Nokia Mobile Phones
`P.O. Box 100
`FIN-00045 NOKIA GROUP, Finland
`Phone: +358 (0) 7180 08000
`www.nokia.com
`
`Nokia Networks
`P.O. Box 300
`FIN-00045 NOKIA GROUP, Finland
`Phone: +358 (0) 7180 08000
`www.nokia.com
`
`NOKIA
`
`CONNECTING PEOPLE
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1004 Page 1
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`White Paper
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`Mobile Location Services
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`NOKIA
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`CONNECTING PEOPLE
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1004 Page 2
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`NOKIA
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`White Paper
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`Contents
`
`Executive summary
`
`A day in the life of ...
`
`Attractive market opportunity
`for Mobile Location Services
`
`Mobile Location Services are available today
`
`Privacy is an issue
`
`The technology behind Mobile Location Services
`
`Seize the day
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`3
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`4
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`5
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`7
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`9
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`10
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`14
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`Nokia is committed to standards and open platforms 16
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`A look into the future
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`Summary
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`Glossary
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`17
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`18
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`19
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`-
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1004 Page 3
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`Executive summary
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`Today; the penetration of mobile
`phones in a number of countries
`has passed the 50 % mark. In fact,
`mobile penetration has already
`stancd to overtake fixed line
`penetration. For telecommunication
`service proviJers, this means that
`the mobile market continues to be
`extremely attractive. By definition,
`wireless networks offer subscribers
`one distinctive benefit that fixed
`networks cannot provide, being
`mobile. With Mobility; location
`becomes a critirnl attribute that can
`be exploited by all involved in the
`wireless value chain.
`
`D riven by rapid evolution in
`positioning technologies, the value
`of mo bile services is shifting from
`voice-based services towards
`value-added localized, personalized
`and time critical services offering
`connectivity anytime, anyplace,
`anyhow. Ease of use, personalization
`and a focus on consumer needs will
`be crucial elements in take-up as
`will the availability of a variety
`of access platforms such as WAP,
`SMS and voice. Prom an operator
`perspective, Mobile Location
`Services provide benefits in terms
`of increased revenue, improved
`customer loyalty and service
`differentiation.
`
`Terminal- or network-based
`positioning methods provide means
`to locate a subscriber anJ/or valid
`mobile equipment. Positioning
`may be initiated by the subscriber,
`the network or an external
`application. Among the entities
`that will leverage the capability arc
`mobile operators (e.g. home/office
`zone applications and network
`
`planning applications), third-party
`service providers and government
`agencies (e.g. locating emergency
`calls), (e.g. electronic yellow page
`for nearby services and "where am I"
`applications).
`
`Mobile Location Services are
`value-added services that utilize
`the user's position information.
`From the user's perspective these
`services provide
`• localized and up-to-date
`information. Up-to-date
`information that is relevant in
`a particular location is given at
`the right moment.
`• personalized information.
`The information is relevant to
`the user.
`• increased efficiency and pertinence.
`The information can be more
`focuseJ anJ of h igher 11uality,
`when it is also tailored according
`to the user's location.
`• increased safety. The posi tioning
`functionality increases user safety
`by being able to locate someone
`in distress.
`
`From the operator's perspective,
`the location element allows
`information to be more precisely
`targeted for users. Further,
`location-based applications arc
`enablers of catchy user services,
`which enhance brand and user loyalty.
`
`The location information has no
`value in itself, it is only a parameter
`for provisioning valuable
`applications relevant to a user at a
`specific location and at a specific
`point in time. Although location
`information is a highly efficient
`feature for bringing a<l<leJ value to
`
`several applications, positioning
`should remain transparent to the
`end-user.
`
`Operators should get into the
`business today in order to ensure
`future market leadership in the
`Mobile Location Service landscape.
`However, the choice of positioning
`technology solutions for the
`network is affected by business
`considerations. If the operator
`wants to get into the business today,
`Cell-lD is the available technology.
`If the market entry is planned for
`2002, the operator should consider
`investing in the widely available
`E-OTD solution. In third-generation
`(3G) networks, the RTT/IP-DL
`solution is the investment for
`volume markets. At the same time,
`GPS-enabled handsets and
`networks will he also rolled out for
`the high-end users. Naturally,
`it is up to the operator at which
`market stage it wants to enter the
`market. Yet, our view is that in
`order to gain experience, establish a
`strong brand, and develop customer
`relationship, the opportunity
`should be seized today.
