GRANT & HACKH'S
`
`CHEMICAL
`DICTIONARY
`
`(American, International, European and British Usage]
`
`Containing the Words Generally Used in Chemistry,
`and Many of the Terms Used in the Related
`Sciences of Physics, Medicine, Engineering,
`Biology, Pharmacy, Astrophysics,
`Agriculture, Mineralogy, etc.
`
`Based on Recent Scientific Literature
`
`FIFTH EDITION
`Completely Revised and Edited by
`ROGER GRANT
`M.A., D. de l'U., Ph.D., c. Chem., M.R.s.c. Consultant
`
`CLAIRE GRANT
`M.B., B.s., M.R.C.P.E. Medical Practitioner
`
`McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY
`
`New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota
`Hamburg London Madrid Mexico
`Milan Montreal New Delhi Panama
`Paris Sdo Paulo Singapore
`Sydney Tokyo Toronto
`
`ROX_EV_00148563
`
`Par Pharm., Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 001
`
`

`
`l
`I
`
`Index of I
`Preface
`:\cknuwll
`Explanatc
`:\bbrevia
`Disclaim!
`
`Chemic
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Hackh, Ingo W. D. (Ingo Waldemar Dagobert), 1890-1938.
`Grant & Hackh's chemical dictionary.
`
`Rev. ed. of: Chemical dictionary. 4th ed. 1969.
`L Chemistry-Dictionaries. L Grant, Roger L
`IL Grant, Claire.
`IlL Title.
`IV. Title: Grant &
`Hackh's chemical dictionary. V. Title: Chemical
`dictionary.
`QD5.H3 1987
`ISBN 0-07-024067-1
`
`86-7496
`
`540'.3
`
`Copyright @ 1987 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
`Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted
`under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this
`publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
`any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without
`the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`234567890
`
`DOC DOC
`
`943210
`
`ISBN 0-07-024067-1
`
`The previous edition of this book was Hackh's Chemical Dictionary,
`4th ed., published by McGraw-Hill in 1969. It was prepared by Dr.
`julius Grant from a Chemical Dictionary compiled by Ingo W. D.
`Hackh. The current, or 5th, edition of this book was prepared by Dr.
`Roger L Grant, whose father prepared the 4th edition.
`
`The editors for this book were Betty f. Sun and Susan Thomas,
`the designer was Naomi Auerbach, and the production
`supervisor was Teresa F. Leaden. It was set in Palatino
`by University Graphics, Inc.
`
`Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company.
`
`ROX_EV_00148564
`
`ROX_EV_00148564
`
`Par Pharm., Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 002
`
`

`
`mipor
`
`373
`
`model
`
`mipor Microporous. m. rubber A soft rubber, with pores of
`about 0.0004 mm average diameter. m. scheider A
`diaphragm of m. rubber used in accumulators.
`mirabilite NazS04 · H20. A native sulfate.
`miramint A tungsten-molybdenum alloy, used in cutting
`tools.
`mirbane oil Nitrobenzene•.
`Mirlon Trademark for a synthetic polyamide fiber.
`mirror A highly polished surface that reflects light; made of
`polished metal or glass. concave - A )-shaped mirror.
`convex - A (-shaped mirror. plane - A flat mirror.
`mirrorstone
`(1) Mica. (2) Muscovite.
`MIS Management information system.
`misce Latin for "mix."
`mischmetal
`(1) A mixture of rare-earth metals. (2)
`Commercial cerium (40-75% Ce) with La, Nd, Pr, etc., and
`sometimes 1-5% Fe; used for pyrophoric alloys. Cf. Auer
`metal.
`(German: "mixed tin") The alloy Sn 54.4, Pb
`mischzinn
`41.9, Sb 3.6%; used to prepare solders.
`miscibility The ability of certain liquids to mix in all
`proportions. m. gap The temperature range in which certain
`normally miscible liquids will not mix.
`miscible Capable of mixing or dissolving in all proportions.
`im- Not able to mix.
`miso An edible fermented soybean paste. Cf. kogi.
