Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 1
`
`

`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 2
`
`

`
`Praise for HOW TO SET UP AND MAINTAIN
`WORLD WIDE WEB SITE
`
`This is an excellent book and thorough primer for anyone pondering the mysteries
`of Web publishing After reading this book the mysteries are revealed and the
`reader is well on his way to setting up shop on the Web
`Chris Shipley Editoi Computer Life
`
`When the Internet hit the mainstream the flood of how to books left new and old
`titles The same torrent
`Internet users baffled by hundreds of mostly redundant
`promises to follow the popularity of the World Wide Web but Lincoln Stein has
`done all of us an immense service by writing the definitive guide to Web weaving
`clear complete and hype-free book which anyone who
`before the deluge
`understand how Web site works should read
`wants to set up Web site or just
`Lyman Chapin Chief Network Architect BBN Systems and Technologies
`
`The first how-to book of substance that was unable to put down
`Todd Flaming Coordinator Chicago Computer Society Downtown Internet
`SIC
`
`How to Set Up and Maintain World Wide Web Site provides concise and complete
`instructions for installation and administration of the most popular WWW servers
`as well as detailed explanations of HTML authoring and stylistic recommendations
`valuable desk reference for administration personnel and HTML
`It serves as
`authors by providing necessary information in an easy-to-use guide that allows one
`to painlessly utilize todays WWW technology for distribution of information
`Mark
`Ellis Development Manager Reuters
`
`This is the first and the last World Wide Web book that you will ever need
`Period
`Fleischman Systems Engineer and Web Specialist BBN Systems
`Robert
`and Technologies
`This book is useful for anyone with any level of interest in the WWW phenome
`interested in authoring your own home page
`non Whether you are an individual
`secure WWW server or even just
`an administrator
`interested in setting up
`interested in how it works this is the book for you
`bystander
`Mukesh Kacker
`Internet Engineering Sun Microsystems
`
`Inc SunSoft
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 3
`
`

`
`For too long learning how to operate World Wide Web site was like learning
`how to drive without
`there are lots of mysterious knobs and levers and
`teacher
`an owners manual that assumes you know what youre doing Lincoln Stein has
`book that explains how to start the engine back out of the driveway and
`written
`merge onto the Information Superhighway
`as an information providei not
`just an
`information consumer
`Win Treese Open Market
`In maze of half-baked WWW books this one stands out because it covers the
`topics in detail and is written by someone with hands-on experience It
`important
`contains excellent details with examples on writing CCI scripts implementing
`security and configuring CERN and NCSA httpd servers for various needs In
`addition to the usual information on tables and HTML3 the book contains refer
`ences on proxy servers HflP headers HTML escape codes and MIME types pro
`viding valuable resource for every webmaster
`Dasan Rocky Mountain Technology Center Sun Microsystems
`Vasanthan
`
`Inc
`
`Inc
`
`Decidedly UNIX-based and proud of it Stein has written
`text which delves into
`Web operation installation and configuration procedures security creation of
`hypertext documents and working with and creating Server scripts all presented
`in an extremely readable style This book will be an excellent asset and resource for
`anyone working with the administration of the Internet and the World Wide Web in
`particular
`Elizabeth Zinkann Contributing Editoi Sys Admin
`
`This is an engaging combination of technically relevant
`topics resources and exam
`ples with practical guidance for both designers and implementers of Web services
`Zawilski Lead Systems Architect The MITRE Corporation
`Anthony
`
`and configured the NCSA HTTPD
`Using the chapters as
`text have downloaded
`server Its now up and running and we have begun putting our home pages out
`there Basically just followed the instructions one after another
`Son Inc
`Charles Slatei J.W Pepper
`
`Lincoln Stein has gathered together
`in one volume all
`the information necessary to
`successfully design install and maintain World Wide Web server and just as
`importantly its contents If youre responsible for bringing up your companys
`Web servei you will want this book
`Thom Stark Contributing Editor LAN TIMES
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 4
`
`

