IN THE UUNITED
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`STATES PPATENT
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`AND TRAADEMARRK OFFICCE
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`6IP2
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` SECURRITY AND
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`st et al.
`Smethurs
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`7,224,66
`2007
`May 29,
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`10/307,1
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`Nov. 27,
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`CONTROOL PLAN
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`MANAGGEMENT
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`In re Paatent of:
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`Issue D
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`Title:
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`DECCLARATIOON OF DR.. BILL LINN
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`My naame is Dr. BBill Lin. I amm a professorr of electricaal and compuuter engineeering
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`at the University of CCalifornia, San Diego. I understand
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`connectioon with Interr Partes review (“IPR”) pproceedingss before the UUnited Statees Patent andd
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`Trademaark Office forr U.S. Patennt Number 7,,224,668 (“thhe ’668 Pateent”).
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`tion is not bbased on thee outcome off my opinionns.
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`I havee reviewed thhe ’668 Pateent, includingg the claims
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`c. (“Arista”)). My
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`specificaation and the file history. In additionn, I have reviiewed the foollowing doccuments:
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`U.S. PPatent No. 6,,246,680 (“FFrazier”)
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`Europpean Patent AApp. Publicaation No. 1,1128,609 A2 ((“Cherian”)
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`Newtoon’s Telecomm Dictionaryy, CMP Boooks, 17th ed.
`2001.
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`U.S. PPatent No. 6,,460,146 (“MMoberg”)
`ation, 1999 (Joe Habraken, Praactical Ciscoo Routers, QUUE Corpora
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`“Habraken”
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`Georgge C. Sackettt, Cisco Rouuter Handboook, McGraww-Hill, 2000
`(“Cisco Rouuter
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`Handbbook”)
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`U.S. PPatent No. 7,,860,999 (“LLavian”)
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`U.S. PPatent No. 7,,127,526 (“DDuncan”)
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`U.S. PPatent No. 6,,876,654 (“HHegde”)
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`792”) “IETF RFC 7rfc792.txt (“ditor.org/rfc/http:///www.rfc-ed
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`IETF RFC 792, “IInternet Conntrol Messagge Protocol,”” retrieved frrom
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`U.S. Pateent No.: 7,2224,668
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`Atty Doccket No.: 409963-0006IP22
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`IETF RFC 1812, ““Requiremennts for IP Veersion 4 Rouuters,” retrieeved from
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`C 1812”)
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`http:///www.rfc-edditor.org/rfc/rfc1812.txt ((“IETF RFC
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`My cuurriculum vittae (“CV”) iis provided aas an Exhibitt.
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`I receiived a Bacheelor of Sciennce in Electrrical Engineeering and Coomputer Scieences
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`from University of CCalifornia, Beerkeley in MMay 1985; a MMasters of SScience in Ellectrical
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`Engineerring and Commputer Sciennces from thee Universityy of Californnia, Berkeleyy in May 19888;
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`Berkeleyy in May 19991.
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`Group of IMEC Reseearch Laboraatory, Leuveen, Belgium
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`from Februaary, 1992 – DDecember, 11996.
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`General CChair on 4 AACM or IEEE conferences, on the OOrganizing orr Steering Coommittees foor 6
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`conferences.
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`nd tworking, ancomputer netthe field of ce patents in tentor on fiveI am aa named inve
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`have published over 160 journal articles and conference ppapers in topp-tier venue
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`on November 27, 20002. The ’668 Patent doees not includde a priority
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`understannding that thhe filing datee of Novembber 27, 2002
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`al Date”) (hereinafterr the “Critica
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`’668 Patentt is entitled.
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`representts the earliesst possible prriority date tto which the
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`ACM or IEEE conferrences, and oon the Technnical Programam Committeees of over 440 ACM or IIEEE
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`U.S. Pateent No.: 7,2224,668
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`Atty Doccket No.: 409963-0006IP22
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`A person of ordinnary skill in tthe art as of tthe Critical DDate (hereinnafter a
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`“POSITA”) would haave had a MMasters of Sciience Degreee (or a simillar technical
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`or higherr degree) in aan academicc area emphaasizing compputer networrking or, alteernatively, a
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`Bachelorr Degree (or higher degreee) in an acaademic area
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`emphasizingg the design
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`experience iin computer
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`computerr, or softwarre engineerinng with severral years of
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`engineeriing and the ddesign of commputer netwworks. Addittional educaation in a releevant field, ssuch
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`I am ffamiliar withh the knowleedge and cappabilities of oone of ordin
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`problemss, including tthe design of data netwoorks, high-peerformance sswitches andd routers, maany-
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`core proccessors and ssystems-on-cchip, and ASSIC chip dessigns and stuudying their
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`interaction wwith
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`industry, with underggraduate andd post-graduaate students,, with colleaagues from a
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`, my rwise stated,with the level of skilll of individuuals and the ggeneral statee of the art. UUnless other
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`This ddeclaration iss organized as follows:
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`I.
