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`strut be
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`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 2
`
`

`
`Client/Server
`
`Architecture
`
`SECOND EDITION
`
`.4
`
`Alex Berson
`
`fry
`
`fry
`
`fry
`
`fry
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 3
`
`

`
`Client/Server
`
`Architecture
`
`SECOND
`EDITION
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 4
`
`

`
`Client/Server
`Architecture
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 5
`
`

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`Handbook
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`SYBASE and Client/Server Computing
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`Issues and Strategies
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`Guide to Network Management
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`Handbook of LAN Technology We
`Multivendor Networking LInking PCs
`Minis and Mainframes over IANs
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`Comprehensive Approach
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`Practical Guide
`Open Systems Interconnection Its
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`
`Broadband Communications
`Professionals Guide to ATM Frame
`Relay SM/IS SONET and B-IS/IN
`5PM APPN HER and TCP/IP
`
`Integration
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 6
`
`

`
`O.07O603626
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`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 7
`
`

`
`Client/Server
`Architecture
`
`Alex Berson
`
`Second Edition
`
`McGraw-Hill
`
`New York
`
`Sen Francisco Washington D.C Auckland
`Cogotá
`London Madrid Mexico City Milan
`Caracas
`Lisbon
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`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 8
`
`

`
`To Irma Wad and Michelle
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Berson Alex
`2nd ed
`Alex Berson
`Clientlsenrer architecture
`cm
`Ranade series on computer communications
`references and index
`Includes bibliographical
`ISBN 0-07-005664-1
`hardcover
`
`Client/server computing
`II Series
`
`QA7S.9.C55B47
`004.36dc2O
`
`1996
`
`Computer architecture
`
`Title
`
`96-3254
`CIP
`
`McGraw-Hill
`
`Division of The McGraw-HI
`
`ii Companies
`
`1996 by The McGraw-Hill Companies1 Inc All rights re
`Copyright
`served Printed in the United States of America Except as permitted
`under the United States Copyright Act of 1976 no part of this publica
`tion may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means or
`stored in data base or retrieval system without
`the prior written per
`mission of the publisher
`
`DOG/DOC
`
`ISBN 0-07-005664-1
`
`The sponsoring editor for this book was Jerry Pap he the editing
`supervisor was Virginia Carroll and the production supervisor was
`Donald Schmidt
`It was set in Century Schoolbook by North Market
`Street Jrnphics
`
`Printed and bound by
`
`Donnefley
`
`Sons Company
`
`Information contained in this work has been obtained by The
`be
`McGraw-Hill Companies
`Inc McGraw-Hilll
`from sources
`lieved to be reliable However neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors
`or completeness of any information pub
`guarantees the accuracy
`lished herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor
`its authors shall be
`
`responsible for any errors omissions or damages arising out of use
`of this information This work is published with the understanding
`that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying inffirmation but are
`not attempting to render engineering or other professional services
`If such services are required the assistance of an appropriate pro
`fessiooal should he sought
`
`This bookie printed on acid-free paper
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 9
`
`

`
`Contents
`
`Preface
`
`xvi
`
`Acknowledgments
`
`xxii
`
`Part
`
`Foundation
`
`introductIon to Open Distributed Systems
`Chapter
`and the Client/Server Model
`
`1.1
`
`1.1.4
`
`EVOLUTION
`Host-Based Processing
`1.1.1
`1.1.2 Master-Slave Processing
`FIrst-Generation Client/Server Processing
`1.1.3
`Peer-to-Peer Processing
`Second-Generation Client/Server ProcessIng
`1.1.5
`1.2 PARADIGM SHIFT
`1.2.1
`
`Computing Paradigm
`Business ParadIgm
`1.2.3 Advantages of Client/Server Computing
`STANDARDS
`AND OPEN SYSTEMS
`Open Systems
`1.3.1
`1.3.2 BeneficIaries of Open Systems
`1.4 OSF DISTRIBUTED
`COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT
`DCE ArchItecture
`1.4.1
`1.4.2 Distributed File System DFS
`1.4.3 Directory ServIce
`1.4.4 Remote Procedure Calls
`Threads Services
`1.4.5
`Time Services
`The ResultOCE Client/Server Model
`
`1.22
`
`1.3
`
`1.4.6
`
`1.4.7
`1.5 CORBA
`1.6 THE COMPLETE PICTUREA NEW GENERATION
`OF THE CLIENT/SERVER
`COMPUTING MODEL
`1.7 SUMMARY
`
`10
`
`11
`
`13
`
`14
`
`15
`
`17
`
`is
`
`20
`
`22
`
`22
`
`23
`
`25
`
`26
`
`26
`
`27
`
`27
`
`28
`
`32
`
`33
`
`vii
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 10
`
`

