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`on the cover: Photomicrograph of crystals of vitamin B1.
`(Dennis Kunkel, University of Hawaii )
`
`Included in this Dictionary are definitionswhich have been published previously in the"_ following works: P. B.
`Jordain, Condensed Computer Encyclopedia, Copyright © 1969 by McGraw-I-Iill, Inc. Alllrights reserved. I.
`Markus, Electronics anditiucleonics D_ictiona'ry, 4th ed., Copyri‘ght_© 1960, 1966,:.l9,-78 by1McGraw—Hi11, Inc.
`All rights reserved. I. Quick, Artists‘ and Illustrators’ Encyclopedia, Copyright ©_ 1969:by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All
`rights reserved. Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 3d ed., Copyright © 1956, 1972 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All
`rights reserved. T. Baumeister and L. S. Marks, eds., Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 7th ed..
`Copyright © 1958, 1967 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
`I
`
`In addition, material has beendrawn from the followingreferencesz R. E.-.Huschke, Glossary of Meteorology,
`American Meteorological Society, 1959;- U.S. Air Force Glossary of Standardized Terms, AF Manual 11-1, vol.
`1, 1972; Communications-Electronics Terminology, AF Manual 11;-"1, vol. 3, 1970; ‘W. H. -A__llen, ed., Dictionary
`of Technical Terms for Aerospace Use,“ 1st ed., National Aeronautics and’S’pace Administration, 1965; J. M.
`Gilliland, Solar-Terrestrial Physics: A Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations, Royal Aircraft Establishment Tech-
`nical Report 67158, 1967; Glossary ofAir Traflic Control Terms, Federal Afviation Agency; A Glossary ofRange
`Terminology, White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, National'Bureau=of Standards, AD 467-424; A DOD
`Glossary of Mapping, Charting‘ and Geodetic Terms," 1st ed.; Depanment of Defense, 1967; P. W. Thrush, comp.
`and ed.. A Dictionary ofMining, Mineral,‘ and Related Terms, Bureau of‘Mines, 1968; Nuclear Terms: A Glossary,
`2d ed., Atomic Energy Commission; F. Casey, ed., Compilation of Terms in Information Sciences Technology,
`Federal Council for Science and Technology, 1970; Glossary "ofStinfo Termirioldgy, Office of Aerospace Research,
`U.S. Air Force. 1963; Naval Dictionary ofElectronic, Technical, and Imperative Terms, Bureau of Naval Person-
`nel, 1962; ADP Glossary, Department of the Navy, NAVSO P-3097.
`
`MCGRAW-HILL DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMS,
`Fifth Edition
`"
`I
`Copyright © 1994, 1989, 1984, 1978, 1976, 1974 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United
`States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication
`may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in .a database or retrieval system, without
`the prior written permission of the publisher.‘
`:
`'
`
`34567890
`
`DOW/DOW
`
`998765
`
`ISBN 0-07-042333—4
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`McGraw-Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms /
`Sybil P. Parker, editor in chief..—5th ed.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 0-O7—O42333-4
`1. Sciencc—Dictionaries.
`1. Parker, Sybil P.
`Q123.M34
`1993
`503-dc2O
`
`2. Technology—Dictionaries.
`
`93-34772
`CIP
`
`INTERNATIONAL EDITION
`
`Copyright © 1994. Exclusive rights by McGraw-I-Iill, Inc. for manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-
`exported from the country to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hill. The International Edition is not available in
`North America.
`
`When ordering this title, use ISBN 0-07-113584-7.
`
`SEC00009763
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`1 644
`
`radio time signal
`
`RADIO-WAVE PROPAGATION
`
`
`
`Possible transmission paths of
`electromagnetic radiation at radio
`frequencies.
`
`
`
`of thorium which has mass number 228. Symbolized RdTh.
`I }r:‘td-E-r‘t'ther-E-am I
`[common] A time signal sent by radio
`radio time signal
`broadcast.
`I
`'r-5.21-e-o ‘tint signal I
`radio tower
`ICUMMUNI A tower. usually several hundred
`meters tall, either guyeti or l'r'ecstandiug,. on wit tell it Lrnnsrniu in.-.4;
`antenna is mounted to increase the range. of radio trainttttissioit:
`in some cases. the tower itself may be the antenna.
`I
`'rar|-E-6
`,tau-or I
`I Irad-é-6'tra-sot I
`radiotracer See radioactive uacer.
`radio tracking [ENG] The process of keeping a radio or radar
`beam set on a target and determining the range of.the target
`continuously.
`[
`'1-ads‘:-6 ‘trait-in I
`radio transmission [common] The transmission of signals
`titntugh space at radio frequencies by means ol'radiatcd electro-
`magnetic waves.
`I ‘rad-e-6 I.rariv.'ntixl1-an I
`radio transmitter
`[F.I.l£CTR] The equipment used For gcnen
`tiring and arnplifyirtg n mdio-frequency carrier signal. n1oriulnt-
`lag the carrier signal with intelligence. and feeding the modu-
`luted carrier
`to an antenna for
`radiation into space as
`olcctromagttetic waves. Also known as radio set: Lrattsntilter.