`mispickel FeS2 · FeAsz. A native iron ore.
`Mississippian See geologic eras, Table 38.
`(1) Fog. Cf. colloidal systems. (2) Pharmaceutical
`mist
`abbreviation for mixture.
`mistletoe The leaves and young twigs of Phoradendron
`flavescens; an antispasmodic and narcotic. Cf. viscum.
`mistura Mist. Latin for "mixture"; used in pharmacy.
`) British chemist. Nobel
`Mitchell, Peter Dennis (1920-
`prize winner (1978), noted for work on chemiosmotic
`reactions.
`mitochondrion A double-membrane structure in the living
`cell, which plays a role in the chemical changes involved in
`respiration.
`mitosis Division of somatic cells, as part of cell regeneration
`and growth. The number of chromosomes remains the same.
`See diploid, karyokinesis. Cf. meiosis.
`mitragynine C23H300 4N2 = 398.5. Mitragyne. An alkaloid,
`m.l06, from Mitragyna speciosa (Rubiaceae).
`Mitscherlich M., Eilhardt (1794-1863) German chemist. M.
`desiccator A desiccator, with side tubes for evacuation. M.
`eudiometer A closed glass buret, with platinum electrodes at
`one end and a glass stopcock at the other. M. law (1) The
`law of isomorphism, q.v., which is not rigidly correct: The
`same number of atoms of similar elements combined in the
`same way produce an identical crystalline structure. (2) The
`spectra of isomorphous substances are similar.
`mitsubaene C 15H24 = 204.4. A sesquiterpene for
`Cryptotaenia japonica, mitsuba-zeri (Umbelliferae), japan.
`mix
`(1) To intermingle. (2) A physical mixture of substances,
`applied to rubber, etc.
`mixed m. crystal A crystal of 2 isomorphous substances,
`which crystallize in the same system. m. ester An ester
`R-COO-R', in which the 2 radicals, Rand R', are different.
`m. ether An R-0-R' ether, in which the radicals, Rand R',
`are different. m. infection The invasion by and growth of 2
`or more microorganisms in the animal body. m. ketones A
`ketone of the type R- CO-R'. m. salt A salt derived from a
`polyvalent acid, in which the H atoms are replaced by
`different metals, as KNaNH4P04•
`mixer Equipment for incorporating one or more materials
`
`into another; a steel bowl, with revolving mixing arms
`moving in opposite directions. Cf. mill.
`static - A tubular
`m. with helical elements giving alternating left- and right(cid:173)
`hand twists; designed to mix by a fluid's motion.
`mixite Cu20· As20r nH20 with 13% Bi 20 3 . An emerald
`mineral.
`mixture (1) Substances that are mixed, but not chemically
`combined. constant boiling - A m. of 2 liquids which, at a
`given pressure, distills unchanged, the boiling point
`remaining constant. Cf. azeotropy. electrostatic - A m.
`obtained by using electric energy to accelerate conducting
`particles or ions in a nonconducting medium, and so to impart
`rapid and violent motion to the dispersed particles. Used to
`freezing - A m. of salts with water or
`desulfurize fuel oils.
`ice which produces low temperatures.
`law of -
`Law of
`alligation.
`mixture (2) Mistura. A pharmaceutical preparation.
`mks system Meter-kilogram-second system. A technical
`system of measurements recommended by the International
`Electrotechnical Commission (1938) as simpler than the cgs
`system. Subsequently rationalized and expanded to become
`the internationally used 51 system.
`mL•, ml• Abbreviation for milliliter.
`mm Abbreviation for millimeter = 1/1.000 m. mm2
`Abbreviation for square millimeter. mm3 Abbreviation for
`cubic millimeter.
`ml' Former symbol for millimicron, 10~ 9 m; superseded (Sl
`system) by nm.
`1'1' Former symbol for micromicron, 10 ~ 12 m; superseded (SI
`system) by pm.
`mmf Abbreviation for magnetomotive force.
`mmm Former symbol for millimicron; superseded (Sl system)
`bynm.
`Mn Symbol for manganese.
`Mo Symbol for molybdenum.