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`II.
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`III.
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`IV.
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`Brief Overrview of the ’668 Patentt (pg. 4)
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`Terminoloogy (pg. 6)
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`Discussionn of Referennces (pg. 12)
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`VII.
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`Brief Overview oof the ’668 PPatent
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`The ’6668 patent ddescribes an iinternetworkking device,
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`packets rreceived at thhe device towwards their ddestination. An internettworking devvice 100 of tthe
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`’668 pateent is illustraated in Figurre 1:
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`The innternetworkiing device 100 includes
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`two logical
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`ne 150. The forwardinng plane 1355 (i.e., data pplane) and a control plan
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`’668 Patentt at 3:22-34;
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`21. The data plane 135 is compoosed of physical interfac
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`switch enngine 130. IId. at 5:5-9. The data plaane 135 passses along, orr “forwards,”” packets
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`received at the port innterfaces 120 toward theeir ultimate ddestination.
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`U.S. Pateent No.: 7,2224,668
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`functionss of the devicce, such as ccontrol and cconfigurationn of the interrnetworkingg device 100.. Id.
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`at 1:56-59; 3:26-31; 44:58-61; 5:10-23.
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`The innternetworkiing device 100 applies pport services
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`the internnetworking ddevice 100. Id. at 6:1-444; 6:67-7:14
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`include QQuality of Seervice processsing or packket rate-limiiting. Id. at 44:6-8; 6:4-2
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`determinned through aa specific haardware conffiguration.”
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`defined uusing class mmaps, policy maps, or acccess control
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`Id. at 4:6-8.
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`The innternetworkiing device appplies differrent port servvices to diffeerent packet
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`types. Idd. at 3:56-58; 6:16-18; 6::41-43. Somme of the pacckets receiveed by the inteernetworkinng
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`device arre “normal trransit packett[s],” which are destinedd for other deevices conneected to the
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`internetwworking deviice. Id. at 7:3-8. Other ppackets, howwever, are “ccontrol planee packets,” wwhich
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`are packeets that are ddestined for tthe control pplane and thaat are used bby the controol plane to coontrol
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`The innternetworkiing device 100 includes
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`plane andd not to normmal transit paackets that aare forwardedd out of the
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`U.S. Pateent No.: 7,2224,668
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`Atty Doccket No.: 409963-0006IP22
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`17.
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`To thiis end, the innternetworking device 1000 includes tthe control pplane port
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`services 145 and a coontrol plane port 140. Thhe control p
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`address through whicch packets trravel or are rrouted from
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`150.” Idd. at 5:2-4. TThe packets bbound for thhe control plaane 150 are rrouted throuugh the contrrol
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`plane porrt 140. Id. at 7:5-12; 9:11-6. The conntrol plane pport services
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`145 are onlyy applied to
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`those pacckets routed through the control planne port 140. Id. at 3:56-558; 6:16-18;; 7:13-14.
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`18.
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`Thus, during operration, a packket enters thhe internetwoorking devic
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`e through onne of
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`the interfface ports 1220. Id. at 4:553-56. The aassociated “lline card [1110] detects [tthe] packet aand
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`delivers iit to the centtral switch enngine 130,” which makees a routing ddecision. Idd. at 6:66-7:44.
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`“In the caase of a normmal transit packet, the paacket would
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`be routed too a destinatioon port 120 oon an
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`associateed line card 1110” and thee control planne port serviices 145 are
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`not applied
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`Id. at 7:5-7. “If, howwever, the paacket is destined for a knnown controll plane 150 aaddress, or too an
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`address nnot on a forwwarding tablee 160, the paacket is tagg
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`plane porrt” Id. at 7:88-11. “The ppacket is theen routed thro
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`140” andd the “aggreggate control pplane port seervices [145 are applied
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`to] the packket.” Id. 7:1
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`Because the “controll plane port sservices” aree applied onlly to packetss passing thrrough the conntrol
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`ckets mal transit pacnd not normne packets ancontrol plany applied to vices are onlyplane porrt, these serv
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`that are fforwarded ouut of the devvice. See, e.gg., id. at 3:566-58; 6:16-1
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`8; 6:41-43; 77:5-14.