`
`HOW TO SET UP AND MAINTAIN
`
`WORLD WIDE WEB SITE
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 5
`
`

`
`HOW TO SET UP AND MAINTAIN
`
`WORLD WIDE WEB SITE
`
`The Guide for Information Providers
`
`Lincoln
`
`Stein
`
`VY ADDISON-WESLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY
`Reading Massachusetts Menlo Park California New York
`Don Mills Ontario Wokingham England Amsterdam
`Bonn Sydney Singapore
`Tokyo Madrid San Juan
`Paris Seoul Milan Mexico City Taipei
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 6
`
`

`
`Many of the designations
`used by manufacturers and sellers to distin
`guish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designa
`tions appear in this book and Addison-Wesley was aware of
`trademark
`claim the designations have been printed in initial capital
`The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity
`for special sales
`
`letters
`
`For more information please contact
`
`Professional Publishing Group
`Corporate
`Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
`One Jacob Way
`Reading Massachusetts
`
`01867
`
`Steth Lincoln
`
`1960-
`
`Lincoln
`
`Stein
`
`How to set up and maintain World Wide Web site the guide for
`information providers
`cm
`Includes index
`ISBN 0-201-63389-2 alk paper
`World Wide web Information retrieval system
`TK5105.888.574
`1995
`
`Title
`
`005.75.--dc20
`
`95-24492
`cTP
`
`Copyright
`
`1995 by Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc
`
`All
`
`rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced stored in
`retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic
`mechanical photocopying recording or otherwise without the prior written
`permission of the publisher Printed in the United States of America Published
`simultaneously in Canada
`
`ISBN 0-201-63389-2
`23456 789 10-CRS-98979695
`Second printing November 1995
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 7
`
`

`
`Contents
`
`Preface
`
`xi
`
`Chapter
`
`Introduction to the Web
`
`Little History
`Guided Tour
`
`10
`Key Concepts
`What Can You Do with the Web
`Creating Web Site 19
`Creating the Document and Server Root Directories
`Allocating Responsibility 22
`Doing Business Over the Web
`
`24
`
`14
`
`20
`
`Chapter
`
`Unraveling the Web How It All Works
`Network Basics
`
`27
`
`Uniform Resource Locators
`32
`The MIME Typing System 42
`The HTTP Protocol
`45
`
`Chapter
`
`Installing and Configuring Web Server
`Preparing Your Site 55
`Choice of Servers 58
`Servers on Non-Unix Platforms 63
`Obtaining and Installing the NCSA and CERN Servers 66
`Creating the Web Directories
`66
`69
`NCSAhttpd
`
`27
`
`55
`
`vii
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 8
`
`

`
`viii
`
`CONTENTS
`
`The CERN Server
`
`95
`
`Starting the Server at Boot Time 112
`
`Managing Log Files
`Publicizing Your Site 118
`
`115
`
`Chapter
`
`Security
`
`125
`
`Planning the Security at Your Site
`127
`Basic Security Measures
`Introduction to Web Server Built-in Access Control Facilities
`Configuring Access Control The Basics
`137
`NCSA httpd Controlling Directory Access
`137
`The CERN Server Controlling Directory Access
`Running Web Server with
`Firewall
`152
`Configuring the CERN Server to Act as Proxy 161
`Running in Change Root Environment
`
`144
`
`164
`
`Chapter
`
`Creating Hypertext Documents
`Some Background
`Basic HTML Tags
`Creating Hypertext Links
`
`169
`
`170
`
`174
`
`125
`
`131
`
`169
`
`Creating In-Line Images
`
`177
`
`Paragraph Formatting Tags
`182
`Creating Lists
`
`179
`
`Specifying Text Styles
`
`185
`
`187
`Special Characters
`Miscellaneous HTML Tags
`Tags for Defining Fill-Out Forms 189
`
`188
`
`189
`Putting It All Together
`Extended HTML Tags Used by Netscape Navigator
`Maintaining Compatibility with HTML
`205
`
`194
`
`Chapter
`
`Software Tools for Text Graphics Sound
`and Video
`
`207
`
`HTML Editor 207
`HTML Syntax Checkers
`214
`Converting Other Text Formats into HTML 216
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 9
`
`