`
`In general, Mobile Location Services
`and wireless communication
`devices form a good combination.
`The location information adds
`a new dimension to mobile
`applications and brings more value
`to customers by improving their
`safety, their productivity and/or
`the quality of information needed.
`Mobile Location Services have a
`large appeal across all customer
`segments. For operators, Mobile
`Location Services provide the answer
`to this JemanJ.
`
`3
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`are no threats to their safety:
`However, the emergency feature
`gives Daniel some confidence by
`knowing that if they were in
`trouble, pressing the alert would
`have allowed the emergency
`services to locate them and to be
`there in no time.
`
`After a while, they feel like going
`home. By pressing 'Taxi' in his
`phonebook, the terminal directs the
`call to the nearest taxi station .
`The terminal automatically gives
`their location to the taxi service,
`and within a few minutes, the taxi
`pick.~ them up.
`
`A day • 1n the life of ...
`
`Daniel Newmark is getting ready to
`leave his home for work, just before
`seven in the morning. He uses his
`mobile terminal for a quick check
`of the local weather forecast,
`sees that the weather should be fine
`this morning, but some heavy rain
`may move in towards the evening.
`Daniel grabs his umbrella and
`walks to his car. Having just sat in
`the car, his mobile phone alerts him
`to a traffic jam on the motorway he
`uses to drive to work. This time
`there has been an accident, and
`there is an 8-mile tailback. Instead
`of driving his car, he decides to take
`the suhway, thinking that this will
`also contribute to a greener
`environment.
`
`It has been a while since he last
`used the subway; therefore he
`checks the timetable of his local
`station with his mobile terminal,
`and buys the ticket at the same
`time. The cold autumn breeze
`catches his face just as he passes by
`the local cafC. His mobile terminal
`alerts him again pointing to an
`offer for a hot chocolate and a
`muffin for only 99 cents. He has
`agreed to take messages from his
`mobile network operator's partners
`in exchange for cheaper call rates
`during the day: Without hesitation
`he steps in and buys the day's
`special offer to go.
`
`While waiting for the subway,
`he checks his agenda for the day:
`Some of his meetings are at the
`other side of the town, somewhere
`he has never been before. He checks
`the meeting locations from the
`local map service on his terminal.
`Remembering that he has no car
`
`4
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`today, he preorders a taxi for the
`meetings giving the location of his
`office he has already bookmarked
`along with other places of interest.
`
`The day passes, business as usual,
`but after work he is to meet his wifo
`downtown for dinner in a trendy
`restaurant; it is their anniversary.
`Daniel is due to meet his wife,
`.Jane, at seven o'clock, leaving him
`one hour to spare in the downtown
`area. As soon as the clock strikes
`six, his phone alerts him telling him
`that the local bar has a happy hour.
`Daniel eagerly accepts the message;
`after all, he has had a long day,
`and he thinks he could unwind with
`a drink before meeting his wife.
`Thinking he should seize this
`opportunity to touch base with his
`friends he checks his 'buddy list' on
`his terminal presence feature.
`Seems like one of his old school
`friends is in another bar just across
`the street; he sends an instant
`message inviting him to join him
`and enjoy the happy hour too.
`
`After having the drink with his
`friend, Daniel heads for dinner with
`his wife. He has preordered the
`menu, preparing for a perfect
`romantic dinner. They meet, enjoy
`the dinner, and leave the restaurant
`satisfied. It isn't raining after all so
`they decide to take a walk around
`the neighborhood. At some point,
`they are so Jeeply involved in their
`discussion that they don't notice
`that they have wandered into a
`district that is rather dark and
`uninviting. As they turn back,
`Daniel feels for his mobile terminal
`in his pocket and puts his finger on
`the alert button. Thankfully, there
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1004 Page 5
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`White Paper
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`NOKIA
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`Attractiv~ market opportunity for
`·Mobile Location Services
`
`Wireless location technologies
`will become a crucial tool for
`providing mobile customers with
`the right service, at the rigl1t time,
`in the right location. ln the fast
`approaching age of the wireless
`Internet, end-users will not want to
`pay wireless Internet charges for
`irrelevant information. Cellular
`operators must be able to deliver
`pertinent and accessible
`information to their customers.