`
`viii
`
`Contents
`
`Chapter
`
`Approach to Distribution
`
`2.1 DiSTRIBUTED MODELS
`Cooperative Client/Server Processing
`2.1.1
`2.1.2 ApplIcation Components Distribution Points
`2.2 MULT1TIERED ENVIRONMENTS
`Two-TIered Model
`2.2.1
`2.2.2 Platform-Based Multitiered Model
`2.2.3 Second-GeneratIon Multltiered Client/Server Models
`2.3 SINGLE SYSTEM IMAGE
`DISTRIBUTION
`2.4 PRESENTATION
`2.4.1 Distributed Presentation
`2.4.2 Remote Presentation
`2.5 DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING
`DIstributed Functions
`2.5.1
`TransactIons and Distributed Transaction ProcessIng
`2.5.2
`2.6 DATA DISTRIBUTION
`DIstributed Data and Data Management ArchItecture
`2.6.1
`2.6.2 Remote Data Management
`2.6.3 Distributed Data Management
`
`Part
`
`Client and Server Specialization in the
`Distributed Environment
`
`Chapter
`
`ClIent Specialization In the Client/Server Environment
`
`3.1 CLIENTS ROLE AND FUNCTIONS
`AND GUI
`3.2 PRESENTATION MANAGEMENT
`32.1 General Requirements for Standard 01.11
`3.2.2 GUI Features
`WINDOWS SYSTEM
`3.3
`3.4 OSF/MOTIF
`3.5 MS WINDOWS
`3.5.1 Windows Open ServIces Architecture WOSA
`3.5.2 Windows Clipboard1 DDE and OLE
`3.5.3 Windows 95
`3.6 GUI PORTABILITY
`DEVELOPMENT
`3.7 APPLICATION
`
`Chapter
`
`Server Specialization in the Client/Server Environment
`
`SERVER FUNCTIONS
`4.1
`4.2 SERVER HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
`4.2.1 System Considerations
`RISC versus CISC
`4.2.2
`SYSTEMS
`4.3 MULTIPROCESSOR
`SMP Design
`SMP Features
`SMP Implementations
`4.3.3
`AND CLUSTER SYSTEMS
`4.4 MASSIVELY PARALLEL PROCESSORS
`DistrIbuted-Memory Architecture
`4.4.1
`
`4.3.2
`
`4.3.1
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`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 11
`
`