`I ‘did-e-ft 'tranz.mid-or]
`_
`radio transponder
`[[iLEC‘l‘ltI A transponder which receives
`and transmits radio waves. in contrast to a sonar transponder,
`which receives and transmits acoustic waves.
`{
`‘rad-E-6
`trarfspitn-dar I
`I ‘rad-E:-6 ,t‘ub I
`radio tube See electron tube.
`radio watch See watch.
`|
`'ritd-é-o ,wiiclt I
`radio wave
`[ELt2c'rrtor.otu] An clccuvornagnctic wave pro~
`direct] by reversal of current in a conductor at it frequency in the
`range from about
`ID kiiohertz to about 300,000 megahertz.
`I ‘rad-é-6 ,wav I
`»
`radio wavefront distortion [ELECTROMAGI Change in the
`direction of advance of a radio wave.
`I
`‘raid-e-6 'w2‘tv,frent
`t1i.stur-sltan I
`radio-wave propagation IuLecr'ttoMl\o'I The tri11tsfcrufcII—
`ergy through space by electromagnetic radiation at rudio fre-
`quencies.
`I ‘rid-E-6 Iwfiv .prfip-:t,g:'t-sltott I
`radio window [naovt-tvs] A band of Frequencies cxicnrling
`from about 6 to 30.000 l1.'1¢g6i.Ilt:l'tZ..i[i which radiation from the
`outer u_nivcr-re can enter and travel through the atmospltere of
`the earth.
`I
`'rEti'E-ti .win-dd I
`1. An annual or biennial
`radish [nor] Raplumrrs sr.rtt'vu.r.
`2. The edible.
`crucifer belonging to the order Capparalcs.
`tiiickenedltypocotyi of the plant.
`I ‘rad-islt I
`radlst
`[Nrtv] Radiomavigzttion .-system in which the compar-
`ison of arrival times of transmitted pulses. at Lltrce or more
`ound stations.
`indicates
`the position of
`the vehicle.
`I ‘rarlist I
`radium ICE-IBM] 1.Aradioactive memberof groupll.symbol
`Ru, atomic number 88: the most abundant naturally occurring
`isotope has mass number 226 and a half-life of 1620 years. 2.
`A highly toxic solid that fonns water-soluble cnrnpouuds: cle-
`coya by emission ole‘. I3. and ";'~I3.l‘lltlT.ltJl1; melts at 700°C. boils
`at ll4tl°C; toms black in air; used in medicine, in industrial
`radiography. and as a source of neutrons and radon.
`{ ‘ride-
`om I
`radium ago [NUl:‘Li'-.0] The age of a mineral as calculated
`from the numbers ol' radium atoms present originally. now. and
`when equilibrium is established with ionlum_
`I
`'r:‘t:itE-om ,."tj
`I
`radium bromide [it-EORG crust-t] Raiir, Waier-soIuble.poi-
`.'tt‘.l‘ll0l.lS, radioactive white powder. corrosive to skin or flesh;
`ntelts ul'l213°C; used in medicine, pltysical rcsrearclt. and lumi-
`nous paint.
`I
`‘raid-t‘:-om 'bro,mid |
`radium carbonate [moan er-ram] Ratio, Water-insoluble.
`poison(tLts.r:trlitmCiive. white powti-er;uscrl in metlicirrc.
`I ‘rad-
`e-orn 'itiir'ba,n:‘tt I
`A sealed thin-wail tube eontrrining
`radium cell
`|Nucr.uo]
`|
`radium.
`I ‘rad-e-am ,sei
`radium chloride [INt.J1lG(‘iiiiMI RrtCl= Wzner- and alcohol-
`soiubic, poisonous. rudiuttctlve. yt:|luw—while crystals; corro-
`sive effect on skin and Ilcsh; melts in lflill]“C: used in metiieine.
`physical research. and luminous paint.
`I ‘raid-E-am 'kit'ir.id I
`radium F Sec poioniurii-210.
`| ‘rad-E-out 'et'
`I
`:1
`radium needle
`It~ruc|.i-to] A radium cell in the form ol'
`needle. usually of plntinurn-iritliuttt or gold alloy, de.sigrietl pri-
`marily for insertion in tissue.
`I ‘rid-E-om .nEd-:;l I
`radium plaque INUCLE-:lJI A nttlium container in which the
`rntliutn is distributed over (I surfirtte;
`the shielding is usually
`
`
`
`3
`
`_
`.
`-
`small in one direction so '
`well as 'v—rrtys_
`I
`'rad'é';;:-rt:,fi::TI' ‘mniilitis
`radium sulfate [mono (:IiliM]
`|:t.,-so
`-1
`dionctivc. poisonous. Wl'lllEcrySmk‘_‘
`'
`cont 'sai.I“:‘u }
`“ "W1
`radium therapy
`l{i.dio11r._-,.,
`[l\iiii‘J|
`from rarliunt.
