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`
`Filtering ........................................................................................................... ..4l
`5. Uguchi Teaches the Use of Thresholds and Deadbands in the Context of
`Filtering ........................................................................................................... ..43
`C. The Use of Two or More Actuators Each Being Adapted to Aflect Movement
`of Vehicle Headlights Were Widely Known ....................................................... ..44
`1. Speak Teaches a Multi-Axis, Independently Controlled Adjustable
`Headlamp System ............................................................................................ ..45
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`Table of Contents
`
`I.
`
`Introduction ..................................................................................................... ..1
`
`II.
`
`Qualifications .................................................................................................2
`
`III. Basis of Opinions............................................................................................6
`
`IV. Claim Construction ..................................................................................... ..8
`
`Background and Overview ....................................................................... ..10
`V.
`A. Background on Adjustable Headlight Technology...................................... ..10
`B. Feedback Control and Automotive Control Systems ................................... ..12
`C. Overview of the ‘034 Patent ........................................................................ ..15
`
`VI. The Prior Art Discloses Claims 3, 5, 7, 14-16, 31, 32 and 36 of the ‘034
`Patent ..................................................................................................................... ..23
`
`A. Adjustable Vehicle Headlight Systems Including a Controller Sensitive to
`Vehicle Steering Angle or Pitch Were Widely Known ....................................... ..25
`l.
`Izawa Teaches an Adjustable Vehicle Headlight System that is Sensitive
`to Sensed Vehicle Conditions including Pitch ................................................ ..25
`2. Nishimura Teaches an Adjustable Vehicle Headlight System that is
`Sensitive to Sensed Vehicle Conditions ......................................................... ..28
`
`3. Gotou Teaches an Adjustable Vehicle Headlight System that is Sensitive
`to Sensed Vehicle Conditions ......................................................................... ..32
`
`B. The Use of Thresholds to Prevent Movement ofActuators in Response to
`Sensed Signals Was Widely Known .................................................................... ..34
`l.
`Izawa Teaches the Use of Thresholds and Deadbands in the Context of
`
`Filtering ........................................................................................................... ..35
`2. Speak Teaches the Use of Thresholds and Deadbands in the Context of
`Filtering ........................................................................................................... ..39
`3. Okuchi Teaches the Use of Thresholds and Deadbands in the Context of
`
`Filtering ........................................................................................................... ..40
`4. Gotou Teaches the Use of Thresholds and Deadbands in the Context of
`
`
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`
`Filtering ........................................................................................................... ..4l
`5. Uguchi Teaches the Use of Thresholds and Deadbands in the Context of
`Filtering ........................................................................................................... ..43
`C. The Use of Two or More Actuators Each Being Adapted to Aflect Movement
`of Vehicle Headlights Were Widely Known ....................................................... ..44
`1. Speak Teaches a Multi-Axis, Independently Controlled Adjustable
`Headlamp System ............................................................................................ ..45
`
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`Table of Contents
`
`I.
`
`Introduction ..................................................................................................... ..1
`
`II.
`
`Qualifications .................................................................................................2
`
`III. Basis of Opinions............................................................................................6
`
`IV. Claim Construction ..................................................................................... ..8
`
`Background and Overview ....................................................................... ..10
`V.
`A. Background on Adjustable Headlight Technology...................................... ..10
`B. Feedback Control and Automotive Control Systems ................................... ..12
`C. Overview of the ‘034 Patent ........................................................................ ..15
`
`VI. The Prior Art Discloses Claims 3, 5, 7, 14-16, 31, 32 and 36 of the ‘034
`Patent ..................................................................................................................... ..23
`
`A. Adjustable Vehicle Headlight Systems Including a Controller Sensitive to
`Vehicle Steering Angle or Pitch Were Widely Known ....................................... ..25
`l.