`
`The ability to pinpoint the location
`of an individual has an ohvious
`and vital value in the context of
`emergency services. Pinpointing the
`location of people and other
`valuable assets also opens the door
`to a new world of previously
`unimagined information services
`and m-commerce possibilities.
`
`Mobile services benefit from three
`major factors that boost
`information value to the end-user:
`personality, time-criticality,
`and lOl:ation-JepenJency.
`
`According to the market studies,
`the market opportunity for Mobile
`Location Services ranges between
`$1.5 and $2 billion today, and the
`market will grow as technologies
`such as GPRS and 3G come to the
`market and evolve.
`
`Ovum forecasts that Mobile
`Location Services will continue to
`be popular, generating around
`$4.7 billion revenue in 2004.
`Furthermore, according to ARC
`estimates, with the market for
`Mobile Location Services forecast
`
`Personal
`
`"Which buses go
`by my home?" (Pl
`
`"Which bus goes
`home next?" (P+ l)
`
`"Show me to any bus stop
`nearby where a bus goes
`
`t home soon" (P+T+L)
`
`Time Critical
`
`"Show me the
`bus schedules?"
`(no value boosters) "
`
`Location
`
`to grow to $33 billion by 2005,
`there are significant opportunities
`for content anJ application
`providers, equipment manufacturers
`and· operators to gain a lucrative
`share in this emerging marketplace.
`
`According to Strategy Analytics'
`research, of the top six most
`pop ular services in the European
`and US surveys, four were Mobile
`Location Services: step-by-step
`directions, tracking family memhers,
`traffic information and facilities-
`based services. This emphasizes
`the critical requirement to have
`adequate Mobile Location Services
`on the mobile network . In Europe,
`operators can leverage the success
`of short messaging by adding
`location information into the
`message, thus creating additional
`sources of revenue. In-car traffic
`and congestion information also
`emerges as a potentially strong
`feature in market surveys.
`
`In the United States, step-by-step
`driving instructions and family
`tracking are expected to become the
`most popular future value-added
`services. Both US and European
`youth users, hut part icularly US,
`are interested in location-based
`advertising, or rather permission
`marketing.
`
`The Strategis Group estimates that
`the number of Mobile Location
`Service suhscrihers will grow to
`over 60 million users and achieve
`over $16 billion in annual revenues
`by the year 2005 worldwide.
`
`Location-based services are
`expected to generate $9 billion in
`service revenues in \Vestern Europe
`by 2005 according to the research
`company, Strategy Analytics.
`The same report predicts revenues
`of $6.5 billion in the USA.
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`Location-sensitive notifications and
`alerts to mobile phones will be the
`most popular services in the next
`five years achieving 27 % and 35 %
`penetration in Western Europe and
`the USA, respectively. Finding or
`guiding services, including mobile
`yellow p ages, will attract 30 % of
`US and 21 % of Western European
`subscribers. Tracking will remain a
`niche application.
`
`Location-aware alerts and mobile
`yellow pages are seen as the key
`services that will drive the location
`information business in Europe to
`$9 billion and North America to
`.$7 billion by 2005, says a study
`released by Strategy Analytics.
`
`According to analysts, proximity(cid:173)
`sensitive notifications and alerts to
`cell phones will be the most
`popular services in the next five
`years achieving North American
`and West European penetration
`rates of 35 % and 27 % , respectively.
`Pull-oriented finding/guiding
`services, including mobile yellow
`pages, will be used by 30 % of
`North American and 21 % of
`\Xlest European cellular users,
`while tracking applications will
`remain a niche end of the market
`still to be played for.
`
`10000~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
`
`9167
`
`Million USO
`l] North America
`CJ Europe
`
`0'---"1.~6~1~3.2=---~ ....... """'--...... ...-.--.~----......... __. ........ ..._~----------~
`2002
`2003
`2005
`2004
`2000
`
`Rgure 1. Mobile lor:otion Setvices revenue forecost. 2000-2005. Y-axis in million USO (Slrolegy Anofylics}
`
`Market segments can be identified
`as vertical, business and consumers
`segments. Analysys expects the
`consumer segment to generate
`77 % of Mo bile Location Services
`revenues by 2006. Vertical segments
`are characteri:t.ed by location
`information being important in
`successful business, e.g. companies in
`the transportation and distri bution
`sector. The business segment is
`formed by those companies that
`require MLS in their regular business
`operations, e.g. sales representatives,
`and mobile managers.