`
`Contents
`
`Ix
`
`Issues
`Research
`4.4.2
`4.4.3 Clustered Systems
`4.5 SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS
`4.5.1 Requirements
`UNIX
`4.5.2
`4.5.3 WIndows/NT
`4.5.4 OS/2
`NetWare
`05 Summary
`
`4.5.5
`
`4.5.6
`
`Part
`
`Networking Communications and Middleware
`
`Chapter
`
`Communication Systems
`
`AND DISTRIBUTION
`5.1 COMMUNICATION
`SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
`5.2 COMMUNICATION
`5.3 LAYERS PROTOCOLS AND INTERFACES
`ISO REFERENCE MODEL
`5.4
`5.4.1 OSI Physical Layer
`5.4.2 OSI Data Link Layer
`5A.3 OSI Network Layer
`051 Transport Layer
`5.4.4
`051 Session Layer
`5.4.5
`5.4.6 OSI Presentation Layer
`5.4.7 OSI Application Layer
`COMPONENTS CONNECTIVITY
`5.5 CLIENT/SERVER
`5.5.1 Communication and Synchronization
`5.5.2 Procedure-OrIented CommunicatlonRPC
`5.6 NETWORKS
`5.6.1 Classification
`
`Topology
`5.6.2
`5.6.3 Network Switching Techniques
`
`Chapter
`
`Local Area NetworkIng
`
`6.1
`
`LOCALAREANETWORKCONCEPTS
`LAN WAN and MAN
`6.1.1
`LAN Characteristics and Components
`6.1.2
`AND ACCESS CONTROL METHODS
`62 TRANSMISSION
`Transmission Medium
`6.2.1
`TransmIssion Techniques
`TransmIssIon Control
`
`6.2.2
`6.23
`
`6.3
`
`6.4
`
`IEEE 802 ARCHITECTURE
`LAN Standards and IEEE ProJect 802
`6.3.1
`IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control Layer
`6.3.2
`6.3.3 Media Access Control Layers and iEEE 802.3
`6.3.4 Ethernet
`IEEE 802.4 Token-Bus Standard
`IEEE 802.5 Token-Ring Standard
`6.3.6
`INTER-LAN CONNECTIVITY
`Repeaters
`6.4.1
`6.42 Bridges
`6.4.3 Routers
`
`6.3.5
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`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 12
`
`

`
`\\\\\\\
`
`\\
`
`Contents
`
`6.5.1
`
`6.4.4 Gateways
`Intelligent Hubs
`6.4.5
`5.5 HIGH-SPEED LAN
`FDD
`100-Mbps Ethernet
`6.5.3 Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM
`LAN-WAN INTERCONNECTION
`6.6
`6.7 WIRELESS LAN
`MIcrowave
`6.7.1
`
`6.5.2
`
`6.7.2
`
`Infrared
`
`6.7.3 Satellite
`
`6.7.4 Spread-Spectrum
`6.8 CONCLUSION
`
`Chapter
`
`TCP/IP and SNA
`
`7.1
`
`COMMUNiCATIONS
`
`CONTROL PROTOCOL/INTERNET
`TRANSMISSION
`PROTOCOL TCP/iP
`TCP/IP Internetworking
`7.1.1
`TCP/IP Protocols
`7.1.2
`7.1.3 AddressIng sockets and sequencing
`internet Services
`7.1.4
`7.2 SNA COMPONENTS LAYERS AND FUNCTiONS
`7.2.1 Components
`Seven SNA Layers
`7.2.2
`SNA and OSI
`7.2.3
`7.3 ADVANCED PROGRAM-TO-PROGRAM
`OVERVIEW
`APPC Design Objectives
`7.3.1
`7.3.2 TransactIon Programs and Distributed Transaction
`ProcessIng
`LU6.2 Protocol Boundaries and Components
`APPC/LU6.2 Conversations and States
`APP1/LU6.2 Sessions
`
`7.3.3
`
`7.3.4
`
`73.5
`
`8.1.1
`
`Client/Server and MiddIeware
`
`Chapter
`8.1 MIDDLEWAREA
`NEW CLASS OF SOFTWARE
`DefInition and Functionality
`Forces That Drive Middleware
`8.1.2
`8.1.3 Mlddleware Computing Models
`8.2 MIDDLEWARE
`TECHNIQUES
`RPC
`8.2.1
`8.2.2 Messaging and Queuing
`8.2.3 Message Queuing and E-MaIl
`RPC versus Messaging
`8.2.4
`Data Management Middlewaro
`8.2.5
`8.2.6 Distributed TP Managers
`AND EMERGING STANDARDS
`8.3 MIDDLEWARE
`8.4 MAJOR VENDORS MIDDLEWARE
`STRATEGIES
`iBM
`8.4.1
`8.4.2 MIcrosoft
`8.4.3 DigItal
`8.4.4 Others
`8.5 M1DDLEWARE BENEFITS
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`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 13
`
`

