Designation: D 1894 – 01
`
`Standard Test Method for
`Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and
`Sheeting1
`
`This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
`original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
`superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
`
`This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
`
`1. Scope *
`1.1 This test method covers determination of the coefficients
`of starting and sliding friction of plastic film and sheeting when
`sliding over itself or other substances at specified test condi-
`tions. The procedure permits the use of a stationary sled with
`a moving plane, or a moving sled with a stationary plane. Both
`procedures yield the same coefficients of friction values for a
`given sample.
`
`NOTE 1—For the frictional characteristics of plastic films partially
`wrapped around a cylinder, or capstan, see Test Method G 143 under the
`jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee G02.50.
`1.2 Test data obtained by this test method is relevant and
`appropriate for use in engineering design.
`1.2.1 As an option to this test, coefficient of friction may be
`run at temperatures other than 23°C by heating only the plane
`while the sled is at ambient temperature.
`1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
`standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
`only.
`1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
`safety concerns,
`if any, associated with its use. It
`is the
`responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
`priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
`bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
`precautionary statement, see Note 7.
`
`NOTE 2—This test method and ISO/DIS 8295–1994 are not technically
`equivalent.
`
`2. Referenced Documents
`2.1 ASTM Standards:
`D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical
`Insulating Materials for Testing2
`D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics2
`
`D 3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials—Slab,
`Bonded, and Molded Urethane Foams3
`D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Mate-
`rials3
`E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
`Determine the Precision of a Test Method4
`G 143 Test Method for Measurement of Web/Roller Fric-
`tion Characteristics5
`2.2 ISO/DIS Standard:
`ISO/DIS 8295–19946
`
`3. Terminology
`3.1 Definitions:
`3.1.1 friction, n—resistance to relative motion between two
`bodies in contact.
`3.1.1.1 coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force required
`to move one surface over another to the total force applied
`normal to those surfaces.
`3.1.1.2 kinetic coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force
`required to move one surface over another to the total force
`applied normal
`to those surfaces, once that motion is in
`progress.
`3.1.1.3 static coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the force
`required to move one surface over another to the total force
`applied normal to those surfaces, at the instant motion starts.
`D 996, D10
`3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
`3.2.1 slip—in plastic films, lubricity of two surfaces sliding
`in contact with each other.
`
`4. Significance and Use
`4.1 Measurements of frictional properties may be made on a
`film or sheeting specimen when sliding over itself or over
`another substance. The coefficients of friction are related to the
`
`1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
`and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties.
`Current edition approved March 10, 2001. Published June 2001. Originally
`published as D 1894 – 61 T. Last previous edition D 1894 – 00.
`2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
`
`3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
`4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
`5 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
`6 Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
`Floor, New York, NY 10036.
`
`Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
`
`*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
`
`1
`
`DNA Genotek, Inc. Exhibit 2011 Page 1
`
`

`
`D 1894
`
`slip properties of plastic films that are of wide interest in
`packaging applications. These methods yield empirical data for
`control purposes in film production. Correlation of test results
`with actual performance can usually be established.
`4.1.1 This test method includes testing at temperatures other
`than 23°C by heating only the plane while the sled is at ambient
`temperature.
`4.2 Slip properties are generated by additives in some
`plastic films, for example, polyethylene. These additives have
`varying degrees of compatibility with the film matrix. Some of
`them bloom, or exude to the surface, lubricating it and making
`it more slippery. Because this blooming action may not always
`be uniform on all areas of the film surface, values from these
`tests may be limited in reproducibility.
`4.3 The frictional properties of plastic film and sheeting
`may be dependent on the uniformity of the rate of motion
`between the two surfaces. Care should be exercised to ensure
`that
`the rate of motion of the equipment
`is as carefully
`controlled as possible.
`4.4 Data obtained by these procedures may be extremely
`sensitive to the age of the film or sheet and the condition of the
`surfaces. The blooming action of many slip additives is
`time-dependent. For this reason, it is sometimes meaningless to
`compare slip and friction properties of films or sheets produced
`at different times, unless it is desired to study this effect.
