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`Picture Replacement Techniques
`for Newspapers
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`Handling large image files demands a lot of capacity from the workstations and network.
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`Increasing the performance of both has been a constant demand for newspapers during the
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`last years. IFRA has published this report to find out what kind of benefits picture replace-
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`ment techniques bring in terms of productivity and process control and what would the
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`possible limitations be.
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`Picture replacement, also called OPI (Open Prepress Interface) as Aldus originally named
`it, means creating a low resolution file of the high resolution file in an OPI server. The low
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`resolution file is sent to the page make-up workstation. There the image is positioned,
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`cropped and sized, and the instructions are stored as OPI comments. During output, the
`OPI server processes the high resolution image using the comments received from the
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`make-up workstation and inserts it into the final page.
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`This kind of workflow reduces the release times of the workstations remarkably making it
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`possible to keep more pages and advertisements open close to the deadline. Also, proofing
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`and page transmission to remote printing plants become more fluent. Since the OPI server
`functions as a node inside the network, process control features have been added as well,
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`In the project, carried out by The Technical Research Centre of Finland, in addition to the
`technical factors of picture repgacement, case studies from seven different newspapers were
`included to gather their experiences from practical work.
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`Niko Ruokosuo
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`Research Manager
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`March 1993
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 1
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`Table of contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. Trends in Newspaper Page Production ......................................................... 6 3. Functional Properties ................................................................................ 7 3.1 OPI Servers .............................................................. +. .......................... 7 Work Flow ................................................................................................. 7 Naming Conventions .................................................................................... 9 Data Formats ............................................................................................. 10 3.2 DTP-CEPS OPI Bridge ............................................................................ 11 OPI Bridge in the Production of Advertisements ............................................... 12 4. OPI Server in Page Production ................................................................... 12 4.1 Remote OPI .......................................................................................... 14 4.2 Back-up ................................................................................................ 16 5. Effect on the Throughput of Pages .............................................................. 16 6. System Descriptions .................................................................................. 19 6.1 OPI Servers ........................................................................................... 19 6.2 Picture Replacement and Prepress Systems .................................................. 21 7. Practical Experiences ................................................................................ 21 7.1 Aftonbladet ........................................................................................... 22 7.2 Associated Newspapers ............................................................................ 24 7.3 Drammens Tidende & Buskeruds Blad ........................................ ..~ ............ 28 7.4 GGteborgs Posten ................................................................................... 30 7.5 Lehtikanta 32 . ............................................................................................ 7.6 Mirror Group Newspapers ‘i ....d ................................................................... 34 7.7 VLT Press ......................... \ .................................................................. 37 7.8 Summary of the Experiences ..................................................................... 39 8. Conclusions ............................................................................................ 41 9. Abbreviations .......................................................................................... 42 Appendix 1. Technical Data on OPI Servers ..................................................... 44 0 IFRA, Darmstadt 3
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 2