`
`Contents
`
`xl
`
`Part
`
`Cooperative Processing and Data Management
`in CI lent/Server Environments
`
`Distributed Data Management
`chapter
`9.1 WHY DATA DISTRIBUTION
`DATA MODEL
`9.2 RELATIONAL
`Evolution of SQL
`9.2.1
`9.3 METHODS OF DATA DISTRIBUTION
`9.3.1 Manual Extract
`
`9.3.2 Snapshot
`9.3.3 ReplicatIon
`
`Fragmentation
`9.3.4
`9.4 DISTRIBUTED
`DATA LOCATION ANALYSIS
`DATA ACCESS
`9.5 DISTRIBUTED
`9.5.1 Remote Request
`9.5.2 Remote Transaction
`9.5.3 DistrIbuted TransactIon
`9.5.4 Distributed Request
`9.6 DATABASE
`TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT
`Database Transactions
`9.6.1
`Two-Phase Commit Protocol
`9.6.2
`9.6.3 Distributed Two-Phase Commit
`
`Chapter 10 DesIgning
`
`10.1
`
`10.2
`
`Distributed Data Management System
`DATA DICTIONARY
`DISTRIBUTED
`DATES RULES AND DISTRIBUTED DATA
`MANAGEMENT
`ISSUES
`Rule 1Local Autonomy
`10.2.1
`Rule 2No Reliance on Central Site
`10.2.2
`10.2.3 Rule 3Continuous OperatIons
`Rule 4Data Location Independence
`10.2.4
`Rule 5Data Fragmentation independence
`Rule 6Data Replication Independence
`Rule 7Distributed Query Processing
`Rule 8Distributed Transaction Management
`10.2.9 Hardware Software Networks and DBMS Independence
`10.3 OTHER DISTRIBUTED
`DATA MANAGEMENT
`ISSUES
`AdmInistration
`10.3.1
`
`10.2.5
`
`10.2.6
`
`102.7
`
`10.2.8
`
`10.3.2
`
`SecurIty
`103 Currency Control
`
`Chapter 11 Data Distribution and Data Replication
`
`11.2.2
`
`DATA DISTRIBUTION ARCHITECTURES
`11.1
`11.2 DRDA
`11.2.1
`
`DRDA Overview
`DRDA and DDM
`DRDA ProcessIng Model
`11.2.3
`11.3 OVERVIEW OF DATA REPLICATION
`11.3.1 HIstory of Data Repilcation
`11.3.2 ReplIcation Technology and Architecture
`11.4 REPLICATION
`SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
`
`239
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`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 14
`
`

