
`pins on its two short sides. TSOP: are about a third as thick as 50] chips. Seegull-wing lead, 501’, S0} and chip pnotage.
`
`T-span
`
`A 24-channel group, which makes up one T1 line. See T1.
`
`(Terminate and Stay Resident) Refers to a program that remains in memory when the user exits it in order
`TSR
`that it be immediately available at the press of a hotkey. TSRs were popular under DOS to quickly pop up 9. calendar,
`calculator or other utility, because DOS did not have built-in task switching. Standards for writing 'l'SRs were not
`codified early on, and "ISR2: often conflicted with each other and regular appllcntlom. After Windows 3.0, T5115 became
`moot, since any DOS or Windows application could be conveniently task switched in a separate window.
`
`?s_s
`
`See rru.
`
`(Tree and Tabular Combined Notation) A programming language endorsed by ISO that is used to-write test
`TTON
`suite: for telecommunications systems. TTCN is used for "black box testing,” which means that all interaction to the
`system is via mwsages, rather than by a user with a mouse. Test suites are built in a hierarchical and modular rmruier,
`allowing many programmers to be involved in the project Numerous telecom vendoro use TTCN for 1:heu-products, and
`organizations such as the ITU, ATM Forum and EISI, provide TFCN conformancctests for new standards.
`
`TTFN Dlglspeak for goodbye (”ta ta for now”).
`
`TT font
`
`Sec’l"rucTyp:.
`
`(1) (’I‘x-annistor Transistor logic) A digital circuit composed of bipolar transistors wired in a certain manner.
`TTL
`‘lTL1ogic has been widely used since the early day: of digital circuitry. TTL dmignatlons may appear on input or
`’ output pom of various devices, which indites a digital circuit in contrast to an analog circuit.
`(2) (Time To Live) A set maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to propagate through the network before It
`is discarded.
`(3) Cfhrough The Lens) Refers to 6 single-lcrr-s reflex camera that lets t-hp phntognaphar view the scene through the
`same lens that captures the image.
`SEE T120.
`
`('l'eIeTYpewrlter protocol) A law-speed asynchronous communications protocol with limited or no
`T|'Y protocol
`error checking. See telclypewriler.
`tube
`See CRT and vacuum tube.
`
`A laser that can change its frequency over a given range. In time, tunable lasers are expected to be
`tunable laser
`capable of switching frequencies on a packet-by—pad<et basis.
`'
`
`tuner An electronic part of a radio or TV that locks on to a selected carrier frequency (station, channel) and filters
`out the audio and video sight]: for amplification and display.
`
`tunneling Tramnitting dam-skructmxed in oneprotocol for-mat within Ihe format of another protocol. Turmellmg
`allows other types of transmission streams to be carried within the prevailing protocol. See IP tunneling and LZTP.
`
`tuple
`
`in relational database management, a record, or raw. See relational dalabasc.
`
`Tl.I|‘b0 C A C compiler from Borland used to create a wide variety of commercial products. It is known for its
`Well-designed debugger. Borland's object-oriented versions 01 C are Turbo C++ and Borland C++.
`The DOS version of this database is written in Turbo C. The Windows version is written in Microsoft C.
`
`turbo code A type of charmel coding that uses it convolutional code and a type ofViterbi decoder that outputs a
`continuous Value rather than a 0 or 1. See omtnolufionnl node and Vilerlrl decoder.
`
`llnmpttlet Ileslltop Encyclopedia
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`732153:}!5|.1!211'!ESE
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`-.-In4:»-14;
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`.-o
`
`A three—dimensionslpixel. A voxelrepresents a quantity of3-D datajust as a pixel represents
`2-D data. it is used in scientific and medical applications that process 3-D images.
`ch, lnc., Yonkers, NY,www.tbeach.corn) A manufacturer of sound cards and music
`tra Technologies and Turtle Beach Systems. Voyetn was founded
`(Voyetra Turtle Bea
`Voyetra
`in1975asOctaveElectronics, a synthesizerand repairfacilityin southernNewYork state. It introducedtheVoyetra
`software that is a result of a late-1996 merger of Vuye
`ons. Voyetra utilities are
`thesizer and later moved into software for MIDI sequencer and music-related applicati
`TurtleBeach was founded in1985 inYork,PA,andbecameknownforits award-winningMultlsound lineof
`bundled with numerous sound cards.
`high-endsoundcards. itsconsumerbrands arealsopopularandare namedafterbeaches from around theworld
`VPG (VirtualProcemorComplex) AnIBMmainframemultiprocessing thatusesseveralcomputersundertight
`VPN (VirtualPrivateNetwork) A privatenetworkthatisconfiguredwithinapublicnetwork.Foryears,common
`carriershavebuiltVP'Ns
`emotionalnetworkstothecustomer,butphysicallyshare
`oythesecurityofaprivatenetwork
`I and encryption,
`scale andbuiltdn management facliitie oflargepublicnetworks. VPNshave
`technologies. Today, there is tremendous interest i:nVPN5 over
`ttacks. The VPN adds that actra layer of security, and ahuge
`and transparent LAN service.
`
`such as Malibu, Montego and Dayton.
`
`central control.
`
`processor is simulating.
`
`the speed of a vector or array processor.
`
`Vi
`
`See virtual reality.
`
`parity bit for each byte of
`
`VRAM See video RAM.
`—_._
`VRC (Vertical Redundancy Check) An error checking method that generates and tests a
`data that is moved or transmitted.
`(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) A3-D graphicslanguageused on theWeb. After downloadingat
`itscontentscanbeviewed, rotatedandmanipulated. Simulated rooms canbe "wa