`
`Keegan G. Low, Esq. (Resident Counsel)
`Nevada State Bar #307
`
`Barry L. Breslow, Esq. (Resident Counsel)
`Nevada State Bar #3023
`
`Robison, Belaustegui, Sharp 6’1. Low
`A Professional Corporation
`71 Washington Street
`Reno, Nevada 89503
`Telephone:
`(775) 329-3151
`Emails: klow@xbsllaw.eom;
`bbreslow@;bsllaw.com
`
`Steve W. Berman (to be admitted pro hat: vice)
`Nicholas S. Boebel (to be admitted pro hac vice)
`Hagens Berman Soho] Shapiro LLP
`1918 Eighth Avenue, Suite 3300
`Seattle, WA 98101
`Telephone: (206) 268-9320
`Emails: steve@hbsslaw.com;
`nickb@hbsslaw.com
`
`Christopher D. Banys (to be admitted pro hac vice)
`Richard C. Lin (to be admitted pro hac vice)
`Banys, RC.
`1032 Elwell Court, Suite 100
`Palo Alto, CA 94303
`Telephone: (650) 308-8505
`Emails: Cdb@banysm.eom;
`rclbeanyspceom
`
`Attorneys for Plaintffl‘Applications in Internet Time, LLC
`
`UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
`DISTRICT OF NEVADA
`
`APPLICATIONS 1N INTERNET TIME, LLC,
`
`Plaintiff,
`
`Case No:
`
`v.
`
`SALESFORCECOM, INC.,
`
`INFRINGEDIIEN T
`
`COMPLAINT FOR PATENT
`
`
`
`Defendant.
`
`JURY TRIAL DEMANDED
`
`Plaintiff Applications in Internet Time, LLC (“AIT”) for its Complaint for Patent
`
`Infringement against Defendant Salesforce.com, lnc. (“Salesforce”) hereby states and alleges as
`
`
`
`follows:
`
`Hf
`
`RPX Exhibit 1193
`RPX Exhibit 119‘3
`RPX v. AIT
`IPR2015-01752
`
`IPR2015-01752
`
`RPX v. AIT
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`28
`Robison, Belmtegui.
`Sharp 3:. Low
`?1 Washington St.
`Reno. NV 89503
`(7%) 329—3 l 5i
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`
`JURISDICTION AND VENUE
`
`1.
`
`This is a civil action for patent infringement arising under the Acts of Congress
`
`relating to patents, including Title 35 United States Code § 1 er seq.
`
`2.
`
`This Court has jurisdiction over the subject matter of this action pursuant to at
`
`least Title 28 United States Code §§ 1331 and 1338(a).
`
`3.
`
`Upon information and belief, Defendant Salesforce has transacted business in this
`
`Judicial District and has committed and/or induced acts of Patent Infringement in this District.
`
`Venue with reSpect to Defendant Salesforce is proper within this district pursuant to Title 28
`
`United States Code §§ 1391(b) and (c) and 1400(b).
`
`4.
`
`Upon information and belief, personal jurisdiction over Defendant Salesforce
`
`comports with the United States Constitution and N.R.S. § 14.065 because the Defendant has
`
`systematic and continuous contacts with the State of Nevada, has purposefully availed itself of
`
`the privileges of conducting business in the State of Nevada, regularly conducts and solicits
`
`business within the State of Nevada, and AIT’s causes of action arise from Defendant’s business
`
`contacts and other activities in the State of Nevada.
`
`5.
`
`Upon information and belief, Defendant Salesforce is subject to this Court’s
`
`specific and general jurisdiction pursuant to due process andlor N.R.S. §14.065 at least as to its
`
`substantial business in this forum, including at least a portion of the infringements alleged herein,
`
`and regularly doing or soliciting business, engaging in other persistent courses of conduct, andfor
`
`deriving substantial revenue from products and services provided to clients and customers in
`
`Nevada.
`
`THE PARTIES
`
`6.
`
`Plaintiff MT is a limited liability company organized and existing under the laws
`
`of the state of Nevada with its principal place of business located at 200 South Virginia Street,
`
`Suite 824, Reno, Nevada 89501.
`
`7.
`
`Upon information and belief, Defendant Salesforce is a corporation organized and
`
`existing under the laws of the state of Delaware with its principal place of business located at
`
`The Landmark @ One Market, Suite 300, San Francisco, California 94105. Salesforce may be
`
`
`
`\DW‘JONU'l-bl-HN”
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`
`NMNMNMHNI—‘F—‘I—‘HMONth-haMF-CDNODOMJD‘N
`
`28
`Robison, Belaustegtn,
`Sharp 3: Low
`7] Washington St.
`Reno, NV 89503
`(T35) 329-315I
`
`