`
`xii
`
`Contents
`
`11.5
`
`11$ REPLICATiON BENEFITS
`EXAMPLES
`IMPLEMENTATION
`SYBASE Replication Server
`IBM Data Propagator
`ORACLE Symmetric Replication
`11.6.3
`11.5.4 MIcrosoft SQL Server ReplIcation
`11.6.5 Others
`
`11.6.1
`
`11.6.2
`
`Chapter 12 DBMS Architecture and implementations
`for the CilentlServer EnvIronment
`
`12.1
`
`12.1.3
`
`TRENDS AND FEATURES OF CLIENT/SERVER
`IMPLEMENTATION
`DBMS
`DISTRIBUTED
`12.1.1 Relational DBMS Architecture for Scaleability
`RDBMS Performance and Efficiency Features
`12.1.2
`DBMS ConnectIvity
`Advanced RDBMS Features
`12.1.4
`12.2 RDBMS RELIABILITY
`AND AVAILABILITY
`12.2.1 Robustness Transactions Recovery and ConsIstency
`RDBMS Administration
`12.2.2
`RDBMS SOLUTIONS
`12.3 CLIENT/SERVER
`SYBASE
`12.3.1
`12.3.2 ORACLE
`INFORMIX
`12.3.3
`12.3.4 CMngres
`IBM
`12.3.5
`12.3.6 Microsoft
`
`Part
`
`Transaction and Systems Management
`in Client/Server Environments
`
`Chapter 13 Distributed Transaction Processing
`
`13.1
`
`DTP CONCEPTS
`TransactIons
`13.1.1
`TPMonltors
`13.1.2
`13.1.3 Distributed Transaction Processing
`PROCESSING MODEL
`13.2 XIOPEN DISTRIBUTED TRANSACTION
`13.3 OVERVIEW OF GlOB
`13.3.1 CICS intercommunication Methods
`13.3.2 CICS Intercommunication FacilitIes
`Front-End and Back-End Transactions
`13.3.3
`13.3.4 Syncpolnts
`13.3.5 CICS Distributed Two-Phase CommIt
`13.4 TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT
`SOLUTIONS
`TUXEDO Overview
`13.4.1
`TUXEDO Architecture
`TUXEDO DIstributed Transaction Management
`
`13.4.2
`
`13.4.3
`13.5 ENCINA
`
`13.5.1
`
`Enclna Architecture and Components
`13.5.2 Enclna Monitor Features
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`ass
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`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 15
`
`

`
`Contents
`
`xlii
`
`13.6 TOP END
`13.6.1
`
`13.6.2
`
`TOP END Features
`TOP END Components
`
`in Client/Server
`
`Chapter 14 Systems Management
`Computing Environment
`14.1 SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
`14.1.1 OvervIew of Distributed Systems Management
`14.1.2 Complexity Management
`14.2 DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF DISTRIBUTED
`SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
`14.3 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
`14.4 SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS
`SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
`14.5 DISTRIBUTED
`AND FRAMEWORK
`14.6 SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTION REQUIREMENTS
`14.7 REMOTE DATABASE MANAGEMENT
`Database Systems Management Examples
`14.1.1
`14.8 SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
`SOLUTIONS
`148.1
`Microsoft Systems Management Server
`The Tivoll Management Environment
`14.8.2
`14.8.3 Other Systems Management Tools
`14.9 NETWORK MANAGEMENT
`IBM Systemvlew
`14.9.1
`14.10 WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT
`14.10.1 Workflow Management OvervIew
`14.10.2 Workflow Architectures
`
`FUNCTIONS
`
`REQUIREMENTS
`
`Part
`
`Client/ServerMature Architecture
`
`chapter 15 Data Warehousing
`
`DATA STORES
`OF DATA WAREHOUSE
`AND COMPONENTS
`
`15.1
`
`15.4.2
`
`THE NEED FOR DATA WAREHOUSING
`AND INFORMATIONAL
`15.2 OPERATIONAL
`15.3 DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS
`15.4 DATA WAREHOUSE
`ARCHITECTURE
`Data Warehouse Components
`15.4.1
`Data Warehouse Access and Client/Server Architecture
`DATA WAREHOUSE
`15.5 BUILDING
`15.5.1 Approach
`Issues
`15.5.2 OrganizatIonal
`15.6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
`Data Content
`15.6.1
`15.6.2 Metadata
`
`15.6.3
`
`15.6.4
`
`Data DIstribution
`Tools
`
`15.6.5
`
`Performance ConsideratIons
`15 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
`Hardware Platforms
`15.7.1
`t5.7.2 Data Warehouse and DBMS SpecIalization
`15.7.3 CommunIcations Infrastructure
`
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`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 16
`
`