`
`CONTENTS
`
`Using Graphics in Your Pages
`Using Sound in Your Pages
`244
`Using Video in Your Pages
`
`248
`
`225
`
`Chapter
`
`Web Style Guide
`
`Lost in Hyperspace
`251
`Making the Most of Your Pages
`276
`Optimizing Performance
`Clickable Image Maps Uses and Abuses
`Testing Your Pages
`281
`
`264
`
`278
`
`Changing Site 281
`Managing
`285
`Mirroring Other Sites
`The Web and Copyrights 286
`
`Chapter
`
`Working with Server Scripts
`289
`
`Script Basics
`Communicating with Scripts
`Creating Clickable Image Maps
`317
`Gateways to Other Services
`Fast Text-Based Searching for Documents at Your Site
`347
`Other Gateway Scripts
`Simple Scripting with Server-Side Indudes in NCSA httpd 349
`
`290
`
`307
`
`326
`
`ix
`
`251
`
`289
`
`355
`
`365
`
`409
`
`418
`
`Chapter
`
`Writing Server Scripts
`
`Introduction 355
`
`357
`
`Information from Within Scripts
`
`389
`
`Basic Scripts
`Retrieving Server and Browser
`385
`Writing Safe Scripts
`Generic Script Template
`Form for Sending in Comments 392
`397
`Picture Database Search Script
`Preserving State Information Between Invocations of Script
`Returning Nontext Documents from Scripts
`412
`Issuing HTTP Status Codes with No-Parse-Headers Scripts
`Writing Script to Start Time-Consuming Task in
`419
`the Background
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 10
`
`

`
`CONTENTS
`
`Appendix
`
`Resource Guide
`
`Appendix
`
`Escape Codes
`
`Configuring NCSA httpd to Use Public-Key
`Cryptography
`
`Appendix
`
`Index
`
`423
`
`441
`
`447
`
`453
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 11
`
`

`
`Preface
`
`guide for anyone who is planning to set up World Wide Web
`This is
`server site or who wants to enhance an existing one It
`is intended to
`variety of needs those of the corporate marketing department
`embrace
`executive who needs to get the fall catalog on-line fast the systems admin
`istrator nervous about system security the scientist who wants to make
`database of experimental results available to her colleagues or the college
`student eager to share his insights on the citys best ice cream parlors
`book on WWW administration when all
`the informa
`Why purchase
`tion is already out there freely available in glorious hypermedia form In
`part this book grew out of my frustration with the hypertext style of docu
`there but scattered about
`mentation The information is indeed out
`the
`globe often incomplete sometimes contradictory ever changing and fre
`later date This book pulls together all
`the
`quently hard to locate again at
`relevant information garnered from one individuals struggle to set up
`and maintain Web site
`Part of the beauty of the Web system is that
`rudimentary site can be
`set up in an afternoon and allowed to grow and bear fruit
`long time
`for
`thereafter This guide is intended to be useful during all phases of Web
`sites life span from the first
`invocation of
`to the last
`the
`compiler
`that has grown so complex that not even
`on
`baroque frill
`gateway script
`its creator can figure out how it works You probably wont need to read
`to do but it
`the whole book to accomplish what you want
`comfort to
`there when you need it The book starts with the nitty-
`know that its all
`gritty of choosing and obtaining Web server software compiling it
`to behave itself Next
`installing it at the site and configuring it
`there are
`form how
`chapters on how to get your information into Web-compatible
`to write hypertext documents what
`tools are available to convert existing
`files into hypertext and how to negotiate the alphabet soup of graph
`text
`ics sound and video standards Security is
`growing issue everywhere
`on the Internet and this book devotes
`issue both the
`to that
`chapter
`problem of keeping the Web site secure and the task of dealing with net
`work security measures that prevent Web software from working the way
`
`is
`
`xi
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 12
`
`