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`III.
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`19.
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`Termminology
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`I am nnot a lawyer. However, I have been
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`informed thhat, during ann IPR proceeeding
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`involvingg the ‘668 Paatent, claim terminologyy is given thee broadest reeasonable intterpretation
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`at
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`U.S. Pateent No.: 7,2224,668
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`Atty Doccket No.: 409963-0006IP22
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`the time of the Critical Date. I haave been infformed that tthis means thhe claims shhould be
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`interpreteed as broadlyy as their terrms reasonabbly allow, buut that such iinterpretatioon should nott be
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`inconsisttent with the patent’s speecification annd with usagge of the termms by a POSSITA when
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`consideriing the broaddest reasonaable interprettation. I havve used the CCritical Date
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` as the pointt in
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`time for cclaim interprretation purpposes, althouugh in many y cases the saame analysiss would holdd true
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`even at aan earlier timme than the CCritical Date..
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`20.
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`I havee also been aadvised that aa claim mayy be written iin means-pluus-function fform,
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`where thee claim recittes a means ffor performiing a functioon. I have fuurther been aadvised that tthis
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`type of claim covers the specific structure dissclosed in thhe patent speecification foor performinng the
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`cture e actual strucmust discloseThe patent mstructure. Talents of that d the equivaclaimed ffunction, and
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`for performing the cllaimed functtion, and the structure m
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`ay not be infferred, inherrent, or
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`ng on hm executinor an algorithl apparatus, obe a physical ucture can brence. A struincorporaated by refer
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`a computting device iif the claims involve softftware. I havve been advi
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`sed that to aanticipate a
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`means pllus function claim, the prrior art referrence must ddisclose, exprressly or inhherently, the
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`claimed ffunction andd the same orr equivalent correspondiing structuree. A structurre is equivaleent if
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`the two sstructures perform the iddentical functtion in substtantially the
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`same way too achieve
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`substantiially the samme result. Strructures are also equivallent if the diffferences bettween the twwo
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`are insubbstantial.
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`21.
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`I havee been informmed that it wwould be use
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`ful to providde some guiddance in thiss
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`proceedinng with resppect to the terrms below. As part of thhat, I considdered the conntext of the tterms
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`within thhe claim, use of the termss within the specificationn, and my unnderstandingg of how a
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`POSITA would havee understoodd the terms ass of the Critiical Date.
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`Page 7 off 44
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`Atty Doccket No.: 409963-0006IP22
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`22.
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`l ned physical, predeterminm “specific,on of the termI havee considered interpretatio
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`U.S. Pateent No.: 7,2224,668
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`ports” as used in the ‘668 Patent.. From my rreview, I bellieve the termm could be innterpreted, uunder
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`the broaddest reasonabble interpretaation, broadlly enough too encompasss all ports of f the
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`internetwworking deviice. I note thhat this term is not expreessly definedd in the ‘668
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` Patent. Myy
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`attention has been dirrected to claaim 8, whichh is dependennt on claim 11 and specifiies that the
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`“control
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`plane port seervices” are implementeed as “an agggregate contrrol plane funnction,” whicch is
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`plane port shich control a case in whapparentlly related to
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`ervices are aapplied to al
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`l of the portss of
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`the devicce. The ’668 Patent, 4:244-25; 6:48-61 (“The centtral, aggregaate control pllane servicess 145
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`provide aa level of serrvice (or conntrol) for all packets receeived from aany port on thhe device 1000”).
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`seems that, u
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`predetermmined physiccal ports” coould be consttrued broadlly enough too encompass
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`under the brooadest reasonnable interprretation stanndard, the terrm “specific
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`all of the poorts
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`of the intternetworkinng device.
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`23.
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`Claimm 37 recites ““means for cconfiguring aa plurality off physical neetwork interfface
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`ports.” I understand that Arista pproposes thaat this term reecites the fuunction of “c
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`onfiguring aa
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`plurality of physical
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`network inteerface ports”” and, for thee purposes oof assessing aanticipation
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`onsidered as should be coprocesses” sontrol plane obviousnness, that “co
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`the correspoonding structture.