`
`Market drivers
`for Mobile
`Location Services
`
`T here are three major market
`drivers for Mobile Location
`Services. These can be identified as
`commercial, technological and
`regulatory drivers.
`
`Commercial drivers
`Mobile Internet itself is one of the
`biggest driving forces behind
`Mobile Location Services, giving
`the possibility to bundle loca tion(cid:173)
`sensitive information into other
`applications, such as mobile
`commerce, which brings the
`opportunity to develop appealing
`personali:t.cd services and offset the
`decline of voice revenues expected
`to take place from 2003. End-users
`are in a position to steer the service
`market towards their own needs.
`Jn the end, they are the ones in a
`position to accept or reject new
`types of services. In general, their
`behavior is driving ~he development
`of future services and applications.
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`Opcrators are planning new
`revenue models for the next
`generation networks, and Mobile
`Location Services provide the solid
`revenue stream they are looking for.
`Services will also be a key as~et in
`the battle for customer loyalty.
`When saturation points arc reached
`in mobile markets, operators will
`bc looking at ways to retain their
`customers, and issues such as cost,
`quality, and service differentiation
`will become of paramount
`importance.
`
`Technological drivers
`Devt:lopment of stanJarJs anJ
`cost-efficient location technologies
`are key technology drivers.
`Also, deployment of 2.5 and 3G
`networks, as well as the introduction
`of new terminal categories,
`such as Communicators and Media
`Phones, enable whole new service
`categories to be implemented and
`offered, on which location will be
`a key attribute. Already WAP
`provides the sophisticated platform
`and environment for the delivery of
`Mobile Location Services, and in
`future networks, the performance
`will improve in terms of reliability
`an<l specJ. As terminals improve,
`their user interface will enable
`improved services, for example,
`applications on color displays with
`enhanced resolution and sound.
`
`Regulatory drivers
`One should note that regulation is
`one of the strongest drivers of
`Mobile Lm:ation Serviccs.
`The US FCC mandate for E-911
`services, as well as the equivalent
`European Union requirements for
`E-112, have an impact on the
`positioning technology adopted by
`mobile network operators.
`
`Mobile Location Services
`are available today
`
`When talking about Mobile Location
`Services, it is useful to make a
`distinction between location-based
`services and location-dependent
`services, both of which come unJer
`Mobile Location Services.
`Location-based services are actual
`services that are visible to the user,
`e.g. find-a-friend, navigation,
`yellow pages, etc. Location-based
`ser vices are provided either by the
`operator or a thinl-party service
`provider that utilizes the available
`location information of the
`terminal. Additionally, the location
`application offers the user interface
`for the service. Services that are
`available depending on the user's
`actual (x,y) position arc called
`location-dependent services .
`.Such a service is proviJe<l either by
`the operator or a third-party
`service provider that is available
`(pull type) or is activated (push
`type) when the user enters a certain
`area. Location-based charging is a
`good example of this kind of
`service. Furthermorc, when talking
`about one's position, it refers to
`rather exact information usually
`presented in terms of longitude and
`latitude. The distinction between
`position and location is that
`position is accurate information
`on one's location, i.e. location can
`be seen ·as quite a wide area
`geographically.
`
`From the operator's perspective,
`Mobile Location Services present
`an opportunity to reduce churn
`and increase customer loyalty
`through the delivery of a unique
`anJ personalizeJ service in a
`
`competitive market. A number of
`critical success factors will
`determine the ability to achieve these
`objectives; technology adoption is
`one of them. As technology
`adoption will ultimately be driven
`by consumer demand, the starting
`point for any service must be a focus
`on end-user needs. To this extent
`case of use and personalization arc
`key elements in building a
`profitable subscribcr base. for this
`reason, optimized device interfaces
`and platforms that support
`multiple acces.~ and service deli.very
`methods should he implemented
`with personalized content
`provisioning being made available
`across multiple devices according to
`the end-user's location.