`

`served through its registered agent The Corporation Trust Company of Nevada at 311 South
`
`Division Street, Carson City, NV 89703.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE PATENTED TECHNOLOGY
`
`8.
`
`Plaintiff AJT is the owner of"U.S. Patent No. 7,356,482 (““482 patent”) entitled
`
`“Integrated Change Management Unit.” The United States Patent and Trademark Office duly
`
`and legally issued the ‘482 patent on April 8, 2008. The ‘4 82 patent is assigned to AIT. A copy
`
`of the ‘482 patent is attached hereto as Exhibit A.
`
`9.
`
`Plaintiff AIT is the owner of U.S. Patent No. 8,484,111 (“‘1 ll paten ") entitled
`
`“Integrated Change Management Unit.” The United States Patent and Trademark Office duly
`
`and legally issued the ‘ 1 l 1 patent on July 9, 2013. The ‘ l 11 patent is assigned to All". A copy
`
`of the ‘ 1 11 patent is attached hereto as Exhibit B.
`
`10.
`
`The technology described and claimed in the ‘482 and ‘ I l l patents was originally
`
`developed in response to programming problems resulting in application deployment delays.
`
`Generally, the technology enables individuals with knowledge of the business process rather than
`
`only computer programmers to have responsibility for application development with a simple and
`
`efficient metadata—driven application platform.
`
`11.
`
`Plaintiff AIT has the exclusive right to make, use, sell and offer to sell the
`
`inventions of the ‘432 and ‘ 1 11 patents, and has the right to sue and to recover damages for past,
`
`present, and fumre infringement of the claims of the ‘482 and ‘ 1 11 patents.
`
`BACKGROUND OF SALESFORCE’S INFRINGEMENT OF
`
`THE ‘482 AND ‘111 PATENTS
`
`12.
`
`Defendant Salesforce is one of the leading providers of multi-tenant platform and
`
`application enterprise software as a service in a cloud computing environment. Salesforce states
`
`in its 2013 Annual Report that “We deliver our service as a highly scalable, multi-tenant app. . ..
`
`We have Optimized our service to run on specific databases and operating systems using the tools
`
`and platforms best suited to serve our customers rather than providing software that must be
`
`written to different hardware, operating system and database platforms, or that depends upon a
`
`customer’s unique system environment... Our service treats all customers as logically separate
`
`
`
`
`
`-
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`Robison. Belnustegui.
`Sharp & Low
`’11 Washington St.
`Reno. NV 89503
`[775) 329-3151
`
`