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`1. Introduction Open Prepress Interface (OPI) was originally developed by Aldus for the exchange of picture files between the DTP page make-up program and the traditional high-end colour system. This interface uses PostScript comment lines, giving them a new significance. Using the OPI, a low-resolution view file of the high-resolution picture, which has been saved in the colour system can be positioned at the DTP workstation. The pages are then returned to the colour system for output. The colour system automatically inserts the high-resolution picture files in the page according to the OPI comments. OPI has subsequently lent its name to the so-called OPI server solutions. The OPI server software generates a low-res view file for the page make-up application. The high-res picture remains in the server near the RIP, while the user works with the low-res version. In the output, the OPI comments are automatically replaced by the high-res picture in the server. Now that there is less transfer of high-res picture files in the network, the process of page make-up can be accelerated substantially. Until now OPI server solutions have been developed mainly by manufacturers of output systems. More recently also some vendors of newspaper prepress systems have announced that they are adding the picture replacement function to their databases. Most of the currently marketed OPI server systems conform to the OPI developed by Aldus. But as this requires that the page make-up program is compatible with the OPI, many developers of OPI server software have extended their OPI specifications so that the page make-up application program does not have to know how to add the OPI comments to the output file. With the adoption of totally electronic page make-up in newspaper page production, the number of picture files to be processed is usually so large that the OPI or picture replace- ment, as it can be called in more general terms, is the only practical solution. The file size depends on the image size, and resolution, and the colour pictures files are, of course, three or four times larger than the monochrome files. In other words, the larger the’picture files, the greater the need for picture replacement. The project has been carried out as a commission of IFRA (INCA-FIEJ Research Associa- tion) and the Scandinavian News@per Technical Council (NATS) at the Graphic Arts Laboratory of the Technical Rese b rch Centre of Finland (VTIYGRA). The report was written by Ms Hannele Antikainen’,i MSc, Research Scientist. The project was conducted by a project group with the following members: George Battrick Crosfield Electronics, Hemel Hempstead, U. K . Reiner Eckhardt Linotype-Hell, Eschborn, D Kai Hukkinen Sanoma Corporation, Helsinki, SF 0 IFRA, Darmtadt 5
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 3
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`Albert Koelb Scitex Europe, Brussels, B Ulf Nyman VLT Press, Vaster&, S Karl-Heinz Pradel Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Frankfurt am Main, D Martin Rosen Crosfield Electronics, Hemel Hempstead, U.K. Caj Sbdergard VTT/GRA, SF Bruno Steinert Linotype-Hell, Eschborn, D Jussi Toppila Lehtikanta, Kouvola, SF The moderator of the working group was Mr Bjorn Svedheim of NATS, Mr Niko Ruoko- suo and Mr Boris Fuchs of IFRA took part in the project. We would like to express our thanks to the members of the working group for their valuable comments and advice, as well as the representatives of the newspapers studied, for their time and interest during the project. 2. Trends in Newspaper Page Production The tendency in the page production of newspapers is away from overlapping jobs, which means that the traditional production department with text and picture processing is disappearing. The production department is gradually turning into a unit, which handles page output, the printing and distribution of the newspaper, and the entire circulation. The editorial room now assumes overall responsibility for page production, while at the same time changing over to totally electronic page make-up. Correspondingly, the handling of advertisements is being moved from the traditional production department to the advertisement department, integrating the entry and pro- cessing of advertisements. This development is accelerated by cost and efficiency consider- ations. The new prepress organisation aims at a faster throughput and extended deadlines, to satisfy the readers who demand the latest news. While the work load is reduced in the production department, some additional resources are needed for technical support to help with hardware and software problems, to advise the staff in prepress, and to assist advertisers with the handling of advertisements, in order to transmit them, without!any problems, electronically to the prepress department of the newspaper. t x Picture replacement techniques successfully support electronic page make-up, making it possible to speed up page production. The OPI server actually integrates the different elements of the page. This requires that the OPI server contains the production database or has access to that database. The elements of the page are sent to this database as soon as they are ready. The final page is pulled together at the output. In spite of the picture 6 0 IFRA, Darmstadt
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 4