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`at least indi
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`cates that “thhe ports [aree] configurabble by controol plane
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`processess.” I furtherr understand that Arista hhas previoussly proposedd that the ’6668 Patent
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`disclosess that the conntrol plane processes cann be implemeented as softftware, but dooes not discllose
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`a specificc algorithm pperformed by the controol plane proc
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`esses for connfiguring thee ports. I aggree
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`with this assessment.. The’668 PPatent specifiies that contrrol plane proocesses can bbe implemennted
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`as softwaare. The ’6668 Patent, 4:662-64 (“conttrol plane 1550 processess could be immplemented aas
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`U.S. Pateent No.: 7,2224,668
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`Atty Doccket No.: 409963-0006IP22
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`software at any level of a systemm.”). But the ’668 Patentt does not dissclose a speccific algorithhm
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`for configguring the ports.
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`244.
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`Claimm 37 recites ““means for eexecuting po
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`rt services oon packets enntering and
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`exiting thhe physical nnetwork inteerface ports.”” I understannd that Aristta proposes tthat this termm
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`recites thhe function oof “executingg port services on packetts entering aand exiting thhe physical
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`network interface porrts” and thatt, to the extennt the ’668 PPatent disclooses correspoonding struccture,
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`the structture is a swittch engine. I agree withh that assessmment in vieww of the ’6688 Patent at, e
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`.g.,
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`Figs. 4 && 6; 6:67-7:22; 8:7-9.
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`25.
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`Claimm 37 recites ““means for eexecuting a pplurality of ccontrol planee processes.”” I
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`understannd that Aristta proposes tthat this termm recites the
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`function of
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`“executing aa plurality o
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`control pplane processses” and thatt, to the exteent the ’668 PPatent disclooses correspoonding struccture,
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`the structture is a proccessor. I agrree with thatt assessmentt in view of tthe ’668 Pateent at, e.g., 44:58-
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`60; 4:62--64; 5:21-23.
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`26.
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`Claimm 37 recites ““means for aaccessing thee collection oof control pllane processees as
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`a control plane port eentity.” I unnderstand thaat Arista propposes that thhis term recittes the functtion
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`at, to tity” and thalane port ents a control plprocesses asontrol plane lection of coof “accesssing the col
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`the extennt the ’668 Patent disclosses corresponnding structuure, the struccture is a conntrol plane pport.
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`I agree wwith that asseessment in viiew of the ’6668 Patent att, e.g., 3:48-
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`50; 4:65-5:44; 8:52-54.
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`27.
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`Claimm 37 recites ““means for ooperating on
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`packets receeived from sspecific,
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`predetermmined physiccal ports andd destined too the collecti
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`on of controol plane proccesses in a wway
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`that is inddependent of the individdual physicall port interfaace configuraation and poort services
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`applied thhereto.” I unnderstand thhat Arista prooposes that tthis term reccites the funcction of
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`“operatinng on packetts received frrom specificc, predetermiined physicaal ports and ddestined to tthe
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`U.S. Pateent No.: 7,2224,668
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`the individuual physical pport
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`Atty Doccket No.: 409963-0006IP22
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`collectionn of control plane processses in a wayy that is indeependent of
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`interface configuratioon and port sservices applied thereto”” and that, too the extent tthe ’668 Pateent
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`disclosess correspondding structuree, the structuure is a switcch engine. I aagree with thhat assessmeent in
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`view of tthe ’668 Pateent at, e.g., FFigs. 4 & 6; 8:12-15.
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`28.
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`Claimm 38 recites ““means for pprocessing paackets originnating at a pllurality of
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`physical ports, said mmeans furtheer comprisingg: means forr passing pacckets through
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`plane porrt, rather thaan directly from the physsical ports too individual ccontrol planee processes.”” I
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`understannd that Aristta proposes tthat this termm recites the
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`two functionns of: (1) “pprocessing
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`packets ooriginating aat a plurality of physical ports” and (22) “passing
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`” I e processes.”control planeo individual csical ports toplane porrt, rather thaan directly from the phys
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`agree witth that assessment. I also understandd that Aristaa has previouusly proposeed that the ’6668
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`Patent dooes not discloose correspoonding structture for thes
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`e functions bbecause the
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`specifies that “the coontrol plane pport additionnally compriises” the meaans for proceessing packeets. I
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`agree witth this assesssment. The ’668 Patent does not desscribe any sppecific struccture that is ppart
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`of the conntrol plane pport that proccesses packeets or that paasses packetss through thee control plaane
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`port. I unnderstand thaat, for the puurposes of asssessing anti
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`cipation andd obviousnesss in this
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`proceedinng, Arista prroposes that a switch enggine should bbe considereed the closesst potentiallyy
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`corresponnding structuure. I agree that, to the eextent that thhe ‘668 Pateent is deemedd to disclosee
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`corresponnding structuure, the closest potentiallly corresponnding structuure is a switcch engine.