`m.o., MO Abbreviation for molecular orbital.
`mobile Changing position; moving.
`mobility
`(1) The motion of atoms, molecules, ions, or
`colloidal particles. The mobility, a, of an ion in a liquid; a =
`1.037 X 10- 5AI, where X is the equivalent conductivity, and t
`the transport number of the ion. (2) The visible motion of
`colloidal particles and microorganisms. Cf. Brownian motion.
`mobilometer A viscometer in which the time is noted for a
`disk to fall through a column of the liquid under
`investigation; used for oils and liquid foods.
`mocha See coffee. m.stone Moss agate.
`mochyl alcohol C26H460 = 374.6. An alcohol, m.234, from
`mochi Uapanese birdlime).
`mock m. gold Pyrites. m. lead Sphalerite. m. ore
`Sphalerite. m. silver Britannia metal. m. vermilion Lead
`chromate.
`mock-up A nonworking model of an apparatus or plant
`intended to show the layout and method of operation.
`mode
`(1) The actual composition of a substance, e.g., rock, as
`compared with its norm, q.v. (2) Term. One of three basic
`control methods used by conventional instrumentation:
`proportional control (corrective action is proportional to the
`difference between desired and actual values, that is, the
`error); reset action (correction is proportional to both the
`magnitude and duration of the error); and derivative action
`(correction is proportional to the rate of change of the error).
`(3) In statistics, the value of highest frequency, corresponding
`to the peak value of a normal distribution curve.
`Modecate Trademark for fluphenazine hydrochloride.
`modeccin A toxin from the passion flower plant.
`model
`(1) A geometrical arrangement by which an idea or
`
`ROX_EV_00148565
`
`Par Pharm., Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 003
`
`

`
`:alation
`
`54 1
`
`solution
`
`:alation Liquefaction of a gel; the reverse of gelation.
`:olbrol Nipagin M.
`:older Braze. A fusing metal or alloy used to unite adjacent
`surfaces of less fusible metals. brass - Copper s. copper
`- An alloy: Sn 5, Pb 2 pts., with zinc chloride as flux.
`fine
`-
`Soft s.
`fusible - An alloy of Pb, Sn, and Bi, which
`melts in water; used in spray fire extinguishers. gold - An
`alloy: Au 10, Ag 6, Cu 4 pts. hard - A high-melting-point
`alloy used as s.; it fuses at red heat: e.g., Cu + Zn + Ag.
`lead - An alloy of equa l parts of Pb and Sn, used for
`soldering lead. plumber's - An alloy usuall y containing
`approx. Pb 65, Sn 30%, with some Sb.
`seifert - A s. for
`aluminum , containing Sn 73, Zn 21, Pb 5%. silver -
`See
`silver solder.
`soft - A s. that fuses below red heat; as, Sn
`+ Pb; leads. (above), fusible s.
`zinc - An alloy: Sn 5, Pb 3
`pts.
`:oldering
`(1) Uniting m etallic pieces by heat with or without
`an alloy (solder) and flux (borax). (2) In commerce, soft (as
`distinct from hard) solders. S. differs from brazi~tg and fusion
`we/di1tg, q. v. autogenous - Uniting metal surfaces by
`interfusion, without a more fusible alloy.
`fusing - Uniting
`metal surfaces by filling all intervening space with a
`completely fused solder.
`sweating -
`S. in which the solder
`is heated near its melting point and adheres.
`:olenhofen stone A fine-grained, porous limestone; contains
`clay.
`:olenoid A hollow cylinder, wound with resistance wire;
`used to produce fields of electric force, as to operate a valve.
`:olfatara A volcanic vent from which sulfur is obtained.
`:olferino Fuchsin.
`:olid
`(1) A substance of definite shape, and relatively great
`density, low internal enthalpy, and great cohesion of its
`molecules. It may be homogeneous (as crystals and solid
`solutions) or hetergeneous (as amorphous and colloidal
`substances).
`s. solution (I) Sosoloid. A homogeneous, s.
`mixture of substance; as, glass. (2) A s. solution of a solid,
`liquid, or gas in a solid.