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`placement function, manual work may be needed, because the advertisements - especially the large ones - which come in as colour separations or paste-ups may have to be assembled on the pages manually. As result of the increasing colour requirements of newspapers, there are now more printing units than before. This in turn could mean that the investment costs of a printing press should be shared by more newspapers. This development also increases the electronic transmission of newspaper pages. The change to remote printing is also supported by the lower costs and the earlier delivery of the newspapers. The so-called “remote OPI” uses public or private telecommunication networks, offering a relatively low-cost way of transmitting pages to the printing plant. In this case, there is an OPI server in the prepress department and at the printing plant where the pages are output and printed. In the near future, advertisers may send their advertisements through the public data networks directly to the prepress database from where it can be passed to the OPI server. The development of telecommunications, especially the introduction of the digital telecommunication network, ISDN, will speed up the transmission of material in electronic form. 3. Functional Properties 3.1 OPI Sewers The OPI server solutions are of the client-server type, using page make-up workstations, such as Macintoshes, PCs and Unix-based workstations, as clients. The same Macintosh and PC workstations can also function as OPI servers, although the more efficient Unix workstations have gained more ground recently. A software OPI which can be installed on a selected platform has advantages from the user’s point of view. He can choose the platform which best fits into his prepress environment. The server which.:runs the OPI application usually takes care of page spooling and routes the pages to RIPS or RIP queues. In most cases, these applications are sold as separate programs. Also, the ripping of the I pages can be done by the same server which handles the picture replacement functions. Work Flow In the OPI server solution, the high-res picture data - monochrome or colour - is first stored in the memory of the OPI server (Figure 1). The picture normally comes for storage from a picture processing system where it has been made ready for output. At this stage, the pictures may have the right size and cropping, but these tasks can also be carried out in page make-up. 0 IFRA. Darnmtadt
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 5
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`SCANNER high-res images b OPI SERVER PS RIP IMAGE WORKSTATION pages with OPI comments IMAGER I VI-r, IFRA, NATS 1992 Figure I. Typical work flow in an OPI server solution. The OPI software creates a view file of the picture which can be called for make-up by the page make-up application, using the name of the picture. With the network software, you can view the picture directory of the OPI server at the page make-up workstation. At the workstation, the selection displays a thumbnail of the picture, making sure that the correct picture is found. The thumbnail picture has a lower resolution than the view file. In some systems, the selection of the picture is made easier by a group of thumbnail pictures which allow a view of the OPI server’s picture base at the workstation. Whether this feature is needed depends on the work flow. It is useful if several pictures have been stored in the OPI server as a picture database (for example pictures of politicians appearing frequently on the pages of newspapers) but only some are published in the newspaper. In this case, the OPI server has actually been turned into a picture database. In practice, at least for the moment, on14 the pictures intended for publishing are normally stored in the OPI server. ‘s The pictures are positioned on the page in the page make-up program. Cropping and rotation are the picture handling features available in the programs which operate accord- ing to the Aldus OPI specifications. Adjustments of brightness and contrast are also possible according to the OPI specification, if the page make-up program supports these functions. But it must be pointed out that, in newspapers, these adjustments are typically 8 0 IFRA, Darnwtadt
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 6
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`‘. ._ , : ‘ I ‘_ <’ I, , ‘,I 1, ,_ _ made at the image workstations before the picture is put into the OPI server, rather than in the page make-up application. In the page make-up program, the pages are output normally. During the output process, the OPI server program runs through the PostScript file, finds the OPI comments (Figure 2), fetches the high-res pictures corresponding to the OPI comments, takes care of picture processing, and places the pictures to match the co-ordinates of the OPI comments. % ALDlmageFileName: filename % ALDlmageDimensions: pixelwide pixelhigh % ALDlmageCropRect: left top right bottom % ALDlmagePosition: LLx LLy ULx ULy URx URy LRx LRy * Figure 2. Examples of OPI comments. The Aldus OPI specification (version 1.2) has a total qf 14 OPI comments which use the PostScript comment lines. Quark has extended the OPI specification provided by Aldus. In the Quark Xpress page make-up program, the pictures may have round corners, the shape of the picture may be a circle or a polygon (Figure 3). The Atex Capriccio page make-up program allows, in turn, free-hand cropping of low-res images. Another extension of the XPress is that, when rotating the picture, the user can define if the picture frame rotates or not. The original Aldus OPI assumes that the picture frame rotates, if the picture is rotated. Figure 3. Quark XPress has extended the OPI specification allowing other than square picture frames > also. Naming Conventions e t To ensure that the high-res picture is found in the output, a naming convention is usually a necessity. A clear method of naming pictures minimises the problem of finding the high-res picture at the page output, for example, if two pictures have the same name. The name of the picture may include the title (if there are more than one), publishing date, editorial department and/or page number and the number of the picture on the page. There can also 0 IFRA, Darmstadt 9