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`29.
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`Claimm 43 recites ““means for aapplying disttributed conttrol plane poort services oonly
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`to the pacckets receiveed from the specific, pree-determinedd physical poorts.” I undeerstand that
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`Arista prroposes that tthis term reccites the funcction of “appplying distribbuted controol plane portt
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`services oonly to the ppackets receiived from the specific, ppre-determin
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`U.S. Pateent No.: 7,2224,668
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`Atty Doccket No.: 409963-0006IP22
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`to the exttent the ’6688 Patent disccloses correspponding struucture, the sttructure is a
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`agree witth this assesssment in view of the ’6668 Patent at,
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`e.g., Fig. 6;
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`8:12-15.
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`30.
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`Claimm 53 recites ““means for aapplying portt services to the control
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`switch enginne. I
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`plane port
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`additionaally comprisees means forr applying seervices seleccted from a ggroup consissting of Quallity
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`of Servicce functions, packet classsification, paacket markinng, packet quueuing, packket rate limitting,
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`port.” I ntrol plane pned to the conackets destinolicies for paher access poflow control, and oth
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`understannd that Aristta proposes tthat this termm recites twoo functions oof: (1) “applyying port
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`services tto the controol plane portt” and (2) “appplying servvices selectedd from a grooup consistinng of
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`Quality oof Service fuunctions, paccket classificcation, packeet marking, ppacket queuiing, packet rrate
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`limiting, flow control, and other access policcies for packeets destined
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`and that, to the extennt the ’668 Paatent disclosses corresponnding structuure, the struccture is a swwitch
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`Patent at, e..g., Figs. 4 && 6; 8:12-15
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`w of the ’668 ment in viewthat assessmengine. II agree with
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`31.
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`Claimm 54 recites ““means for cconfiguring tthe control pplane port serrvices as an
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`entity sepparate from pphysical porrt services.” I understan
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`d that Aristaa proposes thhat this term m
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`recites thhe function oof “configuriing the contrrol plane porrt services ass an entity seeparate fromm
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`physical port services” and, for thhe purposes of assessingg anticipationn and obviouusness, that
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`“control
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`plane processses” shouldd be considerred as the coorrespondingg structure. I
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`agree that, tto the
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`extent thee ’668 Patennt discloses ccorrespondinng structure, that structurre is a controol plane, whhich
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`5:10-17. I
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`Patent disclooses that thee
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`the ’668 Patent descrribes as a colllection of prrocesses. Thhe ’668 Patennt, 4:62-64;
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`further unnderstand thhat Arista hass previouslyy proposed thhat the ’668
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`control pplane processses can be immplemented as software,, but does noot disclose a
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`specific
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`algorithmm performed by the contrrol plane proocesses for cconfiguring tthe control pplane port
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`services aas an entity separate fromm physical pport servicess. I agree wiith this assesssment. The
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`’668
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`U.S. Pateent No.: 7,2224,668
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`Atty Doccket No.: 409963-0006IP22
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`Patent sppecifies that ccontrol plan
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`can be impleemented as ssoftware. Seee, the ’668
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`ny oftware at anmented as sould be implemrocesses couPatent at, e.g., 4:62-664 (“control plane 150 pr
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`level of aa system.”). But the ’668 Patent doees not disclosse a specificc algorithm ffor configuriing
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`the contrrol plane porrt services.
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`II
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`II. Discuussion of Refferences
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`A.
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`Frazier
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`32.
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`ng g and filterinet forwardingce for packeworking devican internetwFrazieer discloses a
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`across a nnetwork. Frrazier, 1:58-663. A device 101 of Fraaizer is illustrtrated in Figuure 1:
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`The ddevice 101 deepicted in Fiigure 1 is a ““high speed EEthernet swiitch.” Id. at
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`2:41-42, 2:65-67. Hoowever, Frazzier disclosees that the deevice 101 cann be “other ttypes of netwwork
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`s.” Id. at 3:11-3
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`344.
