.
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`PEARSON EDUCATIQN, INC.
`Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 ‘I
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`IPR2016-00006
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`

`
`To our stucients, whose en’tlinsiasrn.
`and curiosity tiara often inspired. us,
`and whose questions and suggestions
`have sornetirnes taught us.
`
`Senior Editor: Nicole Folchetti
`Media Editor: Paul Draper
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`© 2003, 2000, 1997’, 1994, 1991,. 1988, 1985, 1981, 1977 by Pearson Education, lnc.
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`without permission in writing from the publisher.
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`UT EX. 2012
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`UT Ex. 2012
`SteadyMed v. United Therapeutics
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`

`
`Glossary
`
`
`
`G-2
`
`hydrides
`
`of
`
`boron.
`
`cathodic protection A means of protecting 5;
`metal against corrosion by making it the cath.
`ode in a voltaic cell. This can be achieved by
`attaching a more easily oxidized metal, which
`serves as an anode, to the metal to be protected_
`(Section 20.8)
`
`boranes Covalent
`becquerel The SI unit of radioacfivity. It cor-
`(Section 22.11)
`responds to one nuclear disintegration per sec-
`ond. (Section 21.4)
`Born—Haber cycle A thermodynamic cycle
`based on I-iess’s law that relates the lattice ener-
`Beer's law The light absorbed by a substance
`gy of an ionic substance to its enthalpy of for-
`(A) equals the product of its molar absorptivity
`mation and to other measurable quantifies.
`constant (a), the path length through which the
`(Section 8.2)
`light passes (11), and the molar concentration of
`the substance (c): A = abc. (Section 14.2)
`Boyle's law A law stating that at constant tem-
`perature, the product of the volume and pres-
`beta particles Energetic electrons emitted from
`sure of a given amount of gas is a constant.
`the nucleus, symbol fife. (Section 21.1)
`(Section 10.3)
`bidentate ligand A ligand in which two
`Bransted—Lowry acid . A substance (molecule
`coordinating atoms are bound to a metal.
`(Section 24.2)
`or ion) that acts as a proton donor. (Section 16.2)
`Bronsted—Lowry base A substance (molecule
`bimolecular reaction » An elementary reaction
`or
`ion)
`that acts
`as
`a proton acceptor.
`that involves two molecules. (Section 14.6)
`(Section 16.2) ‘
`biochemistry — The study of the chemistry of
`buffer capacity The amount of acid or base a
`living systems. (Chapter 25: Introduction)
`buffer can neutralize before the pH begins to
`biocompatible Any substance or material that I
`change appreciably. (Section 17.2) * ,
`is compatible with living systems. (Section 12.3)
`buffered solution (buffer) A solution that
`biodegradable 5 Organic material that bacteria
`undergoes a limited change in pH upon addi-
`are able to oxidize. (Sectioni18.6) 7 1
`V
`_
`V
`uy‘ tion of a small amount of acid or base.
`biomaterial ‘ Any material that has a biomed-
`~”V(Section17.2)
`,
`1
`S
`5
`’
`ical application. (Section 12.3) i~
`‘
`A
`calcination The heating
`ore to
`biopolymer A polymeric molecule‘ of high’
`about its decomposition and the elimination of
`molecular weight found in living systems. The
`a volatile product. Forexample, a carbonate
`‘
`l
`fb'
`1
`t '
`'
`‘ Ore might be calcined to
`rcasseso iopo ymer are pro ems,
`drive off CO2 .
`ates, and nucleic acids. (Section 25.8)
`V.
`5
`(Section23.2)
`'
`,
`A cubic unit cell in ,:
`ered cubic cell
`calorie ’ A unit of energy, it is the amount of
`lattice points occur at the corners and
`V
`energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of
`er. (Section 11.7) ,
`.