`Izawa Teaches an Adjustable Vehicle Headlight System that is Sensitive
`to Sensed Vehicle Conditions including Pitch ................................................ ..25
`2. Nishimura Teaches an Adjustable Vehicle Headlight System that is
`Sensitive to Sensed Vehicle Conditions ......................................................... ..28
`
`3. Gotou Teaches an Adjustable Vehicle Headlight System that is Sensitive
`to Sensed Vehicle Conditions ......................................................................... ..32
`
`B. The Use of Thresholds to Prevent Movement ofActuators in Response to
`Sensed Signals Was Widely Known .................................................................... ..34
`l.
`Izawa Teaches the Use of Thresholds and Deadbands in the Context of
`
`Filtering ........................................................................................................... ..35
`2. Speak Teaches the Use of Thresholds and Deadbands in the Context of
`Filtering ........................................................................................................... ..39
`3. Okuchi Teaches the Use of Thresholds and Deadbands in the Context of
`
`Filtering ........................................................................................................... ..40
`4. Gotou Teaches the Use of Thresholds and Deadbands in the Context of
`
`
`
`
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` 4. A Person of Ordinary Skill in the Art Would Have Known to
`
`
`Rationale for Combining Certain References ............................... ..69
`VII.
`It Would Have Been Obvious to Combine Izawa with Speak and Uguchi and
`A.
`Hayami................................................................................................................ .. 69
`1. Claims 7, 14-16, and 31-32 of the ‘034 Patent are Obvious Over Izawa in
`View of Speak ................................................................................................. ..69
`2. Claim 36 is Obvious Over Izawa in View of Speak and Further in View of
`Hayami ............................................................................................................ ..72
`3. Claims 3 and 5 are Obvious Over Izawa in View of Speak and Further in
`View of Uguchi ............................................................................................... ..73
`4. Summary .................................................................................................. ..74
`It Would Have Been Obvious to Combine Nishimura with Okuchi and
`
`Further in View of Hayami ............................................................................. ..79
`3. Claims 3 and 5 of the ‘034 Patent are Obvious Over Gotou in View of
`
`Izawa and Further in View of Uguchi ............................................................. ..80
`4. Summary .................................................................................................. ..80
`
`VIII. Conclusion ............................................................................................... ..81
`
`l507639.000 — JM0l
`
`iii
`
`Automatically Activate One or More Auxiliary Lights .................................. ..67
`
`B.
`
`Takahashi............................................................................................................ .. 74
`
`1. Claims 3, 5, 7, 14-16, 32 and 36 of the ‘034 Patent are Obvious Over
`Nishimura in View of Okuchi ......................................................................... ..75
`
`2. Claim 31 of the ‘034 Patent is Obvious Over Nishimura in View of
`
`Okuchi and Further in View of Takahashi ...................................................... ..76
`
`3. Summary .................................................................................................. ..77
`It Would Have Been Obvious to Combine Gotou with Izawa and Uguchi and
`C.
`Hayami................................................................................................................ .. 78
`1. Claims 7, 14-16, and 31-32 of the ‘034 Patent are Obvious Over Gotou in
`View of Izawa ................................................................................................. ..78
`
`2. Claim 36 of the ‘034 Patent is Obvious Over Gotou in View of Izawa and
`
`
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` 4. A Person of Ordinary Skill in the Art Would Have Known to
`
`
`Rationale for Combining Certain References ............................... ..69
`VII.
`It Would Have Been Obvious to Combine Izawa with Speak and Uguchi and
`A.
`Hayami................................................................................................................ .. 69
`1. Claims 7, 14-16, and 31-32 of the ‘034 Patent are Obvious Over Izawa in
`View of Speak ................................................................................................. ..69
`2. Claim 36 is Obvious Over Izawa in View of Speak and Further in View of
`Hayami ............................................................................................................ ..72
`3. Claims 3 and 5 are Obvious Over Izawa in View of Speak and Further in
`View of Uguchi ............................................................................................... ..73
`4. Summary .................................................................................................. ..74
`It Would Have Been Obvious to Combine Nishimura with Okuchi and
`
`Further in View of Hayami ............................................................................. ..79
`3. Claims 3 and 5 of the ‘034 Patent are Obvious Over Gotou in View of
`
`Izawa and Further in View of Uguchi ............................................................. ..80
`4. Summary .................................................................................................. ..80
`
`VIII. Conclusion ............................................................................................... ..81
`
`l507639.000 — JM0l
`
`iii
`
`Automatically Activate One or More Auxiliary Lights .................................. ..67
`
`B.
