throbber
10/26/2015
`
`Inspec ion Guides > Oral Solutions and Suspensions (8/94)
`
`U.S. Food and Drug Administration
`Protecting and Promoting Your Health
`
`Oral Solutions and Suspensions
`(8/94)
`
`GUIDE TO INSPECTIONS ORAL SOLUTIONS AND SUSPENSIONS
`Note: This document is reference material for investigators and other FDA personnel. The
`document does not bind FDA, and does no confer any rights, privileges, benefits, or
`immunities for or on any person(s).
`
`I. INTRODUCTION
`
`The manufacture and control of oral solutions and oral suspensions has presented some problems
`to the industry. While bioequivalency concerns are minimal (except for the antiseptic products such
`as phenytoin suspension), there are other issues which have led to recalls. These include
`microbiological, potency and stability problems. Additionally, because the population using these
`oral dosage forms includes newborns, pediatrics and geriatrics who may not be able to take oral
`solid dosage forms and may be compromised, defective dosage forms can pose a greater risk
`because of the population being dosed. Thus, this guide will review some of the significant
`potential problem areas and provide direction to the investigator when giving inspectional
`coverage.
`
`II. FACILITIES
`
`The design of the facilities are largely dependent upon the type of products manufactured and the
`potential for cross­contamination and microbiological contamination. For example, the facilities
`used for the manufacture of OTC oral products might not require the isolation that a steroid or sulfa
`product would require.
`
`Review the products manufactured and the procedures used by the firm for the isolation of
`processes to minimize contamination. Observe the addition of drug substance and powdered
`excipients to manufacturing vessels to determine if operations generate dust. Observe the systems
`and the efficiency of the dust removal system.
`
`http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/InspectionGuides/ucm074935.htm
`
`1/7
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` Insys Exhibit 2002
`CFAD v. Insys
`IPR2015-01800
`
`

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`10/26/2015
`
`Inspec ion Guides > Oral Solutions and Suspensions (8/94)
`
`The firm's HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) system may also warrant coverage
`particularly where potent or highly sensitizing drugs are processed. Some manufacturers
`recirculate air without adequate filtration. Where air is recirculated, review the firm's data which
`demonstrates the efficiency of air filtration such should include surface and/or air sampling.
`
`III. EQUIPMENT
`
`Equipment should be of sanitary design. This includes sanitary pumps, valves, flow meters and
`other equipment which can be easily sanitized. Ball valves, packing in pumps and pockets in flow
`meters have been identified as sources of contamination.
`
`In order to facilitate cleaning and sanitization, manufacturing and filling lines should be identified
`and detailed in drawings and SOPs. In some cases, long delivery lines between manufacturing
`areas and filling areas have been a source of contamination. Also, SOPs, particularly with regard
`to time limitations between batches and for cleaning have been found deficient in many
`manufacturers. Review cleaning SOPs, including drawings and validation data with regard to
`cleaning and sanitization.
`
`Equipment used for batching and mixing of oral solutions and suspensions is relatively basic.
`Generally, these products are formulated on a weight basis with the batching tank on load cells so
`that a final Q.S. can be made by weight. Volumetric means, such as using a dip stick or line on a
`tank, have been found to be inaccurate.
`
`In most cases, manufacturers will assay samples of the bulk solution or suspension prior to filling.
`A much greater variability has been found with batches that have been manufactured
`volumetrically rather than by weight. For example, one manufacturer had to adjust approximately
`8% of the batches manufactured after the final Q.S. because of failure to comply with potency
`specifications. Unfortunately, the manufacturer relied solely on the bulk assay. After readjustment
`of the potency based on the assay, batches occasionally were found out of specification because
`of analytical errors.
`
`The design of the batching tank with regard to the location of the bottom discharge valve has also
`presented problems. Ideally, the bottom discharge valve is flush with the bottom of the tank. In
`some cases valves, including undesirable ball valves, have been found to be several inches to a
`foot below the bottom of the tank. In others, drug or preservative was not completely dissolved and
`was lying in the "dead leg" below the tank with initial samples being found to be subpotent. For the
`manufacture of suspensions, valves should be flush. Review and observe the batching equipment
`and transfer lines.
`
`http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/InspectionGuides/ucm074935.htm
`
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`Inspec ion Guides > Oral Solutions and Suspensions (8/94)
`
`With regard to transfer lines, they are generally hard piped and easily cleaned and sanitized. In
`some cases manufacturers have used flexible hoses to transfer product. It is not unusual to see
`flexible hoses lying on the floor, thus significantly increasing the potential for contamination. Such
`contamination can occur by operators picking up or handling hoses, and possibly even placing
`them in transfer or batching tanks after they had been lying on the floor. It is also a good practice to
`store hoses in a way that allows them to drain rather than be coiled which may allow moisture to
`collect and be a potential source of microbial contamination. Observe manufacturing areas and
`operator practices, particularly when flexible hose connection are employed.