`
`Mobile Location Services will not
`in themselves be identified as a set
`of killer applications but rather
`location information will be
`integrated as the value-adding
`element in a whole range of
`servii.:es. For t:xample, tourist
`information services letting you
`know the price of fuel in a country
`do not deliver value but heing
`directed to the cheapest petrol
`station near your location does.
`An attractive set of location-based
`killer applications will be based on
`life management services supported
`by a Jynamic portal that uses
`end-use.rs' personalization details
`to change the type of information
`and delivery method according to
`the end-user's changing time or
`context (home, office, morning,
`evening, etc.).
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`Location service category
`
`Explanation
`
`Category 1
`(Basic service level}
`
`Location of all (including legacy) handsets with cell accuracy,
`or improved cell accuracy
`
`Category 2
`(Enhanced service level}
`
`Location of all new handsets with reasonable cost,
`improved accuracy
`
`Category 3
`(Extended service level)
`
`Location of new handsets with high accuracy and higher
`(compared to Category 2) costs based on customer choice
`
`The Location Service Categories
`ensure that all han<lsets can be
`located and also that the customer
`has the choice of selecting higher
`accuracy with higher cost.
`All categories are standardized for
`specific cellular systems and are
`available in parallel. Categories 1 and
`2 will be cellular system specific and
`Category 3 common to all systems.
`
`Operators should get started with
`Mobile Location Services today in
`order to have an early start on the
`learning curve. As more accurate
`technologies develop for these
`services, operators need to pay
`attention to what applications
`and services work best in today's
`mobile environment, and use that
`experience when rolling out next
`generation services.
`
`Tobie 1.
`
`charging schemes), these issues are
`likdy to be solved. lt is important
`to note that the user has to agree
`to receive advertisements to his
`mohile terminal. Permission
`marketing, including location-based
`advertising, raises privacy issues,
`e.g. the Wireless Advertising
`Association steers and sets
`commonly agreed practices.
`Nokia is a member of the WAA.
`
`Service
`categorization
`
`ln order to allow for a smooth
`market introduction for Mobile
`Location Services, the freedom
`must be given to the suhscriber to
`choose how much he/she will pay
`for the terminals supporting those
`services as well as the accuracy
`levels required from the services.
`This demand creates the need to
`categorize the location services.
`The Location Technology Solution,
`described further in this document,
`contains three location service
`categories, which are described in
`Table 1.
`
`Many existing information services
`can be enhanced thanks to
`p ositioning technology. In Japan,
`operators do not charge extra for
`the location element but rather
`exploit the increased usage and
`hence maximize revenue streams
`from customers who are attracted
`by the case of use of location(cid:173)
`enabled applications. There are also
`new applications that are built on
`top of the positioning technology.
`For example, fleet management or
`group management applications
`can be developed on top of tracking
`services. Group management
`(locating your friends, family, etc.)
`applications will be successful in
`high SMS penetration countries
`because operators can leverage the
`already massive use and customer
`familiarity with SMS.
`
`Services that are forced to the
`user's domain arc dead before they
`are even born. Push services
`(e.g. permission marketing) based
`on the user's location is a sensitive
`issue, since the user's privacy
`may he threatened. However,
`by introducing appealing benefits
`for the user to agree to these services
`(e.g. more favorable call/service
`
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`Privacy is an
`
`• issue
`
`The best way to support privacy,
`and to ensure that the user is in
`charge of his position information,
`is to implement privacy control in
`mobile terminals. Controlling
`one's own privacy must be easy and
`unJerstanJably implemented.
`This can be naturally supported,
`when the handset takes part in
`positioning of the subscriber,
`e.g. by providing the required
`measurements, or actually calculating
`the position. These capabilities
`will be enabled in new hanJsets,
`which will support sophisticated
`positioning technologies and
`standards.
`
`the operator must implement
`absolute physical separation of
`position data from the various
`applications that utilize the position
`data. Thus, whilst personal
`position data travel through the
`servers of the Application Service
`Provider (ASP), they physically
`reside in the operator's network.
`Even thoup;h the user has control
`over his position information, there
`has to be an open relationship
`based on mutual trust between the
`user anJ the operator, since they
`both benefit from each other.
`Mobile location privacy can be
`considered analogous to the use of
`car license plates. The fact that a
`device is in a certain location is not
`a privacy issue. This becomes a
`privacy issue when the link to the
`user of the device is also known
`and/or the information is conveyed
`to an unauthorized third party.