`s. state Describing electronic
`components that utilize electronic and magnetic properties of
`solids.
`:olidago Goldenrod. The dried herb of Solidago odora
`(Compositae); a carminative.
`:olidify To change into the solid state.
`:olidifying point Freezing point.
`:olidus
`In a temperature-concentration diagram for both
`solid and liquid solutions whose concentrations differ, the s.
`curve relates to the solid phase, and the liquidus to the liquid
`phase.
`:oliquoid Suspension. A dispersed system of a solid phase in
`a liquid phase.
`:oln. Abbreviation for solution.
`:olodization Dealkalization. Removal of alkali from soils by
`degradation.
`iolozone Trademark for a brand of hydrogen peroxide.
`;olubility The extent to which a substance (solute) mixes
`with a liquid (solvent) to produce a homogeneous system
`(solution). The classification used by the United States
`Pharmacopeia is shown in Table 85. apparent - The total
`amount of undissociated and dissociated portions of a
`substance dissolved in a liquid. degree of - The
`concentration of a saturated solution at a given temperature.
`S. generally increases with increase in temperature. molar
`-
`cjM, w here cis the g/ L and M the molecular weight.
`real - The amount of undissociated solute in a liquid.
`s. curve A graph obtained by plotting the amount of
`dissolved substance in a saturated solution against the
`
`TABLE 85. USP SOLUBILITY CLASSIFICATION
`
`Description
`
`Parts of solvent required
`for I part of solute
`
`Very soluble
`Freely soluble
`Soluble
`Sparingly soluble
`Slightly soluble
`Very slightly soluble
`Practically insoluble or insoluble
`
`Less than I
`1-10
`10-30
`30-100
`100-1,000
`1,000-10,000
`10,000+
`
`s. exponent p or p, = log I fS. Cf. pH. s.
`temperature.
`product S = [M+] X [X-]/[MX], where the brackets indicate
`the concentrations of the components of the dissociation
`equilibrium: MX = M+ + x-. If [M+] X [X-] exceeds S, MX
`will precipitate; and vice versa. E.g., NaCI is precipitated from
`concentrated solutions by HCI gas.
`soluble Capable of mixing with a liquid (dissolving) to fonn
`a homogeneous mixture (solution). Cf. solubility, solution.
`s.
`barbital Sodium barbitolte.
`s. colton Nitrocellulose.
`s. glass
`Sodium silicate. s. mercury NH2Hg2N03 = 479.2.
`Hahnemann's mercury. Black precipitate on adding ammonia
`to mercurous nitrate.
`s. starch See starch soluble.
`s. tartar
`Ammonium potassium tartrate•. s. tartrate Potassium
`tartrate.
`sol urn A damp-resisting layer of material installed on the
`ground under a floor, e.g., bitumen.
`solute A substance that mixes with or dissolves in a solvent
`to produce a solution.
`solution (I) Dissolution. The mixing of a solid, liquid, or
`gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), forming
`a homogeneous mixture from which the dissolved substance
`can be recovered by physical processes. (2) The homogeneous
`mixture formed by the operation of s. anisotonic - Any
`nonisotonic s.; as, a hypotonic or hypertonic s. aqueous -
`A s. in which water is the main solvent. buffer - A s. of
`acid or basic salts that can neutralize either acids or bases
`without appreciable change in hydrogen-ion concentration.
`centinormal - A s. containing 0.01 equivalents per liter.
`chemical - A s. in which solute and solvent react to form a
`compound that dissolves in the solvent and cannot be
`recovered by distillation. Cf. physical solution. colloidal -
`A macroscopically homogeneous, microscopically
`heterogeneous, system of minute particles (colloid, dispersed
`phase) suspended in a liquid (continuous phase, meclium). Cf.
`colloid. concentrated - A s. in which the solute content is
`relatively great. decinormal - A s. that contains 0.1
`equivalents per liter. dilute - A s. in which the solute is
`relatively small in quantity. gram molecular - Molar s.
`See heat of solution. hypertonic - A s. whose
`heat of -
`osmotic pressure is greater than that of blood serum.