`4.5 Frictional and slip properties of plastic film and sheeting
`are based on measurements of surface phenomena. Where
`products have been made by different processes, or even on
`different machines by the same process, their surfaces may be
`dependent on the equipment or its running conditions. Such
`factors must be weighed in evaluating data from these meth-
`ods.
`4.6 The measurement of the static coefficient of friction is
`highly dependent on the rate of loading and on the amount of
`blocking occurring between the loaded sled and the platform
`due to variation in time before motion is initiated.
`4.7 Care should be exercised to make certain that the speed
`of response of the recorder, either electronic or mechanical, is
`not exceeded.
`4.8 For many materials, there may be a specification that
`requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural
`modifications that
`take precedence when adhering to the
`specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material
`specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classi-
`fication System D 4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that
`currently exist.
`
`5. Apparatus
`5.1 Sled—A metal block 63.5 mm (21⁄2 in.) square by
`approximately 6 mm (0.25 in.) thick with a suitable eye screw
`fastened in one end. When a flexible film (see 6.2) is to be
`attached, the block shall be wrapped with a sponge rubber 63.5
`mm (2 1⁄2in.) in width and 3.2 mm (1⁄8in.) in thickness. The
`foam shall be flexible, smooth-faced, and have a nominal
`density of 0.25 g/cm3 when measured in accordance with the
`Density Test of Methods D 3574. The pressure required to
`compress the foam 25 % shall be 85 6 15 kPa (12.5 6 2.5 psi).
`
`The foam shall also have a high hysteresis when deformed.7
`The rubber shall be wrapped snugly around the sled and held
`in place against the bottom and top of the sled with double-
`faced masking tape. When a sheet (see 6.3) is to be attached,
`double-faced tape shall be used to attach the specimen. The
`total weight of the (wrapped) sled and specimen shall be 200 6
`5 g.
`
`NOTE 3—Round-robin testing8 has shown that the physical properties
`of the backing can drastically affect both the coefficient of friction and
`stick-slip behavior of the film.
`5.2 Plane—A polished plastic, wood, or metal sheet,9 ap-
`proximately 150 by 300 by 1 mm (6 by 12 by 0.040 in.). A
`smooth, flat piece of glass may cover the upper surface of the
`plane. This provides a smooth support for the specimen.
`5.2.1 When it is desirable to run tests at temperatures above
`23°C, a heating unit shall be provided that is capable of
`maintaining the temperature of the plane within 62°C of the
`desired temperature. The temperature should be maintained
`within 62°C of the desired temperature over the entire traverse
`of the sled (that is, over the full surface of the plane).
`
`NOTE 4—If the equipment has a plane with a heater, a cover may be
`used to help maintain the temperature of the plane within 62°C of the
`desired temperature.
`5.3 Scissors or Cutter, suitable for cutting specimens to the
`desired dimensions.
`5.4 Adhesive Tape, cellophane or pressure-sensitive.
`5.5 Adhesive Tape, double-faced.
`5.6 Nylon Monofilament, having a 0.33 6 0.05-mm (0.013
`6 0.002-in.) diameter and capable of supporting a 3.6-kg (8-lb)
`load.
`5.7 Beaded Chain, flexible metal cable, or equivalent,
`having a spring rate no less than 600 lbs per inch of stretch per
`inch of length (40 lbs/in. (7000 N/m) for a 15-in. chain) in the
`range of 50 to 150 g of tension (such as beaded lampswitch pull
`chain).
`5.8 Low-Friction Pulleys—A phenolic type pulley mounted
`in hardened steel cone bearings on a metal fork. A ball-bearing
`type pulley may also be used.
`5.9 Force-Measuring Device, capable of measuring the
`frictional force to 65 % of its value. A spring gage10 (Note 3),
`universal testing machine, or strain gage may be used.