`
`Three factors will determine
`end-users' trust in Mobile Location
`.Services: privacy, security and ease
`of use. A clear prerequisite is that it
`is the customer and not the
`operator or service provider who
`has control over the use of his/her
`location information.
`
`Because a user's privacy is at stake,
`mobile advertising based on the
`user's location is a sensitive issue.
`However, the introduction of
`appealing benefits for the user in
`return for accepting the
`advertisement, e.g. more favorable
`call/service charging schemes,
`could solve these issues and turn it
`into marketing that it is based on
`the permission given by the end-user.
`In other words, end-users would
`not receive advertisements unless they
`had given prior permission to this.
`
`Of all the challenges facing Mobile
`Location .Service providers, privacy
`is undoubtedly the biggest single
`potential barrier to market take-up.
`Whilst operators may be tempted to
`treat position information as their
`own, it actually belongs to the
`end-user and its use is regulated by
`data protection laws. Consequently,
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`White Pa per
`
`The technology behind
`Mobile Location Services
`
`Positioning technologies can
`basically be divided into handset(cid:173)
`based and handset-assisted,
`and similarly network-based and
`network-assisted, each of which
`offer d ifferent levels of accuracy
`according to a three-tiered service
`level structure of hasic, intermediate
`and high level accuracy. Moreover,
`location accuracy and the degree
`of coverage dictate what types of
`application can be deployed.
`Hybrid positioning solutions
`combine two or more positioning
`technologies thus achieving an·
`improved accuracy in positioning.
`A successful positioning technology
`must meet the accuracy requirements
`set by the specific service, at the
`lowest possible cost and with good
`sensitivity and minimal impact on the
`network and subscriber equipment.
`
`Jn hand.~et-based technology,
`the terminal performs the position
`calculation autonomously,
`e.g. stand-alone GPS. However,
`in handset-assisted technology the
`mobile terminal provides some
`assistance for positioning, while the
`network performs the actual
`position calculation, e.g. terminal
`assisted E-OTD (Enhanced
`Observed Time Difference).
`further, in network-based
`positioning technology, the network
`performs the position calculation
`by itself, e.g. Cell-JD. Finally,
`in network-assisted technology,
`the network provides some
`assistance in positioning, while the
`terminal itself performs the
`position calculation, e.g. A-GPS,
`and mobile terminal-based E-OTD.
`
`The three major emerging
`technologies for wide-area
`positioning arc:
`• Cell Identification with variations,
`e.g . .Service Area Identity (.SA!)
`for 3G, LocWAP and enhanced
`Cell-ID, and enhancements wit h
`propagation time measurements,
`such as Timing Advance (TA)
`and Round Trip Time (RTT) and
`meas ured signal levels (RX levels).
`• Cellular signal timing based
`methods, like E-OTD for GSM
`and its variations AF-LT
`(Advanced Forward Link
`Triangulation) and IP-DL (Idle
`Period Downlink), for CDMA
`and WCDMA, respectively, and
`• CPS (Global Positioning System),
`stand-alone or network assisted
`(A-GP.S) .
`
`In addition to wide area positioning
`technologies, user self-locating
`and, for example, complementary
`local area technologies, such as
`Bluetooth Local Positioning may
`be used to improve coverage.
`Short-range wireless technologies,
`such as PHS (Personal Handyphone
`System), Bluetooth IEEE 802.11,
`Ultra Wideband (UWB) and other
`proprietary technologies, can be used
`to provide position determination,
`where they provide coverage.
`In multi-mode devices, this can be
`used. to complement other positioning
`technologies, to enhance accuracy,
`coverage and/or acquisition time.
`The Bluetooth 'Local Positioning'
`profile is being developed to provide
`CPS-like accuracy, especially in
`places where GPS does not work very
`well or not at all, such as indoors.
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1004 Page 11
`
`

`
`White Paper
`
`NOKIA
`
`The Jevdoprnent of Jifforent
`technologies is now rapid,
`with FCC's E-911 mandate acting
`as the major driver, especially in
`the US market. But no clear winner
`has emerged yet in the technology
`race and there will probably not be
`a single positioning technology
`solution. Rather, there will be
`multiple solutions - J epenJing on
`the need and on the price that
`people are willing to p ay. Nokia is,
`on its own behalf, participating in
`forming the industry standards for
`easy adoption of Mobile Location
`Services.