`' Water by 1°C, from 145°C to 15.5°C. A related '
`a bomb calorimeter A device forrneasuririg the
`unit is the joule: 1 cal = 4.184 I. (Section 5.1)
`'V ‘ heat evolved in the combustion of a substance
`calorimeter An apparatus that measures the
`’ under constant-volume conditions. (Section 5.5)
`evolution of heat. (Section 5.5) 1
`y a "
`'
`bond angles ~’ The angles made by the lines :
`~ calorimetry The experimental measurement
`joining the nuclei of the atoms in a molecule. ’-
`of heat produced in chemical and physical
`(Section 9.1)
`'1 processes. (Section 5.5) '
`'
`‘
`bond dipole , The dipole moment due to the
`, capillary action The process
`a liquid
`two atoms of a covalent bond. (Section 9.3)
`rises in a tube because of a combination of adhe-
`band emhalpy-A 1' The enthalpy Change’ AH" 5 sion to the walls of the tube and cohesion
`required to break a particular bond when the
`between liquid parfidea (section 113)
`V
`substance is in the gas phase. (Section 8.8) ~
`bdnding atomic radius Theradius of an atom V
`‘ carbide » Abinafy compound of carbon witha A
`metal or rnetalloid. (Section 22.9) .,
`'_
`'.
`df’ db th d‘
`‘
`'th'
`'
`H
`~
`‘
`as
`6 me ’ y
`e lstames separahng 1 Om carbohydrates A class of substances formed
`’ other atoms to which it is chemically bonded.
`
`from polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones.
`(Section 7-3) 1‘
`»
`S
`*5
`4 _ *
`‘
`,
`.,.
`_(Section25.lO) r.
`V
`V
`S
`A
`A
`stances; ’ also V called chemical ' reactions.
`bonding molecular orbital A molecular
`: carbon black A microcrystallme form of car- V‘
`(Section 1.3)
`- ”
`V‘
`'
`orbital in which the electron density is concen-
`chemical equation A representation of a
`trated inthe internuclear region. The energy of
`b°“,- (5e°"l°“‘22-9)
`’ v '
`'
`i
`"
`carbonyl group The C=O double bond, a
`chemical reaction using the chemical formulas
`a bonding molecular orbital is lower than the
`characteristic feature of several organic func-
`of the reactants and products; a balanced chem~
`7 energy of the separate atomic orbitals from
`tional groups, such as ketones and aldehydes.
`ical equation contains equal numbers of atoms
`"' whichit forms. (Section 9.7)
`V of each element on both sides of the equation.
`b°“dlTl8 Pair
`In a Lewisistructure a pair
`(Se°fi°“25'6)
`Ii"
`5
`.
`4
`'
`‘
`’
`’
`’
`3
`of electrons. that is shared by two atoms. ~ carboxylicxacid (A compound
`contains the
`(Section3.1)
`_
`V
`-
`(Section 9.2) '
`~ » .
`V —COOH functional group. (Sections 16.10 '
`chemical equilibrium . Astate of dynamic bal-
`' ance in which the rate of formation of the prod-
`bond length '. The distance between thecenters .
`and25.6>
`ucts of a reaction from the reactants equals the
`4.
`, catalyst ‘Asubstance that changes the speed of J
`of two bonded atoms. (Section 8.8) ‘F’:
`:
`a
`" a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a ,
`rate of formation of the reactants from the prod-
`bond order V— The number of bonding electron ,
`permanent‘ chemical change in the process.
`V.
`ucts; at equilibrium the concentrations of the
`pairs shared between two atoms, less the num-
`.
`reactants and products remain constant. (Section
`(Section 14.7)
`berof antibonding electron pairsé bond order = 17
`! cathode V An electrode at which reduction
`; 4.1; Chapter 15: lntfroduction.) ;,
`';_VV'fV
`V _
`(number of bonding electrons — number of anti-
`
`occurs.v(Section 20.3)
`.-V‘V:}:V,:’,_,
`"
`1
`.