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 7
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`be a description of the picture. The folder structure in the OPI server can also make it easier to find the pictures. The original Aldus OPI uses the name of the picture file as the link. Changing the name of the low-res picture does not cause any problems if the system stores the link information in the header of the low-res picture file. The location of the high-res picture is expressed as the path, e.g. SERVER NAME/HARD DISK/FOLDER/SUBFOLDER. Therefore, if the user changes the name of the low-res or high-res picture file, the link is broken. The link can also be broken, if the location (path) of the high-res image is changed. This causes problems in the output, because the high-res picture cannot be found. However, if the link is broken or the path of the high-res picture is not used at all, the corresponding high-res picture can still be found using the name of that picture. This is done simply by allowing the system to search through all the disks of the server. In this case, the search only takes more time. Data Formats At the moment, the OPI specification produced by Aldus only covers the pictures stored in the TIFF format. Vendors of OPI servers have extended the original Aldus OPI specifica- tion so that most OPI systems are also able to process pictures stored in the EPS format. This is normally done as follows: When the high-res picture is saved in the OPI server, the low-res view file is generated so that it has a comment line (which is text) referring to the corresponding high-res file. When the output starts from the page make-up program, the comment line replaces the low-res picture file. The page make-up program acts as if it would send the high-res image which actually is the comment line. In this case the application program need not support the OPI specification, while it should do so with the Aldus OPI. Picture handling is thus only dependent on the capabilities of the page make-up program rather than on the picture handling functions (sizing, cropping) which the current Aldus OPI allows. These features make the OPI a more generally applicable system. Such an extended OPI solution can in most cases cope with e.g. overlays and nested pictures. A nested picture is an EPS file containing a low-res picture which is to be replaced. > This type of picture replacement supporting EPS formats does not in itself limit picture processing. Still, it is impogtant to point out that actual image processing and correction are carried out before the pit tt re is stored in the OPI server, and only page make-up related picture processing, such 2s cropping and sizing, will take place in the page make-up application. The pictures stored in the OPI server are normally colour separated. A high- res picture is normally stored in the TIFF-CMYK or EPS-CMYK format. Depending on the input unit, the picture could also be stored in the RGB format, in which case colour separation is carried out at the output. The advantage of the RGB picture file is its smaller size, although colour separation makes the output time longer. 10 0 IFRA, Darmstadt
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 8
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`. 3.2 DTP-CEPS OPI Bridge An OPI bridge between DTP and a high-end colour system or the CEPS (CEPS = Colour Electronic Prepress System) offers the user the possibility to design and make up the page in the DTP system (Figure 4). The picture is saved in the high-end colour system after which the OPI bridge creates a low-res version of the picture. In DTP, this picture is placed on the page. It can be sized and cropped according to the OPI specifications. This page, with the OPI comments, is first transferred as a PostScript file-into the RIP. The RIP converts the page file into a pixel map, which corresponds to the data format used in the high-end colour system. The high-res picture data is saved all the time in the colour system and it is put in its proper place at the output, according to the OPI comments. The DTP-CEPS OPI bridge is essential in newspapers which are already using a high-end colour system. The OPI bridge can extend the service life of these expensive systems. When the page make-up work is carried out using DTP equipment, the colour system can be used to input and process colour pictures and to output complete colour pages. The low- res picture can be transmitted through the network to the DTP-based page make-up I I INPUT SCANNER HIGH-END COLOUR SYSTEM OPI BRIDGE I I OUTPUT SCANNER V-l-l-, IFRA, NATS 1992 Figure 4. An OPI bridge and a high-end colour system. 0 IFRA, Darmstadt 13
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 9