`
`Takahashi............................................................................................................ .. 74
`
`1. Claims 3, 5, 7, 14-16, 32 and 36 of the ‘034 Patent are Obvious Over
`Nishimura in View of Okuchi ......................................................................... ..75
`
`2. Claim 31 of the ‘034 Patent is Obvious Over Nishimura in View of
`
`Okuchi and Further in View of Takahashi ...................................................... ..76
`
`3. Summary .................................................................................................. ..77
`It Would Have Been Obvious to Combine Gotou with Izawa and Uguchi and
`C.
`Hayami................................................................................................................ .. 78
`1. Claims 7, 14-16, and 31-32 of the ‘034 Patent are Obvious Over Gotou in
`View of Izawa ................................................................................................. ..78
`
`2. Claim 36 of the ‘034 Patent is Obvious Over Gotou in View of Izawa and
`
`
`
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`
`(“the ‘034 Patent”). BMW 1001. I have been asked to opine on issues concerning
`
`I, John Martens, declare as follows:
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`1.
`
`I am a Principal Engineer and Office Director at Exponent, an
`
`engineering and scientific consulting firm headquartered at 149 Commonwealth
`
`Drive, Menlo Park, California, 94025. My primary office address is 525 West
`
`Monroe Street, Suite 1050, Chicago, Illinois, 60661. I am a member of the
`
`Electrical Engineering and Computer Science practice at Exponent.
`
`2.
`
`I have been retained as an independent expert consultant in this
`
`proceeding before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “Patent
`
`Office”). I am a salaried employee of Exponent. Exponent currently charges an
`
`hourly rate of $460 plus expenses for my work including the present inter partes
`
`review (IPR). My compensation is not dependent on the opinions I render or the
`
`outcome of this proceeding.
`
`3.
`
`I understand that this proceeding involves U.S. Patent No. 7,241,034
`
`Claims 3, 5, 7, 14-16, 31, 32, and 36 of the ‘034 Patent, including whether or not
`
`certain references would disclose or suggest certain features in those claims to a
`
`person of ordinary skill in the art and whether such a person would find it obvious
`
`to combine such features.
`
`1507639.000 — JM01
`
`
` =* @@=== ??= =¦= ª=
`
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`(“the ‘034 Patent”). BMW 1001. I have been asked to opine on issues concerning
`
`I, John Martens, declare as follows:
`
`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`1.
`
`I am a Principal Engineer and Office Director at Exponent, an
`
`engineering and scientific consulting firm headquartered at 149 Commonwealth
`
`Drive, Menlo Park, California, 94025. My primary office address is 525 West
`
`Monroe Street, Suite 1050, Chicago, Illinois, 60661. I am a member of the
`
`Electrical Engineering and Computer Science practice at Exponent.
`
`2.
`
`I have been retained as an independent expert consultant in this
`
`proceeding before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (the “Patent
`
`Office”). I am a salaried employee of Exponent. Exponent currently charges an
`
`hourly rate of $460 plus expenses for my work including the present inter partes
`
`review (IPR). My compensation is not dependent on the opinions I render or the
`
`outcome of this proceeding.
`
`3.
`
`I understand that this proceeding involves U.S. Patent No. 7,241,034
`
`Claims 3, 5, 7, 14-16, 31, 32, and 36 of the ‘034 Patent, including whether or not
`
`certain references would disclose or suggest certain features in those claims to a
`
`person of ordinary skill in the art and whether such a person would find it obvious
`
`to combine such features.