`I
`'rz’Id'r’:-otn .t|t¢,.3.pE N
`5’ “Sing ttref‘.
`._.,
`radius
`[amt-It
`‘1'ite outer of the [W
`forearm or oli the corresponding pm IfV:°"°l:5 of
`}
`fish.
`[Miami
`1. A lint: scgmmljuininglhfle rates,
`Cllcnt
`of a circle or sphere.
`2. The 1
`.
`{ In_1d.é_aS I
`erlgth of such a Hum
`In‘
`‘
`.
`radius cutter
`[MECH ENG] A fumed
`rt‘
`ground to produce a radius on the wmkmglzlfi Clutter
`‘$61
`‘
`or I
`radius oi action [and] The maximum
`(|i.'i'tane¢.'a ..‘
`craft, or other vehicle can travel away fro
`.
`given course with normal load and rerum wfllll Its
`including the fuel required to perform thosetprttl _.
`lSl§:::1S?i|I'y by all safety and operating factors_
`1 Elm
`radius of convergence Iain-rt] The mm.
`corrcspon'ding to a power series expansion at-,01:._e. '
`at with the property that ifx - tr has absolute ville "K
`this number the power series C(lll.\«'t:rge_t,- al I and .“?t
`absolute value greater than this number the pawl-E,
`verges at x.
`I ‘rad-é-as ev kan'var-jans I
`ll
`radius oi curvature [MATH] The radius of mg ,5’ '
`vature at a point of a curve.
`[ ‘rad-e-as av 'kar~va-ii
`radius of damage [oao] The distance from gm“-,3
`nuclear blast at which there is a 0.50 probability up i
`the desired damage.
`I ‘rad-é-as av ‘dam-ij I
`.
`radius of geodesic curvature [MATH] Fora pm
`lying on a surliuze. the reciprocal of the gcntlcsicc I
`the point.
`I Irfid-E-as av J6-aides-ik 'ltar~vo-charl "
`radius of geodesic torsion IMATI-II The real‘
`geodesic torsion of a surface at a point in :1 given”
`I Irad-e-as av .jt‘:-a:des-lit ‘tor-shcm |
`radius of gvratlon [i‘-tA'l‘!-I] The square root orrhc
`moment of incrtinol' a plane figure about it given axis
`[Moon] The square root of the ratio of the ntometlt
`of a body about it given axis" to its H1338.
`I
`'r‘
`short
`I
`radius of normal curvature I_Mi\THI The recip
`norrnnl curvature of a surface at it point and in it given
`I Irad-z‘:-as av ‘.uot~mal ‘km-vo-cltar I
`_
`radius oi‘ protection [arm] The rrtdius of the ca‘
`which :1 liglttning discharge will not strike. due to tilt
`of an elevated lightning rod at the center.
`'
`shon I
`radius oi rupture [unto] Gueatcsttiistancc from lit
`an underground explosive charge at which the ex?!
`destructive.
`I ‘rad-e-as av 'T9p't:harl
`I
`radius of safety Ionn] The ltorizontaidiatancc YEP
`area beyond which the weapon eliocts on friend
`acct:
`table.
`I ‘rad-E-as av '.-tat"-IE I
`radio: of torsion [Marti] The reciprocal of the la
`space l:l1l'Vt: at a point.
`I Irzid-E-as av ‘tn;-gharifllm
`radius of total curvature
`ltvumii Th“ *4”
`where C is the total curvature of a surface til '-
`as av Lttid-oi 'i:ar-vo-char I
`‘
`1.“:
`radius of visibility [rvav] The radius OI 3 "'
`area in whiclt an objective cairn :3 -‘fell ”“d°r'
`tions.
`I ‘rad-it-as ov ,vi2.-::‘l:-i -.'I
`'5 _
`radius ratio [PHYS rnetvil The ratio of ii“?
`lo the mdius of an ion; relative inttil: lfldlf “"""_P:; O
`lzttlicc structure. particulttrly the dctenntrintro
`number.
`I
`‘rEtd'E'-as .rI1-sin’! I
`.
`_
`rdius rod I_ENG] A rod Wli.lt.‘.1ll roslrl<=“'
`maf-
`lu Ll
`liven
`I ‘rad-E-as ,r':id
`_
`_
`_
`-4
`radiu: vector
`I.-t:r‘l'It(‘.IH] A line J"_"""l§,1:::,ci
`‘
`
`int‘. bot-11' with the focu.-t oi its 07”” Imidirratesi.
`,_
`[Marti] The coordinate r in :1 PM" 9°". _.m
`I ‘rill:
`gives the distance of a point front the Grits
`'
`tor I
`
`
`torn: root.
`The 3|‘?
`
`
`radix Sec base of rt number sysl
`radix approximation IM.-\'|'H
`
`
`1)’
`pt esseti
`
`
`her by 21 number that can be EX
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`_
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`SEC00009764