`
`xii
`
`HOW TO SET UP AND MAINTAIN
`
`WORLD WIDE WEB SITE
`
`its supposed to Chapters on server scripts describe how to incorporate
`executable programs into the Web site including such things as searchable
`forms clickable maps and gateways to other services
`indexes fill-out
`Finally there is Web style guide that tries to balance the topic of aesthetic
`purity with practical considerations such as performance
`breath
`takthgly beautiful Web page is not much good if no one has the patience to
`wait for it
`to download
`What
`is manual for World Wide Web browsers or
`this book is not
`listing of neat places to visit on the Web Nor is it
`guide to ruiining all
`possible servers on all possible operating systems It
`is unabashedly Unix-
`oriented and although the general prthciples of creating and maintaining
`Web site will have relevance for Macintosh and MS-Windows sites
`youll need to supplement this book with other sources in order to get the
`necessary details Within the Unix domain however
`have tried to make
`the text as general as possible and have been careful
`the examS
`to test all
`ples on machthes running BSD OSF/1 and Linux dialects of Unix
`hope that you enjoy opening up Web site as much as
`have and
`look forward to seeing you on the net
`
`About This Book
`
`Typographical
`Conventions
`
`The code examples given in this book including the contents of configura
`tion files executable scripts and the source code for HTML are given in
`monospaced font
`bold monospaced font is used to indicate user
`input as in
`
`URLs
`
`zorro
`Sunday
`zorro
`
`date
`January 20 1995 100503 EST
`
`monospaced font is also used for URLs and for the names of system
`commands
`
`URLs the ubiquitous Uniform Resource Locators that uniquely identify
`each document
`on the Web are used everywhere in this book
`static medium and URLs change constantly Some
`Unfortunately print is
`the URLs in this book will have changed between the time it went
`of
`to
`press and the time it appeared on bookstore shelves Hopefully the
`Webmasters responsible for these changed URLs left
`forwarding address
`telling you where the new versions can be found If not
`can only apolo
`that you try to track down the new location using one of
`gize and suggest
`the Webs many subject guides or keyword search services The Web
`resource guide at www-genome wi mit edu see next section may also
`contain updated addresses
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 13
`
`

`
`Tools and Other
`Resources
`
`PREFACE
`
`Xiii
`
`large number of Web resources including icons tools
`The book refers to
`executable scripts code libraries and sundry utilities Typically each
`home site where its most recent version can be found For
`resource has
`tools and placed
`Ive gathered up some of the most useful
`convenience
`single site accessible through the URL
`them on
`
`http //www-genome.wi.mit.edu/WWW/resource_guide.html
`
`resources
`Because tools get updated frequently you should also check
`home site given whenever possible to obtain the newest version Errata
`bug fixes and announcements of various sorts concerning this book can
`be found at
`
`http //www-genome.wi
`
`.mit .edu/WWW/
`
`Example HTML Documents and Scripts
`You can find the source code for the example HTML documents and exe
`cutable scripts given in this book at
`
`http //www-genorne
`
`.wi .mit edu/WWW/examples/
`
`The examples are keyed to the organization of this book To find particu
`the example
`link to the appropriate chapter All
`lar example look for
`code is in the public domain Youre welcome to use all or part of
`piece
`template for your own projects At this location youll also
`of code as
`find working versions of the executable scripts in Chapter
`the book where dummy URLs
`There are various places throughout
`are used as examples It should usually be clear which ones are real and
`which ones are dummies You can be certain that URL is
`dummy if
`contains the phony domain name capricorn org or zoo org You can
`rely on any URL involving www genome wi mit edu to be real
`
`it
`
`it
`
`is
`
`Freeware Shareware and Other Beasties
`Lots of software is available via the Internet and although much of
`is free Truly free software is software that
`freely available not all of
`has been explicitly placed in the public domain by its authors This software
`including modifying and redis
`can be used for any purpose whatsoever
`tributing it Several of the Web servers described in this book fall
`into this
`category In contrast another broad class of software is loosely called
`freeware This is software whose authors have not given up copyright but
`who allow you to use the software without payment This software may
`have various restrictions placed on it such as noncommercial
`use only or
`limitations on your ability to bundle it with other software products Then
`there is shareware whose authors allow you to use the software for
`period after which youre honor-bound to discard the software or to pay
`licensing fee Finally theres commercial demo software which is usually
`crippled version of the real thing
`
`it
`
`trial
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 14
`
`