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`In parrticular, deviice 101 discllosed in Frazzier represennts a “multi-llayer distribuuted
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`network element (MLLDNE)” 1011. Id. at 3:111. This deviice “is used tto interconn
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`ect a numbeer of
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`to predefineed routing prrotocols.” Idd. at
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`U.S. Pateent No.: 7,2224,668
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`Atty Doccket No.: 409963-0006IP22
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`ment packet red to implem3:9-13. PParticularly, device 101 “is configur
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`routing funcctions in a
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`approach givves the MLDDNE the ability
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`to have ““different parrts of a functtion [] performed by difffferent subsyystems in thee MLDNE, wwhile
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`Id. at
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`the final result of the functions reemains transsparent to thee external noodes and endd-stations.”
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`3:27-30.
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`110,” eacch of which “includes a switch element 100 couppled to a forrwarding andd filtering
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`database 140.” Id. att 3:37-42. TThese subsystems 110 “aare fully messhed and inteerconnected
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`using a nnumber of intternal links 141.” Id. at 3:37-39. Innterconnectinng multiple ssubsystems
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`110
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`multigigaabit switch.”” Id. at 3:39; 3:56-58. FFrazier disclooses that succh a “scalabl
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`e architecturre”
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`ding ctions by addernal connecmber of exterease the numdictably incrallows a system architect “to pred
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`additionaal subsystemms, thereby alllowing greaater flexibilitty in defininng the MLDNNE as a standd
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`alone rouuter.” Id. at 3:30-35.
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`36.
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`which device odiment in wnative embooses an alternFrazieer also disclo
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`101 “may
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`comprisee a single swwitch elementt 100.” Id. aat 4:24-25. AA POSITA wwould underrstand that a
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`device 1001 accordingg to this embbodiment inccludes a singgle subsystemm 110 with aa single
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`switchingg element 1000 and a singgle forwardinng and filterring databasee 140.
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`In eithher embodimment, device 101 includees a “central
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`160 that is coupled too the individdual subsysteem[s] 110” aand that operrates at a higgher level abbove
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`the subsyystems. Id. aat 3:59-61. FFor each subbsystem, “[t]]he CPS has
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`communication interrface” througgh which it ccan provide ““centralized
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`between switch elemments.” Id. att 3:66-4:2. TThe CPS 1600 comprises
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`a direct conntrol and
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`communicaation and conntrol
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`a “central pprocessing unnit
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`(CPU) 1661 coupled tto a central mmemory 163.” Id. at 3:622-64. To prrovide the ceentralized
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`U.S. Pateent No.: 7,2224,668
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`communication and ccontrol, the ““CPU 161 mmay transmitt commands
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`switch ellement 100 vvia the CPU interface 215.” Id. at 4::26-27. Usinng such commmands or
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`packets, “one or morre software pprocesses runnning on thee CPU 161 [ccan] managee entries in [tthe]
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`external fforwarding aand filtering database 1440.” Id. at 4::28-30.
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`38.
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`Switchh element 1000, contained in each subbsystem 1100 of device 1101, comprisses
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`several elements. Sppecifically, swwitch elemeent 100 compprises “a cenntral process
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`interface 215, a switcch fabric bloock 210, a neetwork interfface 205, a ccascading intterface 225,
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`a shared memory maanager 220.” Id. at 4:7-10. This struucture is showwn in detail
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`39.
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`The network interrface 205 inccludes “multtiple ports foor transmittinng and receivving
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`packets oover a netwoork.” Id. at 11:62-63. Speecifically, thhe network innterface 205
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`input andd output capaability” and are used to ““interface thhe external coonnections 1117.” Id. at
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`52. In paarticular, “neetwork interfface 205 opeerates in accoordance withh a correspoonding Etherrnet
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`protocol to receive EEthernet packkets from a nnetwork (nott shown) andd to transmitt Ethernet paackets
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`orts (not showe external poone or moreonto the nnetwork via
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`her e or more othing with oneinterconnectis used “for iThe caascading interface 225 is
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`Declaratiion of Dr. Biill Lin
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`U.S. Pateent No.: 7,2224,668
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`40.
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`switch ellements in a full-mesh toopology” in ddevice 101.
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