`
`NOTE 5—The capacity of the spring gage (Fig. 1( a and b)) needed will
`depend upon the range of values to be measured. For most plastic, a 500-g
`capacity gage with 10-g or smaller subdivisions will be satisfactory. This
`spring will measure coefficients of friction up to and including 2.5.
`5.10 Supporting Base—A smooth wood or metal base
`approximately 200 by 380 mm (8 by 15 in.) is necessary to
`support
`the plane. The supporting base may be a simple
`rectangular box. If a universal testing machine is used to pull
`
`7 Sheet stock, available from Greene Rubber Co., 59 Broadway, North Haven,
`CT 06473, has been found satisfactory.
`8 Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: D20-
`1065.
`9 Acrylic or rigid poly(vinyl chloride) sheeting has been found satisfactory for
`this purpose.
`10 Model L-500, available from Hunter Spring Co., Lansdale, PA, has been found
`satisfactory for this purpose.
`
`2
`
`DNA Genotek, Inc. Exhibit 2011 Page 2
`
`

`
`D 1894
`
`A. Sled
`B. Plane
`C. Supporting base
`D. Gage
`E. Spring gage
`F. Constant-speed chain drive
`G. Constant-speed tensile tester crosshead
`FIG. 1 Five Methods of Assembly of Apparatus for Determination of Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film
`
`H. Constant-speed drive rolls
`I. Nylon monofilament
`J. Low-friction pulley
`K. Worm screw
`L. Half nut
`M. Hysteresis, synchronous motor
`
`a moving plane, a supporting base of sufficient structural
`strength and rigidity to maintain a firm position between the
`moving crosshead and the force-measuring device will be
`necessary.
`5.11 Driving or Pulling Device for Sled or Plane—The
`plane may be pulled by a driven pair of rubber-coated rolls not
`less than 200 mm (8 in.) long, capable of maintaining a
`uniform surface speed 150 6 30 mm/min (0.5 6 0.1 ft/min)
`(Fig. 1(b)), by the crosshead of a universal testing machine
`(Fig. 1(d)) (Note 7), or a worm drive driven with a synchronous
`motor (Fig. 1(e)). A constant-speed chain drive system has also
`been found satisfactory (Fig. 1(a)). A power-operated source
`may be used for pulling the sled over the horizontally-mounted
`specimen at a uniform speed of 150 6 30 mm/min (0.5 6 0.1
`ft/min). A universal testing machine equipped with a load cell
`in its upper crosshead and a constant rate-of-motion lower
`crosshead has been found satisfactory (see Fig. 1(c)).
`
`NOTE 6—Where the moving crosshead of a universal testing machine is
`
`used to pull the moving plane through a pulley system (Fig. 1(d)), the
`strain gage load cell, or other load-sensing instrument in the testing
`machine, acts as the force-measuring device.
`
`6. Test Specimens
`6.1 The test specimen that is to be attached to the plane shall
`be cut approximately 250 mm (10 in.) in the machine direction
`and 130 mm (5 in.) in the transverse direction when such
`extrusion directions exist and are identifiable.
`6.2 A film specimen that is to be attached to the sled shall be
`cut approximately 120 mm (41⁄2in.) square. Film is defined as
`sheeting having a nominal thickness of not greater than 0.254
`mm as indicated in Terminology D 883.
`6.3 A sheeting specimen (greater than 0.254 mm nominal
`thickness) or another substance that is to be attached to the sled
`shall be cut 63.5 mm (21⁄2 in.) square.
`6.4 Sheeting specimens shall be flat and free of warpage.
`Edges of specimens shall be rounded smooth.
`
`3
`
`DNA Genotek, Inc. Exhibit 2011 Page 3
`
`

`
`D 1894
`
`6.5 Five specimens shall be tested for each sample unless
`otherwise specified.
`
`NOTE 7—Plastic films and sheeting may exhibit different frictional
`properties in their respective principal directions due to anisotropy or
`extrusion effects. Specimens may be tested with their long dimension in
`either the machine or transverse direction of the sample, but it is more
`common practice to test the specimen as described in 6.1 with its long
`dimension parallel to the machine direction.