`

`tenants in central applications, databases and other resources. . .. Because of our multi-tenant and
`
`logically separated architecture, we are able to provide all of our customers with a solution based
`
`on a single version of our apps."
`
`l3.
`
`Salesforce’s Force.com platform is the development environment for enterprise
`
`applications and is designed for developing and deploying cloud computing applications via
`
`configuration-driven development. The Force. com. platform has a metadata—driven architecture
`
`and relies on metadata describing base functionality of applications as well as metadata
`
`corresponding to application customizations. Changes in metadata are detected by the platform
`
`and enable Salesforce’s clients, customers, third parties, and Salesforce itself to customize,
`
`update, and change user applications from the cloud.
`
`14.
`
`On information and belief, Salesforce relies on the Force.com platform as the
`
`backbone for its software as a service offerings, including Sales Cloud, Service Cloud, and
`
`Marketing Cloud. Salesforee states on its developerforcecom site that “Force.com is the proven
`
`cloud application development platform that powers many popular salesforce.com cloud
`
`applications. ...” ttp:l/wiki.developerforce.com/page/Multi Tenant Architecture. Likewise,
`
`“Force.com, the world’s leading cloud platform for business apps, offers the infrastructure upon
`
`which both Sales Cloud and Service Cloud are built. . ..” http:/fblog.cloudshemascom/cloud-
`
`strategy-‘Z/the-force-com-sweet—spotr’.
`
`15.
`
`Salesforce’s manufacture, use, sale, andfor offer for sale of the Force.com
`
`platform constitutes a direct infringement of one or more claims of the ‘482 and ‘ l l l patents.
`
`16.
`
`Salesforce’s provision of the Force.com platform and documentation instructing,
`
`encouraging, and directing its clients, customers, and third parties on the use of the Force.com
`
`platform to create and customize multi-tenant applications constitutes an inducement of
`
`infringement of one or more claims of the ‘482 and ‘ 1 11 patents. For example, Salesforce states
`
`in its 2013 Annual Report that “Through our platform and other developer tools, we also
`
`encourage thirdparries to develop additionalfimcrionalioi and new apps that run on our
`
`
`
`. platfinm, which are sold separately from, or in conjunction with, our service.” In addition to
`
`Salesforce’s specific acknowledgement, acts and documentation demonstrating Salesforce’s
`
`\DGJH—JC'NU‘iLD-JN"
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`28
`Robison, Belaustegui,
`Sharp 8.: low
`ill Washington St.
`Reno. NV 89503
`(775} 329-3151
`
`
`
`-
`
`
`
`

`

`.4
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`
`HNHMMNNMHI—‘fl—It—‘I—n—IH—nu—“-JONLJ‘I-bUJMHCDQW'QONUthUJMHD
`
`28
`Robisnn, Belauslegui,
`Sharp & Low
`1'] Washington St.
`Reno. NV 89503
`(T75) 329-3151
`
`inducement of infringement include Salesforce’s maintenance of websites at htmtpflfforcecom,
`
`http:i/developerforcecom, httpzi/wiki.developerforce.com, and ht_tp:iiwww.forceprepare.coml,
`
`as well as its distribution of at least the following documentation:
`
`I
`
`Force. com: A Comprehensive Look at the World'5 Premier Giraud-computing
`Platform
`(mtg/fwwwdcveloperforce.com/mediafForcedotcom WhitepaperfWP Forcedotc
`om-InDepth 040709 WEB.pdf)
`
`0 Development Lifecycle Guide, May 17, 2013
`(http:Ifwww.salesforce.conflus/developeridocs/dev lifecycle/salesforce developm
`ent lifecyclepdf)
`
`I
`
`Introduction to Force.com
`(http :f/events.developerforce.com/conferencesfdreamforce?session=2 124 I)
`
`0 An Introduction to the Force. com IDE
`
`(http:i/wiki.developerforce.com/page/An introduction to Force IDE)
`
`0
`