`
`In Figure 2, using Cell-ID as point
`zero and moving along the accuracy
`axis through E-OTD, AF-LT and
`GPS to A-GPS, it can be seen that
`as accuracy and resolution increase
`coverage decreases. One of the
`problems with standard GPS is the
`long Time To First Fix which
`ranges between 10 anJ 60 seconJs.
`This problem is overcome with
`A-GPS as the assistance data,
`which are sent to the handset,
`significantly reduce the Time To
`First Fix which currently stands at
`less than 5 seconds. Accuracy
`requirements will progressively
`increase from approximately 1 km
`now, to approximately 1 min a few
`years time.
`
`The various positioning
`technologies are complementary,
`there being no single universal
`solution. Where both accuracy and
`coverage are important, hybriJ
`technologies may provide an
`optimum solution. Cellular and
`Local Positioning technologies can he
`used to fill in the gaps in coverage
`from satellite-based systems, like GPS.
`
`Accuracy/
`environment
`
`Precision Local Positioning
`36: IP-Dl., DTDOA
`I
`E-OTD
`
`Rural
`
`Sub-Urban
`
`Urban
`
`City
`
`Indoor
`
`10
`
`100
`Accuracy/meters
`
`1k
`
`10k
`
`Figure 2. Relative coverage and accuracy of most important positioning methods
`
`Table 2. Location service category mapping
`
`System
`
`Category
`
`Location Technology
`
`GSM
`
`Category 1
`
`Improved Cl positioning method, The improved Cl positioning
`method utilizes in addition to Cl info rmation, e.g., TA and
`other GSM-specific measurement data. This accuracy category
`can be implemented without changes to MS.
`Category 2 GSM-specific E-OTD (MS-assisted/based) positio ning
`technology, which is, standardized for GSM Release'98.
`Category 3 The MS-based GPS concept which is standardized for
`GSM Release'98.
`
`TIA/EIA-13 6 Category 1 Cell-coverage based method, which is already included
`in ANSl-136.
`Category 2 Currently no support in TIA/EIA-136 C standard exists for
`this category.
`Category 3 MS-based GPS positioning concept t hat is standardized for
`TIA/EIA-136 C. Recognizing the commonalties and
`convergence in TIA/EIA-136 and GSM, the TIA/EIA-1 36
`implementation of NW-Assisted MS-Based GPS positioning
`technology is harmonized with the GSM GPS concept to the
`greatest extent practical.
`
`IS-95
`
`Category 2
`
`Category 1 Cell-ID-based method, which is standardized
`for TIA/TR45.2 IS-41.
`IS-95 specific AF-LT (MS assisted/based) position technology,
`which is standardized for TIA/IS-801.
`Category 3 MS-based GPS concept which is standardized for TIA/IS-801.
`
`11
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1004 Page 12
`
`

`
`NOKIA
`
`White Paper
`
`Tht! basic positioning accuracy
`category is focused on penetration
`and should be available for all
`phones enabling fast time to
`market. The intermediate accuracy
`level will have a software impact on
`handsets and the high accuracy
`category will have a hardware
`impact on handsets. All three levels
`of accuracy will exist in parallel in
`the future.
`
`The accuracy of Cell-JD is
`primarily dependent on cell radius
`significantly improves as cell size
`gets smaller. Likewise, the accuracy
`of measurement analysis techniques,
`such as TA and methods that
`employ network measurements
`from neighhoring cells in certain
`situations, can reach 100-200 m.
`E-OTD and TOA (Time of Arrival)
`in GSM networks have slightly
`better accuracy profiles (even
`50-100 m) but E-OTD is dependent
`on the visibility of base stations
`for its performance whereas TOA is
`dependent on the visibility of
`terminal transmissions at LMU
`(Location Measurement Unit) sites.
`A-GPS is the most accurate method
`but this is subject to degradation in
`cc:rtain c:nvironments, such as inside
`buildings and "urban canyons",
`where the line of sight to satellites
`is estahlished with difficulty if at
`all. Indeed any geographical
`impediment that degrades the
`signal will result in reduced accu