`
`XIV
`
`HOW TO SET UP AND MAINTAIN
`
`WORLD WIDE WEB SITE
`
`Whenever mention
`try to report whether
`piece of software
`public domain freeware or shareware Sometimes however
`havent
`been able to determine what
`the status of
`utility is or its status has
`changed Before using any tool you should make sure that you under
`stand its authors intent
`
`is
`
`it
`
`Organization
`
`and
`introduce the Web and explain how it works Youll
`Chapters
`want
`to read Chapter
`and the introductory sections of Chapter
`regard
`less of whether youre more interested in administering Web server soft
`ware authoring hypertext documents or developing executable scripts
`that create dynamic documents Script developers will probably want
`to
`read through the esoterica at the end of Chapter
`as well because many
`clever tricks are possible when you understand the protocol
`in detail
`to the Web server administrator
`and
`Chapters
`are of most interest
`They explain how to set up the server software configure it and make it
`secure
`
`to the Web author Together
`and
`are of most interest
`Chapters
`they explain how to write hypertext documents provide pointers to tools
`for interconverting text graphics and animation files and provide
`style
`guide for making documents both effective and attractive
`are for Web script developers and authors who are
`and
`Chapters
`interested in learning to writing executable scripts These chapters also
`contain pointers to scripts written by other people that can be incorporated
`into your site without extensive programming
`
`Acknowledgments
`
`surprising number of people have helped directly or indirectly with
`this book Im extremely grateful
`to the members of my lab at
`the
`Whitehead Institute Robert Dredge Robert Nahf Richard Resnick Steve
`Rozen and Nadeem Vaidya all offered invaluable assistance in installing
`evaluating and debugging Web software tools Lois Bennett patiently
`the network running despite wave after wave of experimentation
`kept
`with increasingly esoteric aspects of Web administration André Marquis
`deserves special
`thanks for introducing me to the Web and getting the
`labs first server up and running Thanks as well
`to Drucilla Roberts
`whose livestock snapshots enliven the last chapter
`Id like to thank my reviewers Steven Bellovin
`Lyman Chapin
`Vasanthan Dasan Mark Ellis Robert Fleischman Mukesh Kaker Barry
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 15
`
`

`
`PREFACE
`
`XV
`
`Margolin Craig Partridge Clifford Skolnick and Win Treese for their
`identi
`insightful suggestions and for the many bloopers they collectively
`fied and nipped in the bud
`My particular thanks to my editor Carol Long and her assistant Lisa
`throughout
`Raffaele for their unflagging energy and encouragement
`project
`
`this
`
`Lincoln
`Stein
`lstein@genome .wi .mit edu
`http //www_genome.wi.mit.edu/18temn
`
`April 26 1995
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 16
`
`