`Force. com Migration Tool Guide
`tint};:fiwwwsalesforce.comfusideveloperidoes/daasisalesforce migration guidep
`d_f)
`
`0 An Introduction to Environments
`thttp:X/wiki.developerforce.com/page/An Introduction to Environments]
`
`o Deploy Force.com Applications to Production Faster
`(ht_tp:l/wiki.developerforce.com/page/Deplox Forcecom Applications Faster).
`
`17.
`
`Salesforce's clients, customers, and third parties who use the Forcecom platform
`
`to create and customize multi-tenant applications as instructed, encouraged, and directed by
`
`Salesforce directly infringe the ‘482 and ‘1 ll patents.
`
`18.
`
`Salesforce has actual knowledge of the ‘482 and ‘ 1 11 patents as well as AIT’s
`
`allegations of infringement through at least service of this complaint. Despite this knowledge,
`
`Salesforce continues with its infringing activities. Thus, upon information and belief, Salesforce
`
`has intended and continues to intend to induce patent infringement by its clients, customers, and
`
`third parties, and has had knowledge that the inducing acts would cause infringement or has been
`
`Willfully blind to the possibility that its inducing acts would cause infringement.
`
`COUNT I: INFRINGEMENT OF [1.8. PATENT N0. 7,356,482
`
`19.
`
`The allegations in all the paragraphs above are incorporated by reference into
`
`Plaintiff‘s Count I as if fully set forth herein.
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`20.
`
`Upon information and belief, Defendant Salesforce is directly infringing andi’or
`
`has directly infringed one or more claims ofthe ‘482 patent as a result of, among other activities,
`
`the making, using, selling, offering for sale, and providing products andfor services that embody
`
`or utilize the systems and methods of the “482 patent, including the Force.com platform, in
`
`violation of 35 U.S.C. § 271(a).
`
`21.
`
`Upon information and belief, Defendant Salesforce is inducing andfor has induced
`
`infringement of one or more claims of the ‘482 patent as a result of, among other activities,
`
`instructing, encouraging, and directing its clients, customers, and third parties on the use of the
`
`Forcecom platform in an infringing manner as described in the paragraphs above, in violation of
`
`35 U.S.C. § 271(1)).
`
`22.
`
`Upon information and belief, Defendant Salesforce infringes, continues to
`
`infringe, andfor has infringed one or more claims of the ‘482 patent either directly andfor by
`
`inducement and either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents in violation of 35 U.S.C. §
`
`271(a—b).
`
`COUNT II: INFRINGEMENT 0F U.S. PATENT NO. 8,484,111
`
`23.
`
`The allegations in all the paragraphs above are incorporated by reference into
`
`Plaintiff’s Count II as if fully set forth herein.
`
`24.
`
`Upon information and belief, Defendant Salesforce is directly infringing and/or
`
`has directly infringed one or more claims of the ‘1 11 patent as a result of, among other activities,
`
`the making, using, selling, offering for sale, and providing products and/or services that embody
`
`or utilize the systems and methods of the ‘1 11 patent, including the Force.com platform, in
`
`violation of35 U.S.C. § 271(a).
`
`25.
`
`Upon information and belief, Defendant Salesforce is inducing and/or has induced
`
`infringement of one or more claims of the ‘1 11 patent as a result of, among other activities,
`
`instructing, encouraging, and directing its clients, customers, and third parties on the use of the
`
`Force.com platform in an infringing manner as described in the paragraphs above, in violation of
`
`
`
`35 U.S.C. § 271(b).
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`28
`Robim Belaustegui,
`Sharp & Low
`1'1 Washington St.
`Reno, NV 39503
`075) 329-315l
`
`