`hypotonic - A s. whose osmotic pressure is less than that of
`blood serum.
`ionic - As. whose ions of the solute are
`surrounded by oriented molecules of the solvent.
`isotonic
`- A s. having an osmotic pressure equal to that of blood
`serum; as, 0.9% w fv sodium chlorides. molal - As.
`containing I g molecule (mole) of substance per 1,000 g of s.
`molar - A s. containing 1 g molecule of substance per liter.
`Cf. normal solution. molecular - A trues. in which the
`molecules of solute are surrounded by molecules of solvent.
`Cf. colloidal solution, ionic solution. normal - A s.
`containing I gram equivalent per liter. normal salt - A s.
`containing 1 mole sodium chloride per liter. Cf. isotonic
`
`ROX_EV_00148566
`
`Par Pharm., Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 004
`
`

`
`pharaoh's serpents
`
`437
`
`phenanthrahydroquinone
`
`voluminous ash that resembles a moving serpent. It liberates
`N,. CS 2, and Hg vapor and leaves a gray residu2 of mellon,
`q.v.
`Phar. D. Abbreviation for Doctor of Pharmacy.
`Phar. M. Abbreviation for Master of Pharmacy.
`pharmaceutic(al) Pertaining to drugs. p. chemistry The
`analysis of drugs and isolation of their active constituents.
`pharinacist Apothecary. A druggist (U.S.) or chemist (U.K.).
`pharmacodynamics The study of the effects of drugs on
`living organisms.
`pharmacognosy The study of the identification, properties,
`and quality of crude drugs.
`pharmacokinetics The study of the time course of drug and
`metabolite concentrations in body fluids and excreta.
`pharmacolite CaHAs0 4 · 2H 20. A native arsenate.
`pharmacology The study of drugs, their origin and
`wmposition !pharmacy), identification (pharmacognosy), and
`effects on living organisms (pharmacodynamics).
`pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia Official lists of drugs and
`chemicals issued by many countries. A p. contains a
`description of each drug, its composition, tests for
`identification and purity, and its medicinal doses. Substances
`listed are called "official" or "officinal," and must have the
`specified purity for medical use.
`Aust.P.: Oesterreichisches Arzneibuch
`BP: British Pharmacopoeia
`Fr.P.: Pharmacopte Fraw;aise
`Ger.P.: Deutsches Arzneibuch
`Jt.P.: Farmacopea Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana
`)ap.P.: The Pharmacopoeia of Japan
`Neth.P.: Nederlandse Farmacopee
`Nord.P.: Nordic Pharmacopoeia
`Rus.P.: State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR
`Span.P.: Farmacopea Espanola
`Swiss.P.: Pharmacopoeia Helvetica
`USP: United Stales Pharmacopeia
`USNF: National Formularly (USA)
`In addition, there are in use:
`Eur.P.: European Pharmacopoeia (EP is used in this dictionary.)
`The Extra Pharmacopoeia (Martindale)
`Cf. formulary.
`pharmacosiderite A native arsenate of iron.
`pharmacotherapy The treatment of disease with drugs.
`pharmacy The art of preparing drugs for medicinal use.
`phase
`(1) A solid, liquid, or gaseous, homogeneous
`substance, that exists as a distinct and mechanically separate
`portion in a heterogeneous system. Cf. colloid, zone, micelle.
`(2) The succession of electrical impulses of an alternating
`current. (3) A stage in the growth of microorganisms. ( 4) A
`subdivision of the changes occurring in protoplasm during
`karyokinesis, q.v. activatory -
`The active stage or rapid
`growth of organisms, especially bacteria. continuous -
`External or enclosing p. The surrounding (dispersion) medium
`in a heterogeneous mixture. See colloid. discontinuous -
`Dispersed p. dispersed -
`Internal or enclosed p. The
`solute or insoluble part of a colloidal solution, as distinct from
`the solvent. dispersion - Continuous p.
`enclosed -
`The discontinuous or separated medium in a heterogeneous
`mixture. enclosing - Continuous p.