`
`Hi
`
`Introduction to the Web
`
`Little History
`
`The World Wide Web is
`curious
`child of the Internet
`the product of
`reaction between the Internets wild growth and users frustrations with
`its limitations The Internet began in the late 1970s with the ARPANET an
`experimental wide-area network created by the U.S Department of
`Defense In the mid and late 1980s it began
`period of explosive growth
`as first governmental agencies then academic institutions then private
`research labs and finally corporations and individuals began to intercon
`network that has come to span the globe
`their computers in
`nect
`Naturally enough people wanted to use this network to share infor
`mation scientific labs to exchange data university students to exchange
`opinions private agencies to coordinate activities among their distant
`branches However although the physical
`infrastructure to exchange
`information existed the higher level of organization needed to link related
`information across the vast network lagged behind Instead
`pieces of
`of incompatible data exchange protocols inherited
`there was
`patchwork
`from various lines of parallel internetworking development
`the traditional command-oriented type-your-login-
`There was Telnet
`name-and-enter-your-password style of interaction There was FTP file
`for retrieving information from large file archives
`transfer protocol useful
`the information was
`but only if you knew the address of
`the computer
`the file you were looking for There was
`located on and the name of
`huge communal bulletin board and news system glutted with
`Usenet
`insights strong opinions and hard facts some even accurate
`brilliant
`There was e-mail for one-to-one information exchange and e-mail mail
`ing lists for one-to-many broadcasts There was Gopher
`campus-wide
`information system shared among many universities and research institu
`tions There was WAIS
`search and retrieval system
`powerful document
`developed by Thinking Machines Inc
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 17
`
`

`
`HOW TO SET UP AND MAINTAIN
`
`WORLD WIDE WEB SITE
`
`Each of these protocols required the user to master adifferent piece of
`software no two with quite the same interface Even then it could
`diffi
`to figure out where in this great roiling primordial soup of data the
`cult
`piece of information you needed could be found Adding to the confusion
`was the proliferation of document
`types and formats There were and still
`are dozens of ways to format
`text documents plain text PostScript
`LaTeX roff SGML RTF and the formats produced by various word
`processors on personal computers There were many more formats for
`graphics files and yet more for databases and the like Even if you could
`find the document you were looking for on the Internet there was no
`guarantee you could read it unless you could determine its file type and
`match it to the appropriate piece of software
`Enter the World Wide Web Initiative In 1989 Tim Berners-Lee and his
`at CERN the European high-energy physics center proposed
`associates
`new information system called WorldWideWeb
`the creation of
`Designed to aid the CERN scientists with the increasingly confusing task
`of locating information on the Internet
`the system was to act as
`unifying
`system that would seamlessly bind all the fragmented information
`force
`services and file protocols into
`single point of access Instead of having
`to invoke different programs to retrieve information via the various proto
`cols users would be able to fire up
`browser
`single program called
`and allow it
`the details of figuring out how to get the infor
`to handle all
`mation and display it
`central part of the proposal was to use
`hyper
`text metaphor
`information would be displayed as
`series of documents
`Related documents would be linked together by specially tagged words
`and phrases By selecting
`hypertext link the user would be taken to
`related document even if
`it were physically located on machine halfway
`across the world and accessed through different protocol
`The first Web browsing software was demonstrated around Christmas
`1990 One browser designed for use on dumb terminals was command-
`line oriented Each document was displayed on the screen in text-only
`mode Hypertext
`links were followed by
`bracketed numeral By typing
`that numeral on the keyboard the user could follow the link The other
`browser ran on the NeXT computer
`and supported
`point-and-click
`method of navigating links In addition to displaying hypertext
`these pro
`grams could retrieve Usenet news articles and interface to
`database
`search engine running on one of CERNs mainframes
`The World Wide Web was released for internal use at CERN in the
`spring of 1991 where it became popular for creating distributing and
`retrieving scientific papers and experimental
`results The following
`January the system was announced to the world and the software made
`the main users of the system were other
`publicly available Initially
`labo
`ratories in the high-energy physics world where the Web was used for
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 18
`
`