`
`Another common problem occurs when a manifold or common connections are used, especially in
`water supply, premix or raw material supply tanks. Such common connections have been shown to
`be a source of contamination.
`
`IV. RAW MATERIALS
`
`The physical characteristics, particularly the particle size of the drug substance, are very important
`for suspensions. As with topical products in which the drug is suspended, particles are usually very
`fine to micronized (less than 25 microns). For syrups, elixir or solution dosage forms in which there
`is nothing suspended, particle size and physical characteristics of raw materials are not that
`important. However, they can affect the rate of dissolution of such raw materials in the
`manufacturing process. Raw materials of a finer particle size may dissolve faster than those of a
`larger particle size when the product is compounded.
`
`Examples of a few of the oral suspensions in which a specific and well defined particle size
`specification for the drug substance is important include phenytoin suspension, carbamazepine
`suspension, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole suspension, and hydrocortisone suspension.
`Review the physical specifications for any drug substance which is suspended in the dosage form.
`
`V. COMPOUNDING
`
`In addition to a determination of the final volume (Q.S.) as previously discussed, there are
`microbiological concerns. For oral suspensions, there is the additional concern with uniformity,
`particularly because of the potential for segregation during manufacture and storage of the bulk
`suspension, during transfer to the filling line and during filling. Review the firm's data that support
`storage times and transfer operations. There should be established procedures and time limits for
`such operations to address the potential for segregation or settling as well as other unexpected
`effects that may be caused by extended holding or stirring.
`
`http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/InspectionGuides/ucm074935.htm
`
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`Inspec ion Guides > Oral Solutions and Suspensions (8/94)
`
`For oral solutions and suspensions, the amount and control of temperature is important from a
`microbiological as well as a potency aspect. For those products in which temperature is identified
`as a critical part of the operation, the firm's documentation of temperature, such as by control
`charts, should be reviewed.
`
`There are some manufacturers that rely on heat during compounding to control the microbiological
`levels in product. For such products, the addition of purified water to final Q.S., the batch, and the
`temperatures during processing should be reviewed.
`
`In addition to drug substances, some additives, such as the parabens are difficult to dissolve and
`require heat. The control and assurance of their dissolution during the compounding stage should
`be reviewed. From a potency aspect, the storage of product at high temperatures may increase the
`level of degradants. Storage limitations (time and temperature) should be justified by the firm and
`evaluated during your inspection.
`
`There are also some oral liquids which are sensitive to oxygen and have been known to undergo
`degradation. This is particularly true of the phenothiazine class of drugs, such as perphenazine
`and chlorpromazine. The manufacture of such products might require the removal of oxygen such
`as by nitrogen purging. Additionally, such products might also require storage in sealed tanks,
`rather than those with loose lids. Manufacturing directions for these products should be reviewed.
`
`VI. MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY
`
`There are some oral liquids in which microbiological contamination can present significant health
`hazards. For example, some oral liquids, such as nystatin suspension are used in infants and
`immuno­compromised patients, and microbiological contamination with organisms, such as Gram­
`negative organisms, is objectionable. There are other oral liquid preparations such as antacids in
`which Pseudomonas sp. contamination is also objectionable. For other oral liquids such as cough
`preparations, the contamination with Pseudomonas sp. might not present the same health hazard.
`Obviously, the contamination of any preparation with Gram­negative organisms is not desirable.
`
`In addition to the specific contaminant being objectionable, such contamination would be indicative
`of a deficient process as well as an inadequate preservative system. The presence of a specific
`Pseudomonas sp. may also indicate that other plant or raw material contaminants could survive
`the process. For example, the fact that a Pseudomonas putida contaminant is present could also
`indicate that Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a similar source organism, could also be present.
`
`Both the topical and microbiological inspection guides discuss the methods and limitations of
`microbiological testing. Similar microbiological testing concepts discussed apply to the testing of
`oral liquids for microbiological contamination. Review the microbiological testing of raw materials,
`
`http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/InspectionGuides/ucm074935.htm
`
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`Inspec ion Guides > Oral Solutions and Suspensions (8/94)
`
`including purified water, as well as the microbiological testing of finished products. Since FDA
`laboratories typically utilize more sensitive test methods than industry, consider sampling any oral
`liquids in which manufacturers have found microbiological counts, no matter how low. Submit
`samples for testing for objectionable microorganisms.
`
`VII. ORAL SUSPENSIONS UNIFORMITY
`
`Those liquid products in which the drug is suspended (and not in solution) present manufacturer
`and control problems.
`
`Those liquid products in which the drug is suspended (and not in solution) present manufacture
`and control problems. Depending upon the viscosity, many suspensions require continuous or
`periodic agitation during the filling process. If delivery lines are used between the bulk storage tank
`and the filling equipment, some segregation may occur, particularly if the product is not viscous.
`Review the firm's procedures for filling and diagrams for line set­up prior to the filling equipment.
