LEXINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS
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`TORONTO
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`1
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`UT Ex. 2011
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`SteadyMed v. United Therapeutics
`|PR2016-00006
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`1
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`UT Ex. 2011
`SteadyMed v. United Therapeutics
`IPR2016-00006
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`to my parents and to Etiniee, Whitney, and Lesiie.
`
`Cover and title page photo.-
`Camera graphics produced on an MC 1600 computerized
`optical printer. William Smyth/Slide Graphics of New England.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Mary Le Quesne
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`Production Editor: Peggy J. Flanagan
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`Designer: Robm Rose
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`Design Coordinator, Victor A Curran
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`Production coordinator, Mike O'DQa
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`Copyright © 1986 by D. C. Heath and Company.
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
`reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
`electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or
`any information storage or retrieval system, without
`permission in writing from the publisher.
`
`Published simultaneously in Canada.
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`Printed in the United States of America.
`
`Photo Researcher; Fay Torrgsyap
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`international Standard Book Niiiriber: 0-669-04529-2
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`Text Permissions Editor: Margaret Roil
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`Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 85-60981
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`UTC_REM_||_000001764
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`UT Ex. 2011
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`SteadyMed v. United Therapeutics
`lPR2016-00006
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`2
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`UT Ex. 2011
`SteadyMed v. United Therapeutics
`IPR2016-00006
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`Accuracy the agreeincnt of a particular value with the true
`value. (1.3)
`Acid
`a substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution; a
`proton donor. (4.2)
`a substance that marks the end point of
`Acid—base indicator
`an acid-base titration by changing color. (154)
`Acid rain 21 result of air pollution by sulfur dioxide. (5.9)
`Acid dissociation constant (K,.)
`the equilibrium constant for
`a reaction in which a proton is removed from an acid by
`I-1.20 to form the conjugate base and H3O+. (14.1)
`Acidic oxide
`a covalent oxide that dissolves in water to give
`an acidic solution. (14.10)
`Actinide series
`a group of fourteen elements following actin-
`ium in the periodic table, in which the 5f orbitals are being
`filled. (7.ll; 18.1)
`the arrangement of
`Activated complex (transition state)
`atoms found at the top of the potential energy barrier as a
`reaction proceeds from reactants to products. (12.5)
`Activation energy the threshold energy that must be over-
`come to produce a chemical reaction. (12.5)
`Addition polymerization a type of polymerization in which
`the monomers simply add together to form the polymer, with
`no other products. (22.5)
`Addition reaction a reaction in which atoms add to a carbon-
`carhon multiple bond. (22.2)
`Adsorption the collection of one substance on the surface of
`another. (12.6)
`Air pollution contamination of the atmosphere, mainly by the
`gaseous products of transportation and production of electric-
`ity. (5.9)
`Alcohol
`an organic compound in which the hydroxyl group is
`a substituent on a hydrocarbon. (22.4)
`Aldehyde
`an organic compound containing the carbonyl
`group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. (22.4)
`Alkali metal
`a Group 1A metal. (2.7; 18.2)
`Alkaline earth metal
`a Group 2A metal. (2.7; 18.4)
`Alkune
`a saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula
`C,.H2..+2r (22-1)
`Alkene
`an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a carbon-can
`bon double bond. The general formula is C,,.li2,,. (22.2)
`Allcyne
`an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a triple car-
`bon—carbon bond. The general formula is C,;H2,,_2. (22.2)
`Alloy
`a substance that contains a mixture of elements and has
`metallic properties. (l0./I»)
`
`21 form of steel containing carbon plus other met~
`Alloy steel
`als such as chromium, cobalt, manganese, and molybde-
`num. (24.4)
`a helium nucleus. (21.1)
`Alpha ((2) particle
`Alpha particle production a common mode of decay for
`radioactive nuclides in which the mass number
`changes. (21.1)
`Amine
`an organic base derived from ammonia in which one
`or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic
`groups. (14.6; 22.4)
`oi-Amino acid
`an organic acid in which an amino group and
`an R group are attached to the carbon atom next to the car-
`boxyl group. (23.1)
`Amorphous solid
`a solid with considerable disorder in its
`structure. (10.3)
`Ampere
`the unit of electrical current equal to cite-t::zuis33rah
`charge per second. (17.7)
`8.5%
`Amphoteric. substance
`a substance that can behave eit
`:-.-
`an acid or as a base. (14.2)
`Anion
`a negative ion. (2.6)
`Anode
`the electrode in a galvanic cell at which oxidation
`occurs. (17.1)
`an orbital higher in energy
`Antihonding molecular orbital
`than the atomic orbitals of which it is composed. (9.2)
`Aromatic hydrocarbon one of a special class of cyclic un-
`saturated hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is ben-
`zene. (22.3)
`'
`a concept postulating that acids produce
`Arrhenius concept
`hydrogen ions ‘in aqueous solution, while bases produce hy-
`droxide ions. (14.1)
`Arrhenius equation the equation representing the rate con-
`stant as k = Ae”E**’RT where A represents the product of the
`collision frequency and the steric factor, and e“E"RT is the
`fraction of collisions with sufficient energy to produce a re-
`action. (12.5)
`a solution in which water is the dissolving
`Aqueous solution
`medium or solvent. (4.0)
`
`Atactic chain a polymer chain in which the substituent
`groups such as CH; are randomly distributed along the
`chain. (24.2)
`Atmosphere
`the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth’s
`surface. (5.9)
`Atomic nurnber
`atom. (2.5; 21)
`
`the number of protons in the nucleus of an
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`particle is formed having the same mass as an electron but
`opposite charge. The net effect is to change a proton to a
`neutron. (21.1)
`Fotential energy energy due to position or composition. (6.1)
`ihrecipitation. reaction
`a reaction in which an insoluble sub-
`stance forms and separates from the solution. (4.5)
`Precision the degree of agreement among several measure-
`ments of the same quantity; the reprotluciliility of a measure-
`ment. (L3)
`the ortier (sequence) of
`Frimery structure (of £7: protein)
`amino acids in the protein chain. (23.1)
`Principal quantum number
`the quantum numher relating to
`the size and energy of an orbital; it can have any positive
`integer value. (7.6)
`Frohahility distribution the square of the wave function, in-
`dicating the pr-otiability oi‘ finding an electron at a particular
`point in space. (7.5)
`Proiiiuct
`a substance resulting from a chemical reaction. It is
`shown to the right of the arrow in a chernical equation. (3.6)
`Protein
`a natural h.igh—rnolecula:c-weight polymer formed ‘oy
`condensation reactions between amino acids. (23.1)
`Proton a positively charged particle in an atomic nucleus.