`NOTE 8—Caution: Extreme care must be taken in handling the speci-
`mens. The test surface must be kept free of all dust, lint, finger prints, or
`any foreign matter that might change the surface characteristics of the
`specimens.
`
`7. Preparation of Apparatus
`7.1 Fig. 1 shows five ways in which the apparatus may be
`assembled. The support bases for all apparatus assemblies shall
`be level.
`7.2 If the apparatus of Fig. 1(a) or (b) is used, calibrate the
`scale of the spring gage as follows:
`7.2.1 Mount the low-friction pulley in front of the spring
`gage.
`7.2.2 Fasten one end of the nylon filament to the spring
`gage, bring the filament over the pulley, and suspend a known
`weight on the lower end of the filament to act downward.
`
`NOTE 9—The reading on the scale shall correspond to the known
`weight within6 5 %. The weight used for this calibration shall be between
`50 and 75 % of the scale range on the gage.
`7.3 The drive speed for the apparatus of Fig. 1(a and b) shall
`be adjusted to 150 6 30 mm/min (6.0 6 1.2 in./min). This
`speed may be checked by marking off a 150-mm (6.0 in.)
`section beside the plane and determining the time required for
`the plane to travel 150 mm.
`7.4 If the apparatus of Fig. 1(c and d) employing a universal
`testing machine is used, select the proper speed setting for a
`crosshead motion of 150 6 30 mm/min (6.0 6 1.2 in./min). A
`similar speed for the load-displacement recorder is desirable.
`However, the speed of the recorder can be adjusted to give the
`desired accuracy in reading the pen trace.
`7.5 When the apparatus of Fig. 1(c) (moving sled-stationary
`plane) is used, wipe the support base free of foreign matter and
`lay down two strips of double-faced adhesive tape along the
`length of the supporting base so that they are approximately
`100 mm (4 in.) between centers.
`7.6 Fix the plane in position on the tape strips and firmly
`press in place.
`
`8. Conditioning
`8.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at 23 6
`2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less
`than 40 h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of
`Practice D 618, for those tests where conditioning is required.
`In cases of disagreement,
`the tolerances shall be6 1°C
`(61.8°F) and 62 % relative humidity.
`8.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the standard labora-
`tory atmosphere of 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) and 50 6 5 %
`relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in the test meth-
`ods or in this test method. In cases of disagreement, the
`tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F) and 62 % relative humid-
`ity. In specific cases, such as control
`testing, where the
`
`conditioning requirements cannot be met and the data still may
`be of direct assistance to the operation, other conditioning
`procedures may be used and recorded in the report. Frictional
`properties should be measured only after sufficient time has
`been allowed for the specimens to reach essential equilibrium
`with the ambient atmosphere.
`
`9. Procedure
`9.1 Tape the 250 by 130-mm (10 by 5-in.) film or sheet
`specimen to the plane with the machine direction of the
`specimen in the 250-mm direction. Smooth the film specimen
`to eliminate wrinkles if necessary, taking care not to alter the
`specimen surface through finger oils, etc.
`
`NOTE 10—For some samples it has been found necessary to tape only
`the leading edge of the specimen to the plane. In some cases the specimen
`has been pulled through the nip rolls apparatus of Fig. 1(b) without the
`plane. However, should any dispute arise, taping of all four edges will be
`the referee method.
`NOTE 11—For the sake of uniformity and later comparison when testing
`a specimen sliding over itself, the specimens shall be mounted so that the
`same side of the specimen shall be used as the contact surface for both the
`moving and stationary specimens.
`NOTE 12—Coefficient of friction measurements may be made on a film
`or sheeting specimen when sliding over itself or over other substance
`surfaces wherein the movement is made in the transverse direction of the
`specimen. However, the methods described here will be confined to
`movements in the machine direction of the specimens.