`inhibitory ,.,. The
`passive stage or slow growth of an organism. oriented -
`l\·1isnomer for zone, q. v.
`suspended -
`Enclosed p.
`p. coefficient See symbols, Table 88, Group B, on p. 566.
`p. contrast microscopy When light waves pass through an
`object whose refractive index is greater than that of its
`surroundings, they are retarded and emerge out of p. with
`those forming the background. If the p. difference is half the
`
`wavelength, the two sets of waves will cancel each other, and
`the object will appear dark. Used to improve visibility in
`microscopical work. p. converter - A device for changing
`the phases of an alternating electric current. p. reversal The
`change of the components of an emulsion; thus, an emulsion
`of oil in water, converted into an emulsion of water in oil. p.
`rule Gibbs: A mathematical generalization of systems in
`equilibrium: F = C + 2 - P, where Pis the number of
`phases, F the degrees of freedom, C the number of
`components. F = 0 is invariant (a point on a diagram), F =
`is monovariant (a line on a diagram), F = 2 is divariant (an
`area on a diagram). Thus, for water:
`C = 1, P = 2, F = 1
`Solid~ liquid
`Solid~ liquid~ vapor C = I, P = 3, F = 0
`phaselin An enzyme from the bean of Dilkas mexicana,
`resembling papain.
`phaseolin The chief protein of the navy bean, Phascolus
`vulgaris.
`phaseoline An alkaloid obtained from string beans,
`Phaseolus vulgaris.
`phaseolunatin C 10H 17NO, = 247.3. A cyanogenetic
`glucoside, m.144, from Phaseolus lunatus, lima beam
`(Leguminosae).
`Inositol.
`phaseomannite
`phasine A group of vegetable protei"s from seeds, that
`agglutinate the red blood cells.
`phasotropy Dynamic isomerism in which the H atom of
`amidines and formazyl derivatives oscillates from one
`nitrogen to the other:
`H-NR'
`I
`
`H NR'
`I
`II
`R·N-CH
`Ph,C, Abbreviation for Pharmaceutical Chemist.
`Ph.D. Abbreviation for Doctor of Philosophy.
`Phe* Symbol for phenylalanine.
`phellandrene C 10H 16 = 136.2. a-- 1,5-p-Menthadiene.
`5-lsopropyl-2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene. A terpene from the
`seeds of water fennel, Phellandrium aquitanium (Umbelliferae);
`constituent of certain eucalyptus oils, elemi oil, and oil of
`water hemlock. Colorless,(+)- and (-)-rotatory liquid, b.l76.
`phen-
`(1)* Indicating 1,10 phenanthroline as a ligand. (2)
`Prefix derived from phenyl, indicating a benzene derivative.
`(3) A suffix. See -fen.
`phenacetein Phenacetolin.
`phenacetin C 10H 130 2N = 179.2. Acetophenetidin(e),
`acetophenetidide. White, bitter scales, m.l35, insoluble in
`water; an analgesic and antipyretic. Usually used with aspirin
`and codeine as APC; use is limited by toxic effect on kidney
`(USP).
`phenacetol Phenoxy acetone.
`phenacetolin C 16H 120 2 = 236.3. Phenacetein. An indicator
`(alkalies-red; acids-yellow).
`phenacite Be2Si0 4. A native gem silicate.
`phenacyl* 2-0xo-2-phenylethylt. The radical PhCOCH 2 - .
`p. alcohol See hydroxyacetapitenone. p. bromide
`PhCOCH 2Br. White powder, a reagent for hydroxy
`compounds.
`phenacylidene* The radical PhCOCH~.
`phenacylidin C6 H4(0Me)NH · CH 2COPh = 241.3. Colorless
`powder, insoluble in water; an antipyretic in veterinary
`medicine.
`Phenamine Trademark for direct dyestuffs, for cotton and
`paper.
`phenanthrahydroquinone C 14H 8(0Hh = 210.2. 9,10-
`Dihyroxyphenanthrene•. A solid, m.146, soluble in water.
`
`ROX_EV_00148567
`
`Par Pharm., Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 005