`
`1507639.000 — JM01
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`
`1 Both my Bachelor of Science and Master of Science were awarded at the same
`time.
`
`It is my opinion that Claims 3, 5, 7, 14-16, 31, 32, and 36 ofthe ‘034
`
`Patent are obvious over certain combinations of the prior art references. The
`
`substance and bases of my opinions appear below.
`
`5.
`
`I have been infonned that the application for the ‘034 Patent was filed
`
`on October 31, 2002, as U.S. Patent Application No. 10/285,312, and issued on
`
`July 10, 2007. I understand that the ‘034 Patent is based on multiple provisional
`
`applications, including No. 60/335,409, (“the ‘409 Application”), and that the ‘409
`
`Application was filed on October 31, 2001, and I have been infonned that I should
`
`use that date when evaluating prior art.
`
`II.
`
`QUALIFICATIONS
`
`6.
`
`My curriculum vitae is included in BMW 1007. To summarize my
`
`qualifications, I hold a B.S. (awarded in 1993), M.S. (awarded in 19931), and Ph.D.
`
`(awarded in 2000) in Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics from Case
`
`Western Reserve University (“CWRU”) and an M.B.A. from The University of
`
`Michigan (awarded in 2003). My doctoral dissertation was related to closed-loop,
`
`computer control of dynamic systems. I have been continuously involved in the
`
`design and control of complex dynamic systems and computer control since at
`
`least 1988.
`
`1507639.000 — JM01
`
`2
`
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`ª4.
`
`
`1 Both my Bachelor of Science and Master of Science were awarded at the same
`time.
`
`It is my opinion that Claims 3, 5, 7, 14-16, 31, 32, and 36 ofthe ‘034
`
`Patent are obvious over certain combinations of the prior art references. The
`
`substance and bases of my opinions appear below.
`
`5.
`
`I have been infonned that the application for the ‘034 Patent was filed
`
`on October 31, 2002, as U.S. Patent Application No. 10/285,312, and issued on
`
`July 10, 2007. I understand that the ‘034 Patent is based on multiple provisional
`
`applications, including No. 60/335,409, (“the ‘409 Application”), and that the ‘409
`
`Application was filed on October 31, 2001, and I have been infonned that I should
`
`use that date when evaluating prior art.
`
`II.
`
`QUALIFICATIONS
`
`6.
`
`My curriculum vitae is included in BMW 1007. To summarize my
`
`qualifications, I hold a B.S. (awarded in 1993), M.S. (awarded in 19931), and Ph.D.
`
`(awarded in 2000) in Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics from Case
`
`Western Reserve University (“CWRU”) and an M.B.A. from The University of
`
`Michigan (awarded in 2003). My doctoral dissertation was related to closed-loop,
`
`computer control of dynamic systems. I have been continuously involved in the
`
`design and control of complex dynamic systems and computer control since at
`
`least 1988.
`
`1507639.000 — JM01
`
`2
`
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`developing algorithms for multi-processor control systems. As part of my master’s
`
`9.
`
`From 1992 to 1993, I worked in CWRU’s Center for Automation and
`
`Intelligent Systems Research Mechatronics Laboratory while working on my
`
`master’s thesis. Much of this work involved designing and developing control
`
`systems for robotic applications for feedback control using stepper motors and
`
`servo motors. Such work included evaluating sensors, designing circuits, and
`
`1507639.000 — JM01
`
`3
`
`7.
`
`I have extensive experience with embedded systems, controls, and
`
`computer algorithms. My work in the field of controls encompasses hardware,
`
`software, and systems design and spans across industrial processes, consumer
`
`products, and industrial machines. I have experience with individual components,
`
`sensors, controllers, actuators, systems, communications, software, and algorithms.
`
`8.