`9.2 For film specimens,
`tape the edges of the 120-mm
`(41⁄2-in.) square film specimen to the back of the sled, using
`adhesive tape and pulling the specimen tight to eliminate
`wrinkles without stretching it. For sheet specimens, tape the
`63.5-mm (21⁄2-in.) square sheet specimen or second substrate to
`the sled face with double faced tape. Keep the machine
`direction of the specimen parallel to the length of the sled
`(where such a direction exists and is identifiable).
`9.3 Attach the specimen-covered sled through its eye screw
`to the nylon filament. If a universal testing machine is used
`(Fig. 1(c and d)), pass the filament through pulley(s) and
`upward to the bottom of the load-sensing device and attach
`securely. If a spring gage is used (Fig. 1(a and b)), securely
`attach the filament
`to it. The nylon filament shall be of
`sufficient length to allow maximum sled or plane travel. With
`some slack in the nylon filament, lightly place the sled in
`position on the horizontal plane (Note 12). The positioning of
`the sled shall be such that the length of the sled, the adjacent
`length of nylon filament, and the long dimension (machine
`direction) of the plane-mounted specimen are parallel. For
`material combinations found to have an excessive stick-slip
`tendency, wherein the kinetic portion of the test degenerates
`into a series of static tests interspersed by rapid jumps of the
`sled, it is advisable but not mandatory to substitute the metal
`tow line (5.7) for the nylon tow line to make kinetic measure-
`ments. This will necessitate making separate measurements for
`static and kinetic friction coefficients. Each laboratory will
`determine what level of stick-slip is considered excessive for
`its materials. In case of disagreement between testing labora-
`tories, the nylon tow line remains the referee procedure.
`
`NOTE 13—The purpose of using a nylon filament for the static friction
`and sometimes a metallic tow line for kinetic friction is to avoid a faster
`
`4
`
`DNA Genotek, Inc. Exhibit 2011 Page 4
`
`

`
`D 1894
`
`B
`
`Ak = average scale reading obtained during uniform sliding
`of the film surfaces, g, and
`= sled weight, g.
`10.3 Calculate the arithmetic mean of each set of observa-
`tions and report these values to three significant figures.
`10.4 Calculate the standard deviation (estimated to be6
`15 % of the value of the coefficient of friction) as follows, and
`report it to two significant figures:
`s 5 =~(X 2 2 n X¯ 2!/~n 2 1!
`
`(3)
`
`where:
`s = sample standard deviation,
`X = value of a single observation,
`n = number of observations, and
`X = arithmetic mean of the set of observations.
`
`11. Report
`11.1 Report the following information:
`11.1.1 Complete description of the plastic sample, including
`manufacturer’s code designation, thickness, method of produc-
`tion, surfaces tested, principal directions tested, and approxi-
`mate age of sample after manufacture,
`11.1.2 Description of second substance if used,
`11.1.3 Apparatus used,
`11.1.4 Average static and kinetic coefficients of friction,
`together with the standard deviation,
`11.1.5 Number of specimens tested for each coefficient of
`friction, and
`11.1.6 The temperature of the plane at which the test was
`conducted.
`
`12. Precision and Bias 11
`12.1 Precision—Table 1 is based on a round robin con-
`
`11 Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: D20-
`1131.
`
`force buildup in the static measurement than the recorder can respond to,
`and to allow time for the recorder to separate the buildup of static friction
`force in the nylon filament from the mass acceleration force as the sled
`breaks loose. The opposite effect is needed from the metallic tow line
`during kinetic friction measurement to prevent the occurrence of repeated
`stick-slips instead of steady motion.
`NOTE 14—The sled must be placed very lightly and gently on the plane
`to prevent any unnatural bond from developing. A high starting coefficient
`of friction may be caused by undue pressure on the sled when mounting
`it onto the plane.
`
`9.4 Start the driving mechanism (which has been adjusted
`previously to provide a speed of 150 6 30 mm/min (6.0 6 1.2
`in./min)). As a result of the frictional force between the
`contacting surfaces, no immediate relative motion may take
`place between the sled and the moving plane until the pull on
`the sled is equal to, or exceeds, the static frictional force acting
`at the contact surfaces. Record this initial, maximum reading as
`the force component of the static coefficient of friction.
