throbber
10/3/2016
`
`What is prostate cancer? :: Print Preview
`
`PRINT   CLOSE
`
`1­800­227­2345
`
`www.cancer.org
`
`Prostate Cancer
`Download Printable Version [PDF]»
`WHAT IS PROSTATE CANCER? TOPICS
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`What is prostate cancer?
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`Key statistics for prostate cancer
`What is prostate cancer?
`
`Cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer
`cells, and can spread to other areas of the body. To learn more about how cancers start and spread, see What Is Cancer?
`
`Prostate cancer begins when cells in the prostate gland start to grow uncontrollably. The prostate is a gland found only in
`males. It makes some of the fluid that is part of semen.
`
`The prostate is below the bladder and in front of the rectum. The size of the prostate changes with age. In younger men, it is
`about the size of a walnut, but it can be much larger in older men.
`
`Just behind the prostate are glands called seminal vesicles that make most of the fluid for semen. The urethra, which is the
`tube that carries urine and semen out of the body through the penis, goes through the center of the prostate.
`
`Types of prostate cancer
`
`Almost all prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas. These cancers develop from the gland cells (the cells that make the
`prostate fluid that is added to the semen).
`
`Other types of prostate cancer include:
`
`Sarcomas
`
`Small cell carcinomas
`
`1/2
`
`JANSSEN EXHIBIT 2098
`Amerigen v. Janssen IPR2016-00286
`
`

`

`10/3/2016
`
`What is prostate cancer? :: Print Preview
`Neuroendocrine tumors (other than small cell carcinomas)
`
`Transitional cell carcinomas
`
`These other types of prostate cancer are rare. If you have prostate cancer it is almost certain to be an adenocarcinoma.
`
`Some prostate cancers can grow and spread quickly, but most grow slowly. In fact, autopsy studies show that many older
`men (and even some younger men) who died of other causes also had prostate cancer that never affected them during their
`lives. In many cases neither they nor their doctors even knew they had it.
`Possible pre­cancerous conditions of the prostate
`
`Some research suggests that prostate cancer starts out as a pre­cancerous condition, although this is not yet known for
`sure. These conditions are sometimes found when a man has a prostate biopsy (removal of small pieces of the prostate to
`look for cancer).
`Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)
`
`In PIN, there are changes in how the prostate gland cells look under a microscope, but the abnormal cells don’t look like
`they are growing into other parts of the prostate (like cancer cells would). Based on how abnormal the patterns of cells look,
`they are classified as:
`
`Low­grade PIN: the patterns of prostate cells appear almost normal
`
`High­grade PIN: the patterns of cells look more abnormal
`
`PIN begins to appear in the prostates of some men as early as in their 20s.
`
`Many men begin to develop low­grade PIN when they are younger but don’t necessarily develop prostate cancer. The
`possible link between low­grade PIN and prostate cancer is still unclear.
`
`If high­grade PIN is found in your prostate biopsy sample, there is about a 20% chance that you also have cancer in another
`area of your prostate.
`Proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA)
`
`In PIA, the prostate cells look smaller than normal, and there are signs of inflammation in the area. PIA is not cancer, but
`researchers believe that PIA may sometimes lead to high­grade PIN, or perhaps to prostate cancer directly.
`
`Last Medical Review: 02/16/2016
`Last Revised: 03/11/2016
`
`Back to top »
`
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