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`system. DTP-CEPS bridge covers only the colour pages. Another solution is needed for monochrome pages. If there are several monochrome pictures, an OPI server is a good option. Of the manufacturers of high-end colour systems, for example Crosfield and Linotype-Hell support the OPI specification made by Aldus. Scitex has developed its own OPI-like function, known as APR or the Automatic Picture Replacement. The principal reason for this separate solution is that, with the APR, the DTP application program need not be OPI- compatible. In the APR work flow, the low-res file contains the name of the replacing high- res file. The information for positioning, cropping, sizing, and rotation is provided by the application program writing in PostScript. This is possible because the low-res file format is EPS and can therefore be manipulated by the application program like any other EPS file. OPI Bridge in the Production of Advertisements An OPI bridge is also significant in the production of colour advertisements and inserts. For example, the pictures of an advertisement of perishable goods are supplied by the client to the prepress department of the newspaper where the pictures are first scanned and separated. Next, the high-res pictures are stored in the memory of the system and the corresponding low-res pictures are supplied to the client. Shortly before the publishing deadline the client sends the finished advertisement as a PostScript file or as a document with his selection of pictures. As the original pictures are already in the memory of the system, the final output may begin after the advertisement with OPI comments has come in. Depending on the number of pictures, it is possible, among other things, to move the client’s deadline forward, compared with an alternative where the pictures are scanned after the layout of the advertisement has been received. The client may also supply several pictures in advance and the selection is made depending, for example, on his stocks. 4. OPI Server in Page Production An OPI server allows the construction of a front-end system to meet the needs of the newspaper. The only absolute requirement is compatibility with PostScript. For reasons of efficiency, the best and alfo the most expensive solution would be to divide page produc- tion into three different networks, using the OPI server as a node (Figure 5 A). Page make- up and the handling of adjertisements would reside in a separate network, while special networks would exist for the image processing and output of high-res picture data. At present, Ethernet represents a typical local area network solution. A less expensive solution is the one shown in Figure 5 B where the prepress units are all linked up to the same network. A weakness of this solution is the transfer of high-res pictures in the same network with the other page elements, which reduces the performance 12 0 IFRA, Darmstadt
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 10
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`B. LAN I I I I C. Figure 5. An OPI system can be configured in different ways. 0 IFRA, Darmstadt 13
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 11
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`of the entire network, although a well-designed network can compensate for the reduction in performance. Between these two is the solution seen in Figure 5 C where the output takes place in a separate network and the page make-up with high-res image processing is in the same network. The OPI server for its part permits the division of the prepress into different systems. It also allows the preparation of the different page elements - text articles, pictures and adver- tisements - independently integrating the elements during the page output. The OPI server also enables the organisation of the electronic page make-up according to the structure of the newspaper (advertising, foreign news, sports, culture, etc.). The most efficient OPI server solution (Figure 5 A) is a hybrid structure as the high-res pictures are processed in a separate network. Within the network, picture handling can be decentralised to the advertisement department and to the editorial departments, or image processing can be provided as a central service. 4.1 Remote OPI The OPI server can also be located at the printing plant where the complete pages are output. In this case there is typically another OPI server at the printing plant (Figure 6). Most suppliers of OPI servers report that they will support the remote OPI. Depending on the requirements and the facilities, fixed wide-area private networks or public data net- works, e.g. the ISDN network, can be used for the transmission of the PostScript pages. The ISDN may, however, require compression of the pictures. At the prepress site the OPI server is needed for page proofing. The pages are transferred to the remote OPI server after the page make-up. Since the high-res pictures have already been sent to the OPI server at the printing plant, only the Postscript pages with the OPI comments are trans- ferred by the network at the output stage. An alternative to the transmission of PostScript is to send documents, e.g. Quark XPress documents. The corresponding amount of data is smaller, but the process cannot be automated. With PostScript pages it is possible to automate the transmission and the remote output. With documents, there has to be a person on the remote site to openthe document. Besides, the person needs to have the same version of the page make-up program and an appropr$ate workstation. If page checking is needed regularly the transmission of documen tb ,, is a reasonable solution. But it must be pointed out that by sending PostScript, remet; output can take place without human intervention. This is essential, if there are several printing plants to which the same pages have to be sent. Another alternative to PostScript is to rip the page at the page production site and to send the pages in the bitmap format. If the bitmaps are not compressed, this requires more transmission capacity than the transmission of PostScript pages. Besides, with bitmaps, a 14 0 IFRA, Darmstadt
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 12