`9.4.1 If conducting the test at temperatures above 23°C (the
`temperature of the plane), ensure that sufficient time for the
`interface to reach the temperature of the plane has elapsed
`before starting the driving mechanism.
`9.5 Record the visual average reading during a run of
`approximately 130 mm (5 in.) while the surfaces are sliding
`uniformly over one another. This is equivalent to the kinetic
`force required to sustain motion between the surfaces and
`normally is lower than the static force required to initiate
`motion. After the sled has traveled over 130 mm (5 in.) stop the
`apparatus and return to the starting position.
`9.6 If a strain gage and load-displacement recorder are used,
`either draw the best straight line midway between the maxi-
`mum points and minimum points shown on the chart while the
`sled is in motion, or obtain the average load by integration of
`the recorder trace. The mean load is the kinetic friction force
`required to sustain motion on the sled.
`9.7 Remove the film or sheeting specimen from the sled and
`the horizontal plane. The apparatus is now ready for the next
`set of specimens. A new set of specimens shall be used for each
`run. No specimen surface(s) shall be tested more than once
`unless such tests constitute one of the variables to be studied.
`
`NOTE 15—The maximum point at which initial motion takes place
`between the sled and the horizontal plane should be carefully examined
`with reference to the rate of loading and the speed of response of the
`sensing device. Failure to consider this factor can lead to meaningless
`results for the value of the static coefficient of friction.
`
`10. Calculation
`10.1 Calculate the static coefficient of friction µs, as follows:
`(1)
`µs 5 As/B
`
`where:
`As = initial motion scale reading, g, and
`B = sled weight, g.
`10.2 Calculate the kinetic coefficient of friction, µk, as
`follows:
`
`µk 5 Ak/B
`
`(2)
`
`where:
`
`5
`
`TABLE 1 Precision Data at 23°C
`StaticCoefficientofFrictionat23°C
`B
`A
`Avg
`Sr
`SR
`0.018
`0.066
`
`0.18
`
`C
`Ir
`0.050
`
`0.19
`
`0.20
`
`0.70
`
`0.027
`
`0.009
`
`0.066
`
`0.135
`
`0.037
`
`0.094
`
`0.077
`
`0.025
`
`0.186
`
`Material
`
`Polyethylene,
`(M3)
`Polyethylene,
`(M4)
`Polyester,
`(M1)
`Polyester,
`(M2)
`
`Material
`
`KineticCoefficientofFrictionat23°C
`B
`A
`Avg
`Sr
`SR
`0.007
`0.046
`
`0.19
`
`C
`Ir
`0.019
`
`0.12
`
`0.17
`
`0.66
`
`0.007
`
`0.005
`
`0.054
`
`0.025
`
`0.021
`
`0.123
`
`0.021
`
`0.015
`
`0.154
`
`Polyethylene,
`(M3)
`Polyethylene,
`(M4)
`Polyester,
`(M1)
`Polyester,
`(M2)
`A Sr = within-laboratory standard deviation of the average,
`BSR = between-laboratories standard deviation of the average,
`CIr = 2.83 Sr, and
`DIR = 2.83 SR.
`
`D
`IR
`0.186
`
`0.383
`
`0.104
`
`0.265
`
`D
`IR
`0.131
`
`0.071
`
`0.059
`
`0.349
`
`DNA Genotek, Inc. Exhibit 2011 Page 5
`
`

`
`D 1894
`
`ducted in 1986 in accordance with Practice E 691, involving
`four materials tested by seven laboratories. For each material,
`all of the samples were prepared at one source. Each laboratory
`obtained seven test results for each material. Each test result
`was one determination per each material. Sr and SR are based
`on five determinations for five materials in accordance with the
`test method. The temperature of the plane was 23°C for all of
`the tests.
