`
` THE WEEK
`
`Existential Animal News and the
`World’s Lightest Solid
`
`By DOUGLAS QUENQUA APRIL 1, 2013
`
`In Indiana, a dairy farm is turning cow manure into fuel for its delivery fleet and milking equipment.
`Peter Hoffman for The New York Times
`
`It was an upanddown week for animals. On the plus side, cows are driving
`trucks and termites are making sand art. But we start here with bees, which
`have seen better days.
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`Page 1 of 11
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`Biogen Exhibit 2068
`Coalition v. Biogen
`IPR2015-01993
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`
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`AGRICULTURE
`
`Honeybees in Retreat
`
`Honeybees have been dying en masse since about 2005, and now the
`malady responsible — colony collapse disorder — appears to be advancing.
`Last year, 40 to 50 percent of the hives needed to pollinate fruit and
`vegetables in the United States were lost, commercial beekeepers say.
`
`Exactly what causes colony collapse disorder is unclear, but beekeepers
`point to a new class of pesticides, neonicotinoids, which are incorporated
`into the plants themselves. Pesticide manufacturers say the product is safe,
`but that they are open to further study.
`
`The issue is far from abstract. A quarter of the American diet depends on
`bee pollination, according to the Department of Agriculture, so fewer bees
`lead to smaller harvests and higher food prices. (Almond prices are a
`bellwether, as is the price of bee rental, which now runs about $200 per
`hive, a 20 percent increase.)
`
`The Agriculture Department says it will issue its own assessment next
`month.
`
`SUSTAINABILITY
`
`Cow Power
`
`A dairy farm in Fair Oaks, Ind., has struck a blow for renewable energy by
`turning its endless supply of cow manure into fuel for its delivery trucks,
`powering 42 tractortrailers that make daily runs to and from Tennessee. A
`$12 million “digester” at the farm processes the manure into a fuel that is
`used to run everything from milking equipment to a farm gift shop.
`
`The Department of Energy hailed Fair Oaks Farm as a pacesetter for the
`industry, though as Erin Fitzgerald, a senior vice president at theInnovation
`Center for U.S. Dairy, acknowledged, “It’s not glamorous; it doesn’t really
`catch your eye like wind and solar.”
`
`Page 2 of 11
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`
`
`What is now the world’s lightest material, called carbon aerogel, sitting atop a cherry flower.
`Shan he/Imaginechina, via Associated Press
`
`ENTOMOLOGY
`
`Fairies? Maybe Termites
`
`Termites emerged as the likely makers of “fairy circles,” the barren red
`spots that dot a narrow strip of desert from Angola to Namibia to South
`Africa. By feasting on grass roots beneath the surface, the termites keep the
`circles — which range from 6 to 40 feet in diameter — free of vegetation and
`better able to absorb rainwater. At least that is the conclusion that Norbert
`Juergens, a professor of ecology at the University of Hamburg, proposed in
`the journal Science.
`
`Page 3 of 11
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`
`
`But Walter R. Tschinkel, a biologist from Florida State University who last
`year published an extensive examination of the fairy circles, said the cause
`was still a mystery, adding that Dr. Juergens “has made the common
`scientific error of confusing correlation (even very strong correlation) with
`causation.”
`
`The local Himba people assert that the circles, which they call “footprints of
`the gods,” were made by their ancestor Mukuru, and neither scientist is
`likely to convince them otherwise.
`
`HEALTH
`
`Microbes and Weight Loss
`
`Does weight loss require the right mix of diet and exercise, or just the right
`mix of bacteria inside your gut?
`
`A pair of studies released last week suggests that bacterial makeup in the
`intestines has a lot to say about whether a person gains or loses weight.
`Mice that received gastric bypass surgery lost weight after seeing significant
`changes to their gut microbiata, according to a study published in Science
`Translational Medicine. A second study, published in The Journal of
`Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, found that overweight people may
`be more likely to harbor a certain type of intestinal microbe that could
`contribute to weight gain.