`
`INTRODUCTION TO THE WEB
`
`in the system soon
`
`information sharing among collaborators but interest
`spread to other laboratories and academic institutions
`for the Web came in February 1993 when the U.S
`turning point
`Applications NCSA released an
`National Center
`for Superconducting
`early version of Mosaic Web browser for Unix machines running the
`system Mosaic used icons popup menus rendered bitmapped
`Windows
`text and colored links to display hypertext documents In addition Mosaic
`was capable of
`images directly onto the page along
`incorporating color
`for sounds animation and other
`with the text and provided support
`types of multimedia In mid November 1993 Mosaic was released simul
`taneously for three popular platforms the Apple Macintosh Microsoft
`Windows-based machines and Windows
`The Web took off explosively In October 1993 eight months after
`the
`release of Mosaic for Windows the number of Web servers registered at
`CERN had increased to 500
`year later there were an estimated 4600
`sites with more being added exponentially In August 1994 Web network
`traffic on the National Science Foundations Internet backbone exceeded
`that for e-mail the only service ever to do so Recent estimates of the Web
`put the number of servers at more than 12000 and estimate an annual
`growth rate of 3000%
`
`short walk through the World Wide Web will show you what
`its all
`follow use Macintosh-based Web browser
`about The screen shots that
`called Mac Web produced
`and distributed freely by ElNet
`service run
`by Microelectronics and Computer Corporation MacWeb was chosen
`isnt Mosaic Although Mosaic and
`for the screen shots mainly because it
`the Web have become synonymous in the public perception Mosaic is
`only the best known browser many others are available both freely and
`commercially
`Figure 1.1 SIPB Main Page We start our tour at
`the MIT Student
`Information Processing Board SIPB Web site maintained by one of
`MITs student organizations The Web has no particular starting point so
`place to jump in as any The first
`this is as good
`thing that grabs your
`attention is the Webs use of the document metaphor The Web is organized
`series of pages each with
`distinctly book-like feel Youll find para
`as
`graphs headings subheadings changes of font and emphasis indented
`lists and embedded color graphics The underlined words and phrases
`are hypertext links These links when selected take the user to
`different
`location on the same page In this case we use the
`different
`page or to
`the link named lAP Course Guide to learn more about
`mouse to select
`whats going on during MITs Independent Activities Period
`
`Guided Tour
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 19
`
`

`
`HOW TO SET UP AND MAINTAIN
`
`WORLD WIDE WEB SITE
`
`J14
`
`FIGURE 1.1 MIT SIPB Main Page
`
`Figure 1.2 Freshman Fishwrap This link takes us to another page this
`one maintained by the Freshman Fishwrap
`student newspaper Each page
`on the Web has
`unique address known as its URL or Uniform Resource
`Locator You can see the URL for this page in the box on the upper right-
`hand corner of this Web browsers window URL formats are explained in
`great depth later but for now just notice that
`the URL begins with the text
`http indicating that
`this page is accessed using the Hypertext Transfer
`Protocol HTTP and that
`the Internet address of the machine on which
`this page lives is fishwrap-docs.www.media.mit.edu
`Also notice
`that this page lives on
`different machine than the SIPB main page which
`is hosted bywww.mit edu
`This page contains
`graphic calendar with instructions to click on
`day in order to see the corresponding class schedule This is an example
`clickable map Clicking the mouse on different parts of
`of
`the image
`takes us to different pages In this case we click on January
`marked
`TAP Start
`Figure 13 TAP Schedule for January
`This link takes us to
`course
`is made up of more links any one of which we
`schedule The schedule
`could select
`short course description and pointers to other courses of
`to get
`interest Instead well do some more exploring We jump back to the main
`SIPB page by clicking the browsers left arrow button
`few times and select
`the link marked official MIT web server
`
`itself
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 20
`
`

`
`INTRODUCTION To THE WEB
`
`FIGURE 1.2
`
`The Freshman FishwrapIndependent
`
`Activities Period
`
`rC-
`
`Aat-tbi hr %LL1thL%
`
`i_i Ee
`
`WIL-4
`
`flE-L
`1nr.n Lnren
`
`rZ- -asLr iLl
`30
`
`.r
`
`V4.L.U
`
`FIGURE 1.3
`
`Independent Activities Period Schedule
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 21
`
`