`.
`..
`»
`,
`i g
`C ‘ 5 chemical formula Anotation that uses chem~
`bonding electrons). (Section_9.7)
`V
`V
`V
`
`ical symbols with numerical subscripts to con-
`cathode rays — Streams of electrons that are pro- f»
`bond polarity A measure of how equally th
`electrons are shared between the two atoms in a« }.
`duced when a high voltage is applied to elec
`uvey the relative proportions of atoms of the
`
`trodes in an evacuated tube. (Section 2.2) ‘
`'
`Chemical bond. (Section 8.4) "
`' different elements in a substance. (Section 2.6)
`
`
`
`cation A positively charged ion. (Section 2.7)
`cell potential A measure of the driving force,
`or "electrical pressure,” for an electrochemical
`reaction; it is measured in volts: 1V = 1]/C
`Also called electromotive force. (Section 20.4)
`cellulose A polysaccharide of glucose; it is the
`major structural element
`in plant matter,
`(Section 25.10)
`‘
`Celsius scale (A temperature scale on which
`Water freezes at 0° and boils at 100° at sea level.
`(Section 1.4)
`i
`'
`ceramic A solid inorganic material, either crys-
`talline (oxides, carbides, silicates) or amorphous
`(glasses). Most ceramics melt at high tempera-
`tures. (Section 12.4) ‘
`'
`l
`’
`chain reaction A series of reactions in which
`1 one reaction initiates the next. (Section 21.7)
`changes of state ( Transformations of matter
`from one state to a different one, for example,
`' from a gas to a liquid. (Section 1.3) V
`charcoal A form of carbon produced w§‘:e:i
`wood is heated strongly in a deficiency oi’ air.
`(Section 22.9)
`— *
`'
`, “
`’
`_,
`,
`.
`Charles’s law A law stating that at constant
`pressure, the volume of a given quantity of gas
`is proportional
`to absolute temperature.
`,'
`‘(Section 10.3)
`'V
`i
`‘
`chelate effect The generally larger formation
`constants for polydentate ligands as compared
`‘V with the corresponding monodentate ligands.
`(Section 24.2)
`’
`i
`'
`’
`chelating agent A polydentate ligand that is
`capable of occupying two or more sites in the
`coordination sphere. (Section 24.2) »
`-
`chemical bond _ A strong attractive force that
`exists between atoms in a molecule. (Section 8.1)
`
`,
`
`1
`
`—
`I
`
`A
`
`chemical changes * Processes in which one or
`» more substances are converted into other sub-
`
`~
`
`
`
`
`
`
`UTC_REM_||_000001761
`
`
`R210
`
`
`
`3
`
`UT Ex. 2012
`SteadyMed v. United Therapeutics
`IPR2016-00006
`
`

`
`£3 -'5 ‘:3
`
`Glossary
`
`
`
`product A substance produced in a chemical
`reaction; it appears to the right of the arrow in a
`chemical equation. (Section 3.1)
`protein A biopolymer formed from amino
`acids. (Section 25.9)
`protium The most common isotope of hydro-
`gen. (Section 22.2)
`proton A positively charged subatomic parti-
`cle found in the nucleus of an atom. (Section 2.3)
`
`pure substance Matter that has a fixed com-
`position and distinct properties. (Section 1.2)
`pyrometallurgy A process in which heat con-
`verts a mineral in an ore from one chemical form
`to another and eventually to the free metal.