`

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`28_
`kahuna, Belaustegni,
`Sharp 3: Low
`7 I Washington St
`Reno. NV 89503
`(775)329-3151
`
`26.
`
`Upon information and belief, Defendant Salesforce infringes, continues to
`
`infringe, and/or has infringed one or more claims of the ‘111 patent either directly and/or by
`
`inducement and either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents in violation of 35 U.S.C. §
`
`271(a-b).
`
`PRAYER FOR RELIEF
`
`WHEREFORE, Plaintiff AIT prays for relief as follows:
`
`A.
`
`For judgment in favor of Plaintiff that, either literally or under the doctrine of
`
`equivalents, the Defendant, directly, jointly, andfor indirectly by way of inducing and/or
`
`contributing to infringement, has infringed one or more claims of the “482 and ‘ 1 11 patents;
`
`B.
`
`For an award of damages, requiring Defendant Salesforce to pay Plaintiff its
`
`damages adequate to compensate it for the infringement of the ‘482 and ‘ l 11 patents together
`
`with costs, expenses and prejudgment and post-judgment interest, for Defendant’s infringement
`
`of the ‘482 and ‘l 11 patents as provided under 35 U.S.C. § 284;
`
`C.
`
`For a post-judgment equitable accounting of damages to be ordered for the period
`
`of infringement of the ‘482 and ‘ 1 11 patents following the period of damages established by
`
`Plaintiff at trial;
`
`D.
`
`For a judgment and Order granting Plaintiff its reasonable attorneys” fees under 35
`
`U.S.C. § 285 to the extent that this Court finds this case exceptional; and
`
`E.
`
`For such other and further relief to which Plaintiff may show itself to be entitled
`
`and which this Court deems just and equitable.
`
`///
`
`IN
`
`l//
`
`H/
`
`II/
`
`III
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 38, Plaintiff AIT demands a trial by jury on
`
`JURY DEMAND
`
`all triable issues.
`
`Dated: November 8, 2013
`
`ROBISON, BELAUSTEGUI, SHARP & LOW
`
`A Professional Corporation (Resident Counsel)
`1"] Washington Street
`Reno, Nevada 89503
`
`By:
`
`/
`
`KEEG
`
`G. LOW
`
`BARRY L. BRESLOW
`
`Steve W. Berman (to be admitted pro hac vice)
`Nicholas S. Boebel (to be admitted pro hac vice)
`Hagens Berman Sobol Shapiro LLP
`1918 Eighth Avenue, Suite 3300
`Seattle, WA 9810]
`
`Christopher D. Banys (to be admitted pro hac vice)
`Richard C. Lin (to be admitted pro hac vice)
`Banys, RC.
`1032 Elwell Court, Suite 100
`Palo Alto, CA 94303
`Telephone: (650) 303—8505
`
`Attorneys for PlaintiffApplications in Internet
`Time. LLC
`
`
`
`
`
`Wflmlflnfl
`
`ND
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`Robison, Beiaustegui.
`Sharp & Low
`1'1 Washington St.
`Reno. NV 89503
`(TH) 329-3151
`
`
`
`