`
`\\\\\\\\\\\\
`
`xlv
`
`Contents
`
`15.8
`
`15.9
`
`15.8.2
`
`15.8.3
`
`CONSIDERATIONS
`IMPLEMENTATION
`15.8.1 Access Tools
`Data Extraction Cleanup1 Transformation
`Data Placement Strategies
`15.8.4 Metadata
`15.8.5 User Sophistication Levels
`Integrated Solutions
`15.8.6
`BENEFITS OF DATA WAREHOUSING
`Tangible Benefits
`15.9.1
`Intangible Benefits
`
`15.9.2
`
`and Migration
`
`Chapter 16 Technology and Advanced ApplIcations
`of Data Warehousing
`
`FOR
`
`16.1
`
`16.4
`
`DATABASE TECHNOLOGY
`RELATIONAL
`DATA WAREHOUSiNG
`16.1.1
`Types of ParatIelism
`Data PartitionIng
`16.1.2
`16.2 DATABASE
`FOR PARALLEL PROCESSING
`ARCHITECTURES
`15.2.1 Shared-Memory Architectures
`16.2.2 Shared-Disk Architecture
`16.2.3 Shared-Nothing ArchItecture
`16.2.4 CombIned Architecture
`16.3 PARALLEL RDBMS FEATURES
`ALTERNATIVE
`TECHNOLOGIES
`Advanced Indexing Techniques
`16.4.1
`16.5 PARALLEL DBMS VENDORS
`16.5.1 Oracle
`informix
`iBM
`16.5.3
`16.5.4 Sybase
`16.5.5 Other RDBMS Products
`Specialized Database Products
`16.5.6
`16.6 ON-LINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL
`DATABASES
`The Need for OLAP
`16.6.1
`16.6.2 MuIlidimensional Data Model
`166.3 OLAP GuidelInes
`16.6.4 Multidimensional vs Relational
`16.6.5 AlternatIve Approach
`15.6.6 OLAP Tools
`16.7 DATA MINING
`Data Mining DefinitIon and Drivers
`Data Mining Methodology
`16.7.3 DataMiningTechniques
`16.7.4 Applications of Data Mining
`Data Visualization
`16.7.5
`16.7.6 Criteria for Data Mining and Visualization Tools
`
`16.5.2
`
`16.7.1
`
`16.7.2
`
`Chapter 17 ClIent/Server ComputingArchitecture for Today
`and Tomorrow
`
`17.1
`
`APPLICATION
`CLiENT/SERVER
`17.11
`PowerBuilder
`171.2 SQL Windows
`
`DEVELOPMENT
`
`451
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`504
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`505
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`510
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`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 17
`
`

`
`Contents
`
`xv
`
`17.1.3
`
`Forte
`
`17.1.4 Others
`APPLICATION TESTING
`17.2
`17-3 PUlliNG IT ALL TOGETHER
`17.31
`Data Access Services Architecture for DSS and OLTP
`Applications
`17.3.2 Common ServicesData Access Middleware
`COSTS
`17.4 CLIENTISERVER
`BENEFITS AND ADVANTAGES OF CLIENTSERVER COMPUTING
`17.6 WHATISNEXT
`
`17.5
`
`Appendix
`
`Glossary
`
`Appendix
`
`Appendix
`
`Dates 12 Distributed DBMS Rules
`
`Codds 12 Guidelines for OLAP
`
`Appendix
`
`10 Mistakes for Data Warehousing Managers to Avoid
`
`Appendix
`
`Suggested Publications
`
`Appendix
`
`Acronyms
`
`Index
`
`557
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`512
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`514
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`517
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`518
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`ste
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`524
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`528
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`529
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`545
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`549
`
`ssi
`
`56t
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 18
`
`