`
`HOW TO SET UP AND MAINTAIN
`
`WORLD WIDE WEB SITE
`
`it
`
`Figure 1.4 MIT Web Server Main Page This is MITs official Web
`page and has much more formal feel
`than the studentmaintained
`links here including student admission
`pages There are many different
`information guide to the MIT libraries and pointers to various informa
`tion servers at MITs research labs Of particular interest
`is the link called
`directory information which claims to be an on-line campus telephone
`directory We select
`Figure 1.5 MIT Telephone Directory Gopher Protocol This page
`looks different from the previous ones because as its URL indicates it has
`rather than the HTTP protocol
`been accessed using the Gopher protocol
`used before Gopher pages are organized as hierarchical menus Selecting
`the list would take us to MITs main
`the bottom of
`icon at
`the folder
`Gopher site where more menu items can be found Clicking on the MIT
`page where we can search for the
`On-line Directory link takes us to
`faculty member or student
`name telephone number and office of
`Figure 1.6 SIPB Comments Page Jumping back to the SIPB main page
`the comment gateway link This takes us to
`again Figure 1.1 we select
`to the SIPB Web site
`comment
`form that allows us to mail
`administrator Fill-out forms can contain push buttons popup menus text
`fields checkboxes and other graphical doodads Internally fill-out
`forms
`are operated by executtible scripts programs that are run on the remote
`machine in response to user requests In addition to handling fillout
`forms scripts can be used to generate pages on the fly or as gateways to
`other services such as large databases
`
`fill-out
`
`FIGURE 1.4 MIT Welcome Page
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 22
`
`

`
`INTROflLCTkNTO TI-Il IlI
`
`i14
`
`Mr-j
`
`TIGIJRF
`
`MIT Gp1ier Menu
`
`11
`
`IrrrI
`
`hL
`
`PEh
`
`fl
`
`rErrihlI
`
`IGLIRI
`
`IPt3 ni iiienl Irai
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 23
`
`

`
`HOW TO SET UP AND MAINTAIN
`
`WORLD WIDE WEB SITE
`
`LrAI
`
`111
`
`or4 WWi
`
`i-ICLIRI- 1.7 World Wide Web T-Ioine Page
`
`Figure 1.7 The World Wide Web Our last bit of exploration is to click
`on the World Wide Web for Dummies link on the first
`line of the SIPB
`main page This link takes us completely outside the MIT domain to
`Switzerland where we find Web page at the CERN high-energy physics
`lab From this page and the ones its linked to we can jump to any of
`thousands of sites around the world
`Because the examples above all used the same browser each page had
`similar typography and overall appearance An important feature of the
`Web is that the choices of fonts and sizes the determination of line breaks
`the paragraph indentation and spacing etc are all made in the browser
`software Web pages themselves
`as transmitted from the remote machine
`look nothing like the page that the end-user sees Web pages are written in
`text markup and formatting language called HTML I-Iypertext Markup
`Language You can view the raw HTML of any Web page just by select
`ing View Source from one of
`the browsers menus Figure 1.8 shows
`part of the SIPB main pages HTML code The exact
`format is unimportant
`now but notice that the text of
`the page is interspersed with various
`Some tags are type
`formatting tags contained within angle brackets
`for new paragraph and STRONG for
`setting instructions such as
`emphasized text while others contain LJRLs These are the tags used to
`create the hypertext links
`
`Petitioner IBM – Ex. 1044, p. 24
`
`

`
`INTRODUCTION TO THE WEB
`
`HEAD
`TITLEWWW.MIT.EDU
`/TITLE
`/HEAD
`
`Home Page
`
`BODY
`Hi
`HREFhttp//www.mit.edu8OOi/logo.html
`1MG ALIGNBOTTOM ALT MIT SIPB WWW Server
`SRC gi
`cropped GIF
`/MITSIPB
`
`to the
`Welcome
`HREFhttp//www.mit.edu.8QQ1/sipb/sjpbhtml
`Student
`Information Processing Board
`
`HREFhttp //info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Theproject
`World Wide Web
`IA server
`
`html
`
`New to the World Wide Web Maybe you dont
`embarrassed
`Check
`out
`HREFhttp//ww.mjt.edu8QQ1/people/rej/jntrohtmlnThe
`for Dummies
`IA quick STRONGnon-jargon/STRONG