`
`While at CWRU, I was awarded the General Motors (“GM”)
`
`Scholarship, and in 1990, I worked for Delco Products in Rochester, NY,
`
`developing hardware and software to perform audit testing on electrical
`
`components for automotive vehicles. In 1991, I worked for Delco Products, a
`
`division of GM, in Dayton, OH. During that time I was responsible for evaluating
`
`and furthering the development of computer controlled suspension systems for
`
`automobiles, and this work included evaluating vehicle sensors, including
`
`suspension position sensors and vehicle accelerometers.
`
`
`@)= < ©16 ?¦ ª,* == =¨ ) ?
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`
`developing algorithms for multi-processor control systems. As part of my master’s
`
`9.
`
`From 1992 to 1993, I worked in CWRU’s Center for Automation and
`
`Intelligent Systems Research Mechatronics Laboratory while working on my
`
`master’s thesis. Much of this work involved designing and developing control
`
`systems for robotic applications for feedback control using stepper motors and
`
`servo motors. Such work included evaluating sensors, designing circuits, and
`
`1507639.000 — JM01
`
`3
`
`7.
`
`I have extensive experience with embedded systems, controls, and
`
`computer algorithms. My work in the field of controls encompasses hardware,
`
`software, and systems design and spans across industrial processes, consumer
`
`products, and industrial machines. I have experience with individual components,
`
`sensors, controllers, actuators, systems, communications, software, and algorithms.
`
`8.
`
`While at CWRU, I was awarded the General Motors (“GM”)
`
`Scholarship, and in 1990, I worked for Delco Products in Rochester, NY,
`
`developing hardware and software to perform audit testing on electrical
`
`components for automotive vehicles. In 1991, I worked for Delco Products, a
`
`division of GM, in Dayton, OH. During that time I was responsible for evaluating
`
`and furthering the development of computer controlled suspension systems for
`
`automobiles, and this work included evaluating vehicle sensors, including
`
`suspension position sensors and vehicle accelerometers.
`
`
`
`
`
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`Systems2 in Brighton, lVJI. During that time, I worked on developing advanced
`
`algorithms for integrating electric rear steering systems and electric front assist
`
`steering systems with brake-based stability control systems for automobiles. My
`
`2 In 1999, Delphi became an independent, publicly-traded company.
`
`1507639.000 — JM01
`
`4
`
`thesis work, I used multiple accelerometers to detect orientation and motion of a
`
`mobile robot.
`
`10.
`
`From 1994 to 1996, I worked at Delphi Automotive Systems in
`
`Dayton, OH, as an engineer. While in the advanced development group, my
`
`charter included integrating various vehicle subsystems and developing computer-
`
`controlled automotive vehicle dynamics systems. During this time, I was
`
`responsible for developing and validating a several-hundred state, multi-vehicle
`
`model used to study automotive vehicle dynamics, evaluate various subsystem
`
`perfonnances (such as automotive vehicle braking systems), and develop advanced
`
`algorithms.
`
`11.
`
`From 1996 to 2000, I worked as an engineer at CAM-LEM, Inc. while
`
`at CWRU while working my doctorate dissertation. This work was related to
`
`multiple-input multiple-output control systems. As part of this work, I designed
`
`test systems that used multiple sensors to control multiple actuators using feedback
`
`control.
`
`12.
`
`From 2000 to 2005, I worked as an engineer at Delphi Automotive
`
`
`
`
`
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`global supplier of electronics and technologies for automotive, commercial vehicle,
`
`work on those projects spanned several years and included extensive instrumented
`
`vehicle testing at various world-class automotive proving grounds (such as GM’s
`
`Milford Proving Grounds in Milford, lVlI) in various countries (such as the United
`
`States, Japan, France, and Italy) and in various climates (such as summer and
`
`winter).
`
`13. As a manager for an embedded controls group at Delphi, a leading
`
`and other market segments, I was responsible for leading a team of engineers to
`
`implement computer control solutions to regulate dynamic systems, such as
`
`automobiles and motorcycles. I hold several U.S. Patents related to controls and
`
`embedded systems for automobiles. I am currently a registered Professional
`
`Engineer in the states of Ohio, Illinois, New York, Texas, Missouri, Michigan,
`
`North Carolina, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia.