`
`If borne out, the research could lead to noninvasive weightloss alternatives
`for obese patients who either do not want or do not qualify for gastric
`bypass surgery, doctors said. Previous studies have shown that the
`intestinal microbes of an obese person change significantly after a gastric
`bypass, becoming more like those of a skinny person.
`
`Page 4 of 11
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`DRUGS
`
`New Treatment for M.S.
`
`It started life as an antimold treatment for sofas, but dimethyl fumarate was
`approved by the Federal Drug Administration last week as a treatment for
`multiple sclerosis.
`
`The drug, which will be sold by Biogen Idec under the brand name
`Tecfidera, is expected to be a blockbuster. It is only the third oral treatment
`to be approved for the disease, and it offers a tantalizing combination of
`efficacy and safety, doctors and Wall Street analysts say. Some patients are
`said to have been delaying treatment until Tecfidera is available.
`
`M.S. affects about 400,000 Americans and more than 2 million people
`worldwide. Drugs are typically judged by their ability to prevent relapse;
`Tecfidera cut the relapse rate 44 percent in one trial and 53 percent in
`another, which ranks above most injectable treatments and at the top end of
`
`Page 5 of 11
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`
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`oral ones.
`
`Environment
`
`A Greener Arctic
`
`As the earth gets hotter, the Arctic could get greener — a lot greener —
`according to new research published in the journal Nature Climate Change.
`
`Plant growth in Arctic regions has accelerated in recent decades, most likely
`as a result of the global rise in temperatures. Now, using computer models
`that predict climate trends through the 2050s, researchers say that
`vegetation in the Arctic could increase up to 50 percent in the next decade,
`far faster than previously thought.
`
`Technology
`
`A Lighter Solid
`
`Scientists from Zhejiang University in China revealed last week what they
`say is the world’s lightest solid material, a mass of atomthick carbon sheets
`called carbon aerogel. Though still in the early stages of development, the
`material — which can absorb 900 times its weight in oil — could be useful in
`soaking up oil spills or other pollutants, said the scientists. And it looks
`nifty resting atop a cherry blossom, above.
`
`Bragging rights as the creator of the world’s lightest material now moves
`from the United States to China. Carbon aerogel is about onesixth the
`density of air, or 0.16 milligrams per cubic centimeter, handily besting the
`metal lattice that weighed in at 0.9 milligrams per cubic centimeter (100
`times as light as Styrofoam) and was forged in 2011 by a team of researchers
`from the California Institute of Technology; the University of California,
`Irvine; and HRL Laboratories. With due respect to Shakespeare, not so
`heavy is the head that wears this crown.
`
`A version of this article appears in print on April 2, 2013, on page D2 of the New York edition.
`Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscr be
`
`Page 6 of 11
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`Page 8 of 11
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`Page 8 of 11
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`D2
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`THE NEW YORK T¥MFS_’l'U|-'.Si)AY. APRII. 2. 2013
`
`ilhe Week
`DOUGLAS QEJENQUA
`
`It was an Ill’)-Elfld-dl)Wl'I week lot
`animals. On the plus side. cows
`are driving trucks and termites
`are making sand art. But we start
`here with
`which have seen
`better days.
`AGHICULTUPK
`Horieybees in Retreat
`Hiineybees have been dying en
`tiiasse since about 2005. and now
`the malady responsible — colony
`collapse disorder — appears to he
`advancing. Last year, 41} to 50 per-
`cent of the hives needed to polar»
`nate lruit and vegetables In the
`United States were last, commer-
`cial beesteepcrs say.
`Exactly what causes colony col-
`lapse disorder is unclear, but hee-
`keepers point to it new class at
`pesticides, neonicotinoids, which
`are Incorporated El’ll0 the plants
`tht-niselves. PL‘5l|CidL’ manufac-
`turers say the product is safe. but
`that they are open in further
`study
`The issue is [at lrom abstract A
`quarter 01' the American that de—
`pends on bee pollination. accord-
`ing to the Department All Agricul-
`ture, so fewer bees lead to smaller
`harvests and higher lood prices
`(Almond prices are a bcllwether.