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`transmission error causes the whole page to be sent again, because bitmaps cannot be edited. Corrections can only be made in the page production. The benefit is that possible ripping problems can be handled at the prepress site. When PostScript pages are sent, the ripping takes place at the printing site and there has to be skilled personnel to take care of errors. Besides, it is possible that the RIP of the proofer (at the prepress site) and the RIP of the imager (at the print plant) interpret the PostScript file differently. The benefit is that if the PostScript page must be sent again, it will not take long because the high-res picture files are already in the remote OPI server. L FRONT-END SYSTEMS PS RIP PROOFER WIDE AREA NETWORK BACK-UP mm------mm-----, -- OPI SERVER AT PRINTING 1 1 1 OPISERVER AT PRINTING PS RIP IMAGER PS RIP IMAGER VlT, IFRA, NATS 1992 Figure 6. The configuration of back-up and a remote OPI server. 0 IFRA, Darmstadt 15
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 13
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`In the future, remote OPI solutions, which are more flexible and less expensive, will probably replace page facsimile units - which are gradually becoming obsolete - for the transmission of newspaper pages. 4.2 Back-up In the production of newspaper pages back-up is vital. The hard disks of OPI servers can usually be mirrored. In mirroring, a secondary hard disk copies continuously everything from the main disk (see Figure 6). More conventional back-up methods, such as magnetic tapes, can naturally be used, too. There can also be a secondary OPI server, which correspondingly copies everything from the main server. The back-up can also be arranged by having a spare server workstation which is taken into use when needed. In some cases, the spare workstation can back up both the OPI server and the RIP. The disk and the server are mirrored to provide the back-up for the data which is in the server. The back-up of the server hardware can be provided by a fault-tolerant computer, which means that the hardware is backed-up triplicate or quadruplicate, to reveal any faults before the server is affected or failing. This computer can be linked by the telecommunica- tion network to the hardware manufacturer who replaces the defective components. 5. Effect on the Throughput of Pages Network load in page make-up Without Picture Replacement With Picture b /Y Replacement i \ 1’ I De II ad Network capacity _------ V’M-, IFRA, NATS 1992 Figure 7. A schematic example of the loading of the data transmission network with and withoutpicture replacement. With picture replacement, the capacity of the network can be used more efficiently. 16 0 IFRA, Darmstadt
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 14
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`The picture replacement function reduces the time needed for page make-up by releasing the DTP page make-up workstation for new pages much more quickly than when this workstation is used to send picture data for output. In fact, when high-res picture data is output (without picture replacement), the files travel in the network twice, i.e. first from the server to the workstation and then from the workstation to the output unit. When the ready-made high-res pictures are sent to the OPI server in advance, the required data transmission capacity can be smaller than if the whole page,file (a page with high-res pictures) is sent to the output unit in one go. In other words, the data transmission network can be loaded more evenly (Figure 7). This means that the deadlines of pages do not necessarily load the network beyond its capacity although sending the high-res and low-res picture files separately slightly increases the total network traffic. Table 1 contains theoretical calculations of the releasing of the workstation, with colour pictures of different sizes, using an Ethernet-based local area network. The effective transmission rate of the Ethernet ranges from 40 kB/s to 150 kB/s (the theoretical maxi- mum is 1200 kB/s). 50 kB/s is used in this example, because it corresponds to the effective transmission rate of the Macintosh which is the most popular page make-up workstation at the moment. If a Sun Spare or an efficient PC is used as a page make-up workstation, the effective transmission rate, depending on the hardware model, is about 150 kB/s. The throughput was computed with three alternatives: the workstation can be used to send the OPI comments, the low-res pictures or high-res pictures. In this calculation the input resolution of the high-res pictures was assumed to be 300 dpi. Picture size 5xlOcm - 50 kB/s (Mat) 0.03s+ 10s 2.4s+ 10s 56s+ 10s - 150 kB/s (PC, Unix) 0.01 s + 10 s 0.8s+ 10s $7 s + 10 s 3ox45cm - 50 kB/s (Mat) - 150 kB/s (PC, Unix) Amoun@ of data (used in computing the above release times) Picture size OPI komments (150Okharacters) Low res picture High res picture (72 dpi, RGB) (300 dpi, CMYK) 5xlOcm 0.0015 MB 0.12 MB 2.8 MB 3Ox45cm 0.0015 MB 3.3 MB 76 MB 0.03 s + 10 s 66s+lOs 25min20s+lOs 0.01 s+ 10s 22s+ 10s 8min30s+lOs Release time for the workstation OPI comments Low-res picture (72 dpi, RGB) High-t-es picture (300 dpi, CMYK) Table 1. The theoretical release time of the workstation when transmitting OPI comments, a low-res colour picture, or a high-res colour picture. 10 seconds is the time needed by the workstation to establish a network connection. 0 IFRA, Darmstadt 17
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`Petitioners' Exhibit 1012, pg. 15
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`The time needed to release the workstation has been concretised in Figure 8 by means of a 40-page tabloid newspaper, including 8 colour pages. When computing the total release time of the page make-up workstation, it is assumed that 25 per cent of the page area consists of pictures and that ther