`
`14.
`
`Since 2005 to the present, I have been employed by Exponent, where I
`
`specialize in control systems and software, microprocessor-based and computer
`
`systems, circuit design and analysis, electronic components failure analysis,
`
`automotive control systems, electronic stability control systems, programmable
`
`logic controllers (PLCs) and process control (including DCS and SCADA
`
`analysis), robotics and automation, computer vision, consumer products design and
`
`failure analysis, and intellectual property issues.
`
`l507639.000 — JM0l
`
`5
`
`
` ©==ƨ= @ ª ª )== ª @ =@=? @
` ©== @ ©== =
`
`
`global supplier of electronics and technologies for automotive, commercial vehicle,
`
`work on those projects spanned several years and included extensive instrumented
`
`vehicle testing at various world-class automotive proving grounds (such as GM’s
`
`Milford Proving Grounds in Milford, lVlI) in various countries (such as the United
`
`States, Japan, France, and Italy) and in various climates (such as summer and
`
`winter).
`
`13. As a manager for an embedded controls group at Delphi, a leading
`
`and other market segments, I was responsible for leading a team of engineers to
`
`implement computer control solutions to regulate dynamic systems, such as
`
`automobiles and motorcycles. I hold several U.S. Patents related to controls and
`
`embedded systems for automobiles. I am currently a registered Professional
`
`Engineer in the states of Ohio, Illinois, New York, Texas, Missouri, Michigan,
`
`North Carolina, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia.
`
`14.
`
`Since 2005 to the present, I have been employed by Exponent, where I
`
`specialize in control systems and software, microprocessor-based and computer
`
`systems, circuit design and analysis, electronic components failure analysis,
`
`automotive control systems, electronic stability control systems, programmable
`
`logic controllers (PLCs) and process control (including DCS and SCADA
`
`analysis), robotics and automation, computer vision, consumer products design and
`
`failure analysis, and intellectual property issues.
`
`l507639.000 — JM0l
`
`5
`
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`
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`Patent, its prosecution history before the Patent Office, and the documents cited in
`
`15. Additional details about my employment history, fields of expertise,
`
`and publications are further described in my curriculum vitae. BMW 1007.
`
`III. BASIS OF OPINIONS
`
`16. My opinions in this Declaration are based on my review of the ‘034
`
`this Declaration. In addition, I draw upon my experience and knowledge of
`
`embedded systems, electronics, algorithms, vehicle stability, and automotive
`
`controls.
`
`17.
`
`If the patent owner is allowed to submit evidence pertaining to the
`
`patentability of the ‘O34 patent, I intend to review that as well and update my
`
`analysis and conclusions as appropriate and as allowed under the rules of this
`
`proceeding.
`
`18.
`
`I am informed that a patent claim may be invalid as “obvious” if the
`
`differences between the subject matter claimed and the prior art are such that the
`
`subj
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`
`Patent, its prosecution history before the Patent Office, and the documents cited in
`
`15. Additional details about my employment history, fields of expertise,
`
`and publications are further described in my curriculum vitae. BMW 1007.
`
`III. BASIS OF OPINIONS
`
`16. My opinions in this Declaration are based on my review of the ‘034
`
`this Declaration. In addition, I draw upon my experience and knowledge of
`
`embedded systems, electronics, algorithms, vehicle stability, and automotive
`
`controls.
`
`17.
`
`If the patent owner is allowed to submit evidence pertaining to the
`
`patentability of the ‘O34 patent, I intend to review that as well and update my
`
`analysis and conclusions as appropriate and as allowed under the rules of this
`
`proceeding.
`
`18.
`
`I am informed that a patent claim may be invalid as “obvious” if the
`
`differences between the subject matter claimed and the prior art are such that the
`
`subj
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