`

`EXHIBIT A
`
`EXHIBIT A
`
`

`

`(12) United States Patent
`Frankland et al.
`
`US 7,356,432 BZ
`(10) Patent No;
`
`{45) Date of Patent:
`Apr. 8, 2008
`
`U 50073 56482 32
`
`{54)
`
`INTEGRATED CHANGE MANAGEMENT
`UNIT
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors: Richard Frankland, San Jose, CA
`(US); Christopher M. Mitchell, El
`Granada, CA [US]; Joseph D.
`Ferguson, Santa Clara, CA (US);
`Anthony '1‘. Sziklai, Half Moon Bay.
`CA (US); Ashish K. Verma, Foster
`City, CA (U S); Judith E. Popowski,
`Half Moon Bay, CA (US); Douglas H.
`Sturgeon, San Mateo, CA (US)
`
`[T3] Assignee: Alternative Systems, [nc., Half Moon
`Bay, CA (US)
`
`[ ‘t‘ ) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer. the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 15407} by 1064 days.
`
`(21) Appl. No: o9n97,4ss
`
`(22) Filed:
`
`Mar. 1, 2001
`
`[65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2002f0026339 Al
`
`Feb. 28, 2002
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`(2006,01)
`0061” 17700
`[52) U.S. Cl. .......................................... TOStti; 7073102
`[58) Field of Classification Search ..............
`70517—11,
`70598—29; 707802, 200, 202-203, 205;
`583i], 16; 700/265; 713i‘l51—152; 719828-629
`See application file for complete seen-ch history.
`
`(56}
`
`References Cited
`U.S. PAI EN I DOCUMENTS
`
`4.803.039 A
`5,i85,699 A
`5.531.928 A
`5.611376 A ’
`5,564,112 A
`
`ZINE? Impink, Jr.ct al.
`2.31993 Roincrel ul.
`.........
`731995 Stanczylc ct a]. _
`3I199? Durflingeret a].
`94‘1997 Sturgeon ct ill.
`
`3761916
`.. imffll
`. 7059'?
`.. TD'NIDI
`705.38
`
`
`
`"105.323
`IIIQQR Hemlersnn ...................
`$312,990 A
`331998 Sturgeon ct aI.
`..... 70539
`5,726,884 A
`5,960,200 A * WWW Fager eta].
`.. “WM?
`5,965,858 A
`10i1999 Suzuki cl 3].
`.. 235815
`6,023,698 A ‘
`32000 Lave}! eta}.
`...- ifl'L'lt'I
`6.067.549 A
`$2000 Smiley el al.
`..
`'P'O‘i't'lfl-i
`5,097,995 A
`8’2000 ‘Iiplon d a].
`'i'fltlfléé
`
`
`
`.
`
`(Continued)
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`RP
`
`874306 A2 ' lflfl993
`
`OTHER PUBLICA'J'IUNS
`
`Buzzmtt, “LIBasc and SQL Mixing Metaphors". Data BasedAdvisor,
`v8. n6, 9. 94(7). Jun. I990. ISSN: 0740-5200 *
`
`-Mary D. Chetmg
`Primary Examiner
`(74) airframe}: Agent, or Finn—Labia & Parry LLI‘
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`An integrated system for managing changes in regulatory
`and non—regulatory requirements for business activities at an
`industrial or commercial facility. Application of this system
`to environmental, health and safety activities. and to food.
`drug, cosmetic, and medical treatment and device aetivilies.
`are discussed as examples. "the system: provides one or
`more databases that contain information on operations and
`requirements cementing an activity or area of business:
`receives
`information on regulatory and non-regulatory
`changes Uial affect operations of the business; converts-these
`changes into changes in data entry forms. data processing
`and analysis procedures. and presentation (by printing. elec-
`tronic display andfor distribution) of data processing and
`analysis results to sclcclcd recipients, without requiring the
`services of one or more programmers to rc-key EILCUDT
`reformat the items afl‘ected by the change; and implements
`receipt of change information and dissemination of data
`processing and analysis results using the facilities of the
`Internet.
`
`59 Claims, 13 Drawing Sheets
`
`I
`
`
`
`Change Layer I
`
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`INTELIENT MB NB PFIWIIEI} HF WHEN
`CONFIGURATION TOOLS THAT
`END USEFI FLMGTIDNS
`ENABLED BY CONFIGURATION
`ENABLE THE END USER FUNCTIONS
`
`1 ‘I
`
`
`
`
`
`13
`
`15
`
`WAD”! HEFEHENIS “BLISS.
`HJIIJ'IICNS Ml] PHUIDLFIES
`
`
`HOLE“m ARE EMU
`FFIEIM MEIADATA DEHI'ITENS
`
`TARESJ‘EWEHMTWAND
`WES NEW 31'
`ED LEE? HMIHBWI MEIADAIA
`
`Business Content Layer
`
`