`
`Good manufacturing practice would warrant testing bottles from the beginning, middle and end to
`assure that segregation has not occurred. Such samples should not be composited.
`
`In­process testing for suspensions might also include an assay of a sample from the bulk tank.
`More important, however, may be testing for viscosity.
`
`VIII. PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
`
`Important specifications for the manufacture of all solutions include assay and microbial limits.
`Additional important specifications for suspensions include particle size of the suspended drug,
`viscosity, pH, and in some cases dissolution. Viscosity can be important from a processing aspect
`to minimize segregation. Additionally, viscosity has also been shown to be associated with
`bioequivalency. pH may also have some meaning regarding effectiveness of preservative systems
`and may even have an effect on the amount of drug in solution. With regard to dissolution, there
`are at least three products which have dissolution specifications. These products include phenytoin
`suspension, carbamazepine suspension, and sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim suspension.
`Particle size is also important and at this point it would seem that any suspension should have
`some type of particle size specification. As with other dosage forms, the underlying data to support
`specifications should be reviewed.
`
`IX. PROCESS VALIDATION
`
`As with other products, the amount of data needed to support the manufacturing process will vary
`from product to product. Development (data) should have identified critical phases of the operation,
`including the predetermined specifications, that should be monitored during process validation.
`
`http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/InspectionGuides/ucm074935.htm
`
`5/7
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`Inspec ion Guides > Oral Solutions and Suspensions (8/94)
`
`For example, for solutions the key aspects that should be addressed during validation include
`assurance that the drug substance and preservatives are dissolved. Parameters, such as heat and
`time should be measured. Also, in­process assay of the bulk solution during and/or after
`compounding according to predetermined limits are also an important aspects of process
`validation. For solutions that are sensitive to oxygen and/or light, dissolved oxygen levels would
`also be an important test. Again, the development data and the protocol should provide limits.
`Review firm's development data and/or documentation for their justification of the process.
`
`As discussed, the manufacture of suspensions presents additional problems, particularly in the
`area of uniformity. Again, development data should have addressed the key compounding and
`filling steps that assure uniformity. The protocol should provide for the key in­process and finished
`product tests, along with their specifications. For oral solutions, bioequivalency studies may not
`always be needed. However, oral suspensions, with the possible exception of some of the
`antacids, OTC products, usually require a bioequivalency or clinical study to demonstrate
`effectiveness. As with oral solid dosage forms, comparison to the biobatch is an important part of
`validation of the process.
`
`Review the firm's protocol and process validation report and, if appropriate, compare data for full
`scale batches to biobatch, data and manufacturing processes.
`
`X. STABILITY
`
`One area that has presented a number of problems includes the assurance of stability of oral liquid
`products throughout their expiry period. For example, there have been a number of recalls of the
`vitamins with fluoride oral liquid products because of vitamin degradation. Drugs in the
`phenothiazine class, such as perphenazine, chlorpromazine and promethazine have also shown
`evidence of instability. Good practice for this class of drug products would include quantitation of
`both the active and primary degradant. Dosage form manufacturers should know and have
`specifications for the primary degradant. Review the firm's data and validation data for methods
`used to quantitate both the active drug and degradant.
`
`Because interactions of products with closure systems are possible, liquids and suspensions
`undergoing stability studies should be stored on their side or inverted in order to determine whether
`contact of the drug product with the closure system affects product integrity.
`
`Moisture loss which can cause the remaining contents to become superpotent and microbiological
`contamination are other problems associated with inadequate closure systems.
`
`XI. PACKAGING
`
`http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/InspectionGuides/ucm074935.htm
`
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`Inspection Gu'des > 0rd Solutions aid Suspensions (8194)
`
`Problems in the packaging of oral liquids have included potency (fill) of unit dose products,
`
`accurate calibration of measuring devices such as droppers that are often provided. The USP does
`
`not provide for dose uniformity testing for oral solutions. Thus, for unit dose solution products, they
`should deliver the label claim within the limits described in the USP. Review the firm's data to
`
`assure uniformity of fill and test procedures to assure that unit dose samples are being tested.
`
`Another problem in the packaging of Oral Liquids is the lack of cleanliness of containers prior to
`
`filling. Fibers and even insects have been identified as debris in containers, and particularly plastic
`
`containers used for these products. Many manufacturers receive containers shrink—wrapped in
`
`plastic to minimize contamination from fiberboard cartons. Many manufacturers utilize compressed
`
`air to clean containers. Vapors, such as oil vapors, from the compressed air have occasionally
`
`been found to present problems. Review the firm's systems for the cleaning of containers.
`
`More in lnsgection Guides
`1IlCEClIInspectionsIlnsQectionGuidesldefault.html
`
`Inspection Technical Guides
`lICEClIIns ectionsllns ectionGuideslIns ectionTechnicalGuidesldefault.htm
`
`mp1/www.fdagwflCECmr1specfimsIlnspecfimGtida5IuJn074935.lirn
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`Page 7 of 7

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