`as is the price ol bee rental, which
`now runs about S290 per hive, ti 20
`percent increase.)
`The Agriculture Depanment
`says it will issue IES own :i.ssess~
`merit next month
`
`SUSYAINABJLETV
`Cow 9ower
`A dairy (arm in Fair Oaks, lnd..
`has struck a blow lor renewable
`energy by turning its endless sup-
`ply ol cow manure into luel [or its
`delivery trucks, powering 42 trac-
`l(.ll'~Ll'r’.tll(‘l’S that make daily runs
`toand lrorn Tennessee A SE2 mil-
`lion ‘digesief at the larm pro~
`ceases the manure into a luck that
`is used to run everything from
`milking equipment to at farm gilt
`shop.
`The Department ol Energy
`hailed Fair Oaks Farm as it pace-
`selter lor the Industry, though as
`Erin Fitzgerald. a senior vice
`
`Page 9 of 11
`
`president at the Innovation Eon,
`ier tor U.S. Dairy. acknowledged.
`‘it's not glamorous; ll doesn't
`really catch your eye like wind
`and solar.‘
`ENTDMOLOGY
`Fairies? Maybe Termltes
`Terrniies emerged as the likely
`makers of “fairy circles.” the bar-
`ren red spots that dot :1 narrow
`stnp of desert lrom Angola to Na
`mtbia to South Atrica. By feasting
`on grass roots beneath the sur-
`lzice. the termites keep the circles
`— which range lrom 6 to -it) leer in
`diameter — tree ol vegetation and
`better able to absorb rainwater. At
`least that is the conctusion that
`Norbert Juergens. a professor of
`ecology at the University or Ham-
`
`burg, proposed in the Journal Sci-
`ence
`But Walter R. Tschtriltel. a biolo
`gist lrotn Florida State University
`who last year published an exlen—
`5lV(‘ examination of the !airy cir—
`cles, said the cause was still a
`mystery, adding that Dr Juergens
`"has made the common scieniilic
`error of confusing correlation
`(even very strong correlation)
`with causation."
`The local Himba peopie assert
`that the circles, which they call
`"looiprints ol the gods.” were
`made by their ancestor Multuru.
`and neither scientist IS likely to
`
`
`
`
`
`SOLID What is now the
`workfs Iigiitesi nmteriai
`caiim carbon amogcil
`sitting atop a cherry liowce
`above In Indiana. aoairv
`larm. tan, is ruining cim
`manure unto met lo; its
`dl:llv('f\lllC1?| aria milking
`equipment Fat mice
`hvlow have b(‘('l1lDt.l!\dl0
`lose weight wflentheii
`intestinal miciooos
`cnanite
`
`convince then: otherwise
`HEALTH
`Microbes and Weight Loss
`Does weight loss require the right
`mix of diet and exercise»: just
`the right mix ol bacteria inside
`your gut”
`A pair ol studies ri.-leased last
`week suggests that bacterial
`makeup in the intestines has a lot
`to say about whether a person
`gains or loses weight. Mice that
`received gastric bypass surgery
`lost weight alter seeing signtticarit
`changes to their gut rriicrribiata.
`according to a study published in
`Science Translational Medicine. A
`second study. published in The
`Journal ol Clinical Endocrinology
`and Metabolism, found that over-
`weight people may he more likely
`to harbor a certain type ol intes-
`iin;iE nitcrobethat could contrib-
`ute to weight gain.
`El borne out, the research could
`lezid to noninvasive weight-loss .1l—
`it-rnaiives for obese patients who
`either do not want or do not quill‘
`ily for gastric bypass surgery,
`doctors said Previous studies
`have shown that the intestinal mi~
`crtihes of an obese person charigc
`stgnilicarilly allera gastric by—
`pass. becoming more like those nl
`ii skinny person
`DRUGS
`New Treatment for M.S.
`li started li