`

`US 7,356,482 82
`Page 2
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`Apr. 8, 2008
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`US. Patent
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`Apr. 3, 2003
`
`Sheet 2 of 13
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`US 7,356,482 32
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`IA IDENTIFIES ONE OR MORE
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`RELEVANT CHANGES ON A NETWORK.
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`USING PRE-DEFINED RULES
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`US. Patent
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`Apr. s, 2008
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`Sheet 3 MB
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`US 7,356,482 132
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`SIS WUHKLIST
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`US. Patent
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`Apr. 8, 2008
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`Apr. 8, 2008
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`US. Patent
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`Apr. 8, 2008
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`Sheet 7 of 13
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`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 3,2003
`
`Sheet 8 of 13
`
`US 7,356,482 .32
`
`Change Agent Management Unit Main Menu
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`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 3, 2008
`
`Sheet 9 of 13
`
`US 7,356,482 32
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`El Wurklist
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`WASTE PROFILE STATE NUMBERS
`
`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 8, 2008
`
`Sheet 10 of 13
`
`US 7,356,482 32
`
`Emission Calculation Date select NATGAS UNCUNTROLLED_
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`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 8,2008
`
`Sheet 11 of 13
`
`US 7,356,482 32
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`

`

`US. Patent
`
`Apr. 9,2908
`
`Sheet 12 0113
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`US 7,356,482 32
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`U.S. Patent
`
`Apr.8,2008
`
`Sheet 13 of 13
`
`US 7,356,482 132
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`El Document - Preview
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`US 7,356,432 BZ
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`l
`INTEGRATED CHANGE MANAGEMENT
`UNIT
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`This invention relates to the integrated management of
`information all'ected by regulatory changes, such as changes
`in environmental, health and safety laws, and non—regulatory
`changes.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`Control of industrial and commercial activities by means
`of federal, state and local
`laws, statutes, ordinances and
`regulations (“regulations" herein) is endemic in the United
`States. Examples of activities that are regulated by such
`regulations
`include:
`environmental health and
`safety
`(“ELI-1&5"; Titles 7,
`IO. 29, 30, 40, 42 and 49 01' the Code of
`Federal Regulations and related state and local codes);
`administrative procedures applicable to goverrunent person—
`nel (Title 5); agricultural activities (l'itles 7 and 9]; creation.
`use, treatment and diaposal of nuclear materials (Title 10);
`conversion and distribution ofusable forms of energy, power
`and water (Titles 10 and 18); banking, Financial and secu—
`rities activities and foreign trade Titles 12, 15. 16, 19 and
`22); space and aeronautical activities (Title 14); munitercial
`trade practices (Title 16'); food, drugs, cosmetics, medical
`treatments and devices ("FDCMTD"; Title 2]); transporta-
`tion of persons and cargo ("titles 23 and 49); housing and
`urban development (Title 24); firearms production and trade
`(Title 2?]; workers compensation [Title 29}; mining and
`related activities [Title 30): national defense activities (Titles
`15 and 32); navigation and navigable waters (Title 33);
`education fl'itle 34); activities in and on parks, forests,
`public lands and other public property ("titles 36 and 43J;
`intellectual property activities {Title 37); veterans' pensions
`and relief (Title 33); postal service activities (Title 39);
`public contracts and public property management (Titles 4]
`and 48); public health [Title 42); emergency management
`and assistance (1‘itle (44); grant of public welfare and
`assistance (1'itle 45);
`telecommunications (Title 47]: and
`wildlife and fisheries activities (Title 50). Some of the most
`pervasive regulations concern FH&S and FDCMTD activi-
`ties.
`Generation and use of hazardous substances in the United
`States has grown steadily in the last 53 years and is now
`estimated to be over 300 million metric tons per year.
`According to one definition, a “hazardous substance" is any
`substance or mixture of substances that may cause substan-
`tial personal
`injury or substantial
`illness during or as a
`proximate result of any customary or reasonably foreseeable
`handling or use, including reasonably foreseeable ingestion
`by children, if the substance: {1) is a toxic agent or repro-
`ductive toxin; (2) is corrosive; (3) is an irritant; (4) is a
`strong scusitizcr, (5) is flammable, combustible or explo—
`sive; (IS)
`is pyrophoric; (7) is a carcinogen, hepntotoxin,
`nephrotoxin or neurotoxin; (8) is an agent that acts on the
`hematopoietie system; {9) is an agent
`that damages the
`lungs, skin, eyes or mucous membranes; (10) is a com-
`pressed gas; (1 l) is an organic peroxide; (12) is an oxidizer;
`[13) is unstable, reactive or water-reactive; (14) generates
`pressure through documpositjou, heat or othermcans;(15) is
`sulficiently radioactive to require label ing as such; {16) is a
`toy or other article intended for use by children and presents
`an electrical, mechanical or thermal haaard; or (17) is
`specially listed as a hazardous substance by a state or federal
`agency having jurisdiction over such substances.
`
`2
`
`At Ilic federal level, special purpose hazardous substance
`laws and regulations, focusing on a particular hazardous
`substance or narrow class of such materials, have been
`applied for more than a century. In 1866, a federal law
`regulating transportation and storage of explosive and flam—
`mable materials was promulgated. This was followed in
`1899, 1910, 1938, 1944 and 194? by passage ofthe. Refuse
`Act, the first Insecticide Act. the Food, Drug and Cosmetic
`Act,
`the Safe Drinking Water Act, and the insecticide,
`Fungicide and Rodentieide Act, respectively. In 1955 and
`1966, the Clean Air Act and the Federal Harardous Suh—
`.stances Act appeared. respectively. Since 1969, the pace of
`introduction of new laws regulating hazardous substances
`has increased, and approximately 15 new major federal laws
`and voluminous regulations have been introduced in this
`area. There laws often have overlappingjurisdiction and are
`not always consistent with one another. chcral states, such
`as t'Ialifornia, have passed their own hazardous substance
`lows before the corresponding federal hazardous substance
`laws were adopted. These laws still apply in those states and
`in many cases supersede their Federal counterparts. "these
`laws statutes, ordinances. regulations and related constraints
`are constantly changing and require corresponding changes
`in data entry, dam armlysis and presentation of the results.
`111: Safe Drinking Water Act
`(“SDWA"' , originally
`passcdin 1944 and amended several times since then, covers
`all drinking water supplies in all states. Primary standards.
`to prevent adverse effects on human health, and secondary
`stmidards and covering certain aesthetic effects such as odor
`and turbidity of processed drinking water, are set down in
`terms of maximum pe