`(Section 23.2)
`
`qualitative analysis The determination of the
`presence or absence of a particular substance in
`a mixture. (Section 17.7)
`quantitative analysis The determination of the
`amount of a given substance that is present in a
`sample. (Section 17.7)
`*
`quantum The smallest increment of radiant
`energy that may be absorbed or emitted; the
`magnitude of radiant energy is hv. (Section 6.2)
`racemic mixture A mixture of equal amounts
`of the dextrorotatory and levorotatory forms of
`a chiral molecule. A racemic mixture will not
`rotate polarized light. (Section 24.4)
`rad A measure of the energy absorbed from
`radiation by tissue or other biological material;
`1 rad = transfer of 1 X 10_2] of energy per
`kilogram of material. (Section 21.9)
`radioactive series A series of nuclear reactions
`
`that begins with an unstable nucleus and termi-
`nates with a stable one. Also called nuclear dis-
`integration series. (Section 21.2)
`'vity The spontaneous disintegration
`table atomic nucleus with accompany-
`ion of radiation. (Section 2.2; Chapter
`:':~.‘:I<_\.reI‘=
`
`
`
`reaction mechanism A detailed picture, or
`roasting Thermal treatment of an ore to bring
`model, of how the reaction occurs; that is, the
`about chemical reactions involving the furnace
`order in which bonds are broken and formed,
`atmosphere. For example, a sulfide ore might be
`roasted in air to form a metal oxide and S02.
`and the changes in relative positions of the
`(Section 23.2)
`atoms as the reaction proceeds. (Section 14.6)
`root-mean-square (rms) speed (p.) The square
`reaction order The power to which the con-
`root of the average of the squared speeds of the
`centration of a reactant is raised in a rate law.
`(Section 14.3)
`gas molecules in a gas sample. (Section 10.7)
`rotational motion Movement of a molecule as
`is
`(Q) The value that
`reaction quotient
`obtained when concentrations of reactants and
`though it is spinning like a top. (Section 19.3)
`products are inserted into the equilibrium
`salinity A measure of the salt content of sea-
`expression. If the concentrations are equilibri-
`water, brine, or brackish water. It is equal to the
`um concentrations, Q = K; otherwise, Q at K.
`mass in grams of dissolved salts present in 1 kg
`(Section 15.5)
`of seawater. (Section 18.5)
`reaction rate The decrease in concentration of
`salt An ionic compound formed by replacing
`a reactant or the increase in concentration of a
`one or more H+ of an acid by other cations.
`(Section 4.3)
`product with time. (Section 14.2)
`redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction A reac-
`saponification Hydrolysis of an ester in the
`tion in which certain atoms undergo changes in
`presence of a base. (Section 25.6)
`'
`oxidation states. The substance increasing in oxi-
`saturated solution A solution in which undis-
`dation state is oxidized; the substance decreas-
`solved solute and dissolved solute are in equi-
`ing in oxidation state is reduced. (Chapter 20;
`librium. (Section 13.2)
`Introduction)
`scientific law A concise verbal statement or a
`reducing agent, or reductant The substance
`mathematical equation that summarizes a broad
`that is oxidized and thereby causes the reduc-
`variety of observations and experiences.
`tion of some other substance in an oxidation-
`(Section 1.3)
`‘
`reduction reaction. (Section 20.1)
`scientific method The general process of
`reduction A process in which a substance
`advancing scientific knowledge by making
`gains one or more electrons. (Section 4.4) -
`*
`experimental observations and by formulating
`refining The process of converting an impure
`laws, hypotheses, and theories. (Section 1.3)
`form of a metal into a more usable substance of
`scintillation counter An instrument that is
`well-defined composition. For example, crude
`used to detect and measure radiation by the flu-
`pig iron from the blast furnace is refined in a
`orescence it produces in a fluorescing medium.
`converter to produce steels of desired composi-
`(Section 21.5)
`‘
`'
`V
`'
`_,
`'
`A
`1
`A
`tions. (Section 23.2)
`secondary structure The manner in which a
`rem A measure of the biological damage
`protein is coiled or stretched. (Section 25.9)
`caused by radiation;
`rems = rads ‘3< RBE.
`second law of thermodynamics A statement
`(Section 21.9)
`of our experience that there is a direction to the
`renewable energy Energy such as solar ener-
`way events occur in nature. When a process
`gy, wind energy, and hydroelectric energy that
`occurs spontaneously in one direction, it is non-
`is
`from essentially inexhaustible sources.