`(2.5; 21)
`at suhsiance with constant composition. (1.8)
`Pure substance
`Ryrometallurgy recovery of a metal from its ore hy treatment
`at high temperatures. (24.4)
`
`the separation and iciuilication of indi-
`Qualitative analysis
`vidual ions from a mixture. (4.6)
`Quantitative analysis
`a process in which the amounts of the
`components of a niizture we dcterrninerl. (4.7)
`Quantization
`the fact that energy can occur only
`units called quanta. (7.2)
`
`discrete
`
`a unit of ratliation dosage corresponding to 10'” I of
`Kati
`energy deposited per kilogram of’ tissue (iron: raciiation ah-
`sorhed dose). (21.7)
`the spontaneous decompo-
`Ratiioactive decay (radioactivity)
`"tion oi" a nucleus to form a different nucleus. (21.1)
`
`ziocarhon dating (carbon-14 t.’tal;ing)
`a method for dating
`ancient wood or cloth haseil on the rate of radioactive decay
`oi’ the riuclicle 1‘§C. (21.4)
`
`liotrncer
`a radioactive nuclide, introduced into an organ-
`.m for ziiagnostit: purposes, whose pathway can be traced by
`?:‘:‘i0l1liCOI'li1g its radioactivity. (21.4)
`lltandorn error
`an error that has an equal probability of being
`high or low. (1.3)
`tlirectly pro-
`iiiaoulfls law the vapor pressure of a srilutiora
`portional to the mole fraction of solvent present. (ll.4}
`Rate constant
`the proportionality constant in the relationship
`between reaction rate and reactant concentrations. (l2.2.)-
`
`the change in the number of radioactive nu-
`Rate of decay
`clitles in a sample per unit time. (21.2)
`Ratedeterntining step
`the slowest step in as reaction rnecha-
`nisin. the one determining the overall rate. (32.4)
`Rate law
`expression that shows how the rate of reaction
`depends on the concentration of reactants. (l2.2)
`it ap-
`Reatzinrat
`a starting suhsiaritzo in 2: chemical reaction.
`pears to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation. (3.6)
`Reaction tnechenisrn
`the series oi" elementary steps involved
`in a chemical reaction. (12.4)
`Reaction quotient
`a quotient obtained ‘ny applying the law of
`mass action to initial concentrations rather than to equilib-
`rium concentrations. (13.5)
`Reaction rate
`the change in concentration ol’ :3 reactant or
`protiuct per unit time. (l2.l')
`Reactor core
`the part of a nuclear reactor where the fission
`reaction takes place. (21.6)
`a rtzactimt that donates
`Retiucing; agent (electron donor)
`electrons to another substance to reduce the oxidation state
`of one of its atoms. (4.9; l7.l)
`Recluction
`a decrease in oxidation state (a gain of electrons}.
`(4.9; l7.l)
`Rem a unit of ratiiation dosage that accounts for both the
`energy of the dose and its eflectiveriess in causing hiological
`darnagc (front roentgen equivalent for man). The number of
`reins = (niunber of rads}
`where Rhli represents the
`relative effectiveness of the radiation in causing biological
`tianiage. (21.7)
`Resonance
`a condition occurring when more than one valid
`Lewis structure can be written for 23 p:arti,cular molecule. The
`'ctual electronic structure is not represented by any one of
`the Lewis structures but by the average of all of
`' cm. (8.12)
`the process occurring when the external
`Reverse osmosis
`pressure on 3 solution causes a net llow of solvent through a
`semipermeable rneinhrane from the solution to the sol-
`vent. (li.6)
`a cyclic process carried out by ss hypo-
`Reversible process
`thetical pathway, which leaves the universe exactly the same
`as it was before the process. No real process is reversi-
`hle. (36.9)
`at nucleotide polymer that transinits
`Rihonucleic acirl (RNA)
`the genetic ini’orinat.ion stored in Dl‘~§iL‘i to the ribosomes for
`protein synthesis. (23.3)
`Roasting
`a process of converting sulfide minerals to oxides
`by heating in air at temperatures below their melting
`points.
`(24-.4~)
`the square root of the average of
`Root mean square velocity
`the squares of the intlividual velocities of gas particles. (5.6)
`
`an ionic coinpountl. (14.8)
`Salt
`Salt hrisige
`a U-tube containing an electrolyte that connects
`the two cornpartrnents of a galvanic cell, allowing ion ilow
`without extensive mixing of the tliffer‘ent solutions. t'l7.l)
`
`/°\3é U Glossary
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`UTC_REM_||_000001766
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`4
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`UT Ex. 2011
`
`SteadyMed v. United Therapeutics
`|PR2016-00006
`
`4
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`UT Ex. 2011
`SteadyMed v. United Therapeutics
`IPR2016-00006