`
`NOTE 16—Caution: The following explanations of Ir and IR (12.3-
`12.3.3 ) are only intended to present a meaningful way of considering the
`approximate precision of this test method. The data in Table 1 should not
`be rigorously applied to acceptance or rejection of material, as those data
`are specific to the round robin and may not be representative of other lots,
`conditions, materials, or laboratories. Users of this test method should
`apply the principles outlined in Practice E 691 to generate data specific to
`their laboratory and materials, or between specific laboratories. The
`principles of 12.3-12.3.3 would then be valid for such data.
`12.2 Table 2 presents repeatability data at 38°C for one
`
`TABLE 2 Repeatability Data at 38°C
`StaticCoefficientofFrictionat38°C
`A
`Average
`Sr
`0.023
`
`0.330
`
`Material
`
`Polyethylene
`
`Material
`
`KineticCoefficientofFrictionat38°C
`A
`Average
`Sr
`Polyethylene
`0.246
`0.014
`A Sr = within-laboratory standard deviation of the average.
`BIr = 2.83 Sr.
`
`B
`Ir
`0.064
`
`B
`Ir
`0.041
`
`material tested by one laboratory. The average is based upon 18
`specimens tested by one operator using one instrument in
`accordance with this test method.
`12.3 Concept of Ir and IR—If Sr and SR were calculated
`from a large enough body of data, and for test results that were
`averages from the number of determinations stated in 12.1.
`12.3.1 Repeatability, Ir (Comparing two test results for the
`same material, obtained by the same operator using the same
`equipment on the same day)—The samples represented by the
`two results should be regarded as not having equivalent friction
`if they differ by more than the Ir value for that material and
`condition.
`12.3.2 Reproducibility, IR (Comparing two test results for
`the same material, obtained by different operators using differ-
`ent equipment on different days)—The samples represented by
`the two test results should be regarded as not having equivalent
`friction if they differ by more than the IR value for that material
`and condition.
`12.3.3 Any judgment in accordance with 12.3.1 and 12.3.2
`would have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of being
`correct.
`12.4 Bias—There are no recognized standards on which to
`base an estimate of bias for this test method.
`
`13. Keywords
`13.1 friction; kinetic coefficient of friction; plastic film;
`plastic sheeting; slip; static coefficient of friction
`
`SUMMARY OF CHANGES
`
`This section identifies the location of selected changes to this test method. For the convenience of the user,
`Committee D20 has highlighted those changes that may impact the use of this test method. This section may also
`include descriptions of the changes or reasons for the changes, or both.
`
`D 1894–99:
`(1) Added Note 2.
`D 1894–00:
`(1) Revised Section 3, Terminology.
`
`D 1894–01:
`(1) Revised 1.2, 4.1, 5.2, and 9.4 to include testing at
`temperatures above 23°C.
`(2) Added Table 2.
`
`ASTMInternationaltakesnopositionrespectingthevalidityofanypatentrightsassertedinconnectionwithanyitemmentioned
`inthisstandard.Usersofthisstandardareexpresslyadvisedthatdeterminationofthevalidityofanysuchpatentrights,andtherisk
`ofinfringementofsuchrights,areentirelytheirownresponsibility.
`
`Thisstandardissubjecttorevisionatanytimebytheresponsibletechnicalcommitteeandmustbereviewedeveryfiveyearsand
`ifnotrevised,eitherreapprovedorwithdrawn.Yourcommentsareinvitedeitherforrevisionofthisstandardorforadditionalstandards
`andshouldbeaddressedtoASTMInternationalHeadquarters.Yourcommentswillreceivecarefulconsiderationatameetingofthe
`responsibletechnicalcommittee,whichyoumayattend.Ifyoufeelthatyourcommentshavenotreceivedafairhearingyoushould
`makeyourviewsknowntotheASTMCommitteeonStandards,attheaddressshownbelow.
`
`ThisstandardiscopyrightedbyASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,
`United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
`address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
`(www.astm.org).
`
`6
`
`DNA Genotek, Inc. Exhibit 2011 Page 6