`
`\\C\\\\\
`
`Preface
`
`The last few years have seen the transformation of stand-alone per
`sonal computers into workgroup environments where workstations are
`via local and wide area networks and are integrated
`interconnected
`with the mainframe computers This transformation has been com
`technology graphical user
`in microcomputer
`bined with advances
`continues
`interfaces networking and communications As technology
`to evolve users are capable of interconnecting various platforms effi
`ciently and transparently and distributing data and applications
`across heterogeneous systems and networks
`Users desires to reduce costs in hardware software application
`development and operations to improve software quality and to re
`can now be realized by moving
`duce time-ta-market for new products
`and operational systems from mainframes to
`application development
`more efficient cost-effective and powerful client/server environments
`These are the main reasons for the rise of new types of computing and
`at the same time these factors have resulted in new often confusing
`number of new development methodologies
`vocabulary of terms and
`The picture has become even more complex with the advances in and
`of open systems object-oriented technologies and the
`acceptance
`Internet Prominent among these new computing models is the client/
`server computing model and the underlying architecture of cooperative
`and distributed processing
`computing model is rapidly evolving from the one
`This client/server
`introduced in the early 1990s to todays multitiered widely dis
`tributed data-rich cooperative distributed environment No longer is it
`server for data The concepts of
`client simply asking
`specialization introduced in the first edition of this book have matured
`computing one
`second generation of client/server
`and resulted in
`that deals with servers dedicated to applications data transaction
`management systems management and the like Data structures sup
`ported by this enhanced computing model range from relational
`
`first
`
`matter of
`
`xvi
`
`to
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 19
`
`

`
`Preface
`
`xvii
`
`to multimedia Clients are now
`nu1tidimen5i0fla to unstructured
`mobile and remote access is universally accepted and planned for
`move
`Almost every major business organization is considering
`distributed environment
`cooperative
`processing object-
`toward
`oriented technologies the Internet and second-generation multitiered
`client/server architecture These large reengineering and system inte
`in time money and
`investment
`gration projects require
`significant
`the lack of proper expertise and the confusion
`resources However
`of open systems distributed
`5raunding the issues
`cooperative
`processing distributed objects and client/server architecture often
`lead to actual or perceived project failures that affect business and
`computer vendors alike Thus the need to clarify the concepts arch
`tecture and evolution of the client/server computing model coupled
`popular and successful
`implementation of this
`with the analysis of
`model become very pressing indeed Understanding
`client/server
`issues is central to the success of such open
`architecture and relevant
`commerce
`processing initiatives as electronic
`distributed cooperative
`and data warehousing
`The purpose of this book is to introduce readers to the evolution
`power advantages and pitfalls of client/server architecture and to dis
`number of complex issues surrounding the implementation and
`cuss
`management of client/server systems From that perspective this book
`is intended to become the handbook and guide for client/server appli
`cation developers systems and database administrators information
`technology managers and users Client/server architecture its advan
`tages features and usage are discussed against the background of the
`evolution of the computing environment standards and open systems
`object-oriented technologies client and server specialization and the
`foundation the book
`analysis of middleware Using these topics as
`client/server archi
`proceeds to analyze multitiered second-generation
`such as data replication distributed systems
`tecture and technologies
`management and data warehousing
`
`WHY THIS BOOK IS NEEDED
`The amount of information related to the subject of client/server com
`continue to advance
`puting is tremendous Conversely as technologies
`new hot areas such as data replication the World Wide Web data
`warehousing on-line analytical processing data mining and parallel
`the attention
`database
`of developers
`are attracting
`technologies
`strategists and users while the amount of information about most of
`limited Some of the material covered in this
`these technologies
`book can be found mostly in various vendor publications trade litera
`ture and international standards materials
`
`is still
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1036, p. 20
`
`

`
`xviii
`
`Preface
`
`the available client/server-related information
`To sort through all
`cohesive and complete description of second-generation
`and find
`computing architecture and applications is extremely
`client/server
`significant portion of the
`difficult This is especially true because
`regular basis Various
`available information is being changed on
`emerging standards and continuous product updates are examples of
`and
`implementations
`this dynamic nature Various
`client/server
`related issues described in this book require detailed knowledge of
`different hardware and software platforms Specifically hardware
`platforms described in this book include mainframes midrange sys
`servers and personal comput
`tems parallel processors workstations
`ers Operating systems include MVS UNIX Windows/WV NetWare
`description of open distributed environments includes
`and OS/2
`Open Software Foundations Distributed Computing Environment as
`well as Object Management Groups Common Object Request Broker
`Architecture Database management system discussions are focused
`on key features of SYBASE ORACLE INFORMI