`spontaneous in the reverse direction. It is possi-
`(Section 5.8)
`_
`'
`ble to state the second law in many different
`representative (main-group) element Element
`forms, but they all relate back to the same idea
`about spontaneity. One of the most common
`in which the s and p orbitals are partially occu-
`statements found in chemical contexts is mat in
`pied. (Section 6.9)
`V‘
`x
`.-
`any spontaneous process the entropy of the uni-
`Indi-
`resonance structures (resonance forms)
`verse increases. (Section 19.2)
`vidual Lewis structures in cases where two or
`second-order reaction A reaction in which the
`more Lewis structures are equally good descrip-
`~ overall reaction order (the sum of the concen-
`tions of a single molecule. The resonance struc-
`tration-term exponents) in the rate law is 2.
`tures in such an instance are ”averaged” to give
`(Section 14.4)
`V
`‘
`'~
`’ J
`" '
`V’
`‘
`a correct description of the real molecule.
`(Section 8.6)
`V
`i
`'
`"
`_
`sigma (or) bond A covalent bond in which
`electron density is concentrated along the inter-
`reverse osmosis The process by which water
`nuclear axis. (Section 9.6)
`'
`'
`A
`molecules move under high pressure through a
`semipermeable membrane from the more con-
`sigma (0') molecular orbital A molecular
`.V centrated to the less concentrated solution.
`orbital that centers the electron density about an
`(Section 18.5) ,-
`V‘
`V V'>'1=I_~
`V
`_
`V
`imaginary line passing through two nuclei.
`(Section 9-7) w
`2 '
`xii
`.
`91
`reversibleprocess A A process that can go back
`and forth between states along exactly the same
`significant figures The digits that indicate the
`path; a system at equilibrium is reversible
`precision with which a measurement is made;
`because it can be reversed by an infinitesimal
`4‘ all digits of a measured quantity are significant,
`modification of a variable such as temperature.
`including the last digit, which is uncertain.
`,~:
`ray
`
`(Section 19.1) ‘
`V
`"
`I '
`*
`(Section 1.5)
`'
`V
`"
`"
`ribonucleic acid (RNA) Apolyqiucleotide 5; A
`silicates Compounds containing silicon and
`which ribose V is -' the ; sugar V‘ component. I
`oxygen, structurally based on SiO4‘tet'rahedra.
`(Section 25.11)
`(Section 22.10)
`.
`= ”
`i
`
`
`
`
`lPR201 6-0000
`UTC_REM_||_000001762
`
`
`(Sec-
`
` i.'-
`
`“ citope An isotope that is radioactive;
`it is undergoing nuclear changes with
`emission of radiation. (Section 21.1)
`radionuclide
`‘A radioactive nuclide.
`tion 21.1)
`radiotracer A radioisotope that can be used to
`trace the path of an element. (Section 21.5)
`Raou.lt’slaw A law stating that the partial
`pressure of a solvent over a solution, PA, is given
`by the Vapor pressure of the pure solvent, Pg,
`times the mole fraction of a solvent in the solu-
`tion, XA:PA = XARK. (Section 13.5)
`rate constant A constant of proportionality
`between thereaction rate and the concentrations
`
`of reactants that appear in the rate law. (Sec-
`tion 143)
`A
`‘
`,
`rate-determining step The slowest elementary
`step in a reaction mechanism. (Section 14.6)
`rate law An equation that relates the reaction
`rate to the concentrations of reactants (and
`sometimes of products also)._(Section 14.3) -.
`reactant A startingsubstance in a chemical
`reaction; it appears to the left of the arrow in a
`chemical equation. (Section 3.1)
`'-
`
`4
`
`UT Ex. 2012
`SteadyMed v. United Therapeutics
`IPR2016-00006