SURVEY OF LOCATION TECHNOLOGIES
`
`TO SUPPORT MOBILE 9-
`
`Survey Conducted for State of California Department of General Services
`Telecommunications Division, Sacramento, California and for the Association of Public
`Safety Communications Officials (APCO)
`
`JULY, 1994
`
`\9 By
`
`l. DRISCOLL & ASSOCIATES
`
`2066 Dorado Drive
`Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90732
`Telephone: (310) 832-8834
`Fax:: (310) 832-3468
`
`All rights reserved No parts of this
`means without
`
`, under penalty of Federal copyright
`
`Notice of Liability: The
`without warranty.
`entity with respect to any liability, loss, or damage caused directly or indirectly by the
`use of this document or systems described within.
`
`As /s " basis
`
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`. ...... .....
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`..............................................
`:..........
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`Section
`
`Page
`
`Introduction........................................................................................................... .
`
`Terminology................. .......
`
`Executive Summary...... ........ ............ .............. ................
`
`Observations and Conclusions....
`
`Network-Based Location Systems
`
`KSI, Inc.............................................................................................................
`Associated Communications
`Engineering Research Associates (E- Systems)........................................ .........
`TrackMobile.......................... ....
`S. West New Vector Group....... ...........
`Lockheed Sanders, Inc.................. .... .......
`Lattice Communications............ ......... .......................
`Cartesia Corporation.............. .......
`
`Network-Based Location Technologies
`
`Qualcomm, Inc............... ......
`ESL, Inc. (TR W)....................................................................................
`ArrayComm, Inc................ .............................
`OAR Corporation.............................................................................................
`Scientific Research Laboratories, Inc........ ............................................... ..........
`
`Systems Based on External Radiolocation Networks
`
`Terrapin Corporation.....................
`NA VSYS Corporation............................... ................................................. ......
`Smith Advanced Technology, Inc.................. ............ ................ ...... .................
`Galaxy Mocrosystems, Inc...............................................................................
`Automatic Vehicle Monitoring Systems..... ...........
`AirTouch Teletrac........
`Pinpoint Communications, Inc....................................................................
`Mobile Vision...... .......... ... ................
`
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`l. DRISCOLL & ASSOCIATES
`
`c.J. Driscoll & Associates, based in Rancho Palos Verdes, California, provides consulting
`services on automatic vehicle location and mobile communications to fleets and industry
`suppliers. Clients include major cellular operating companies, Fortune 100 electronics
`manufacturers, venture capital start-up companies and government agencies.
`
`Clement Driscoll, principal of C.J. Driscoll & Associates, has over 15 years of experience
`in the fields of navigation, radiolocation and mobile communications. Mr. Driscoll
`fonnerly directed the marketing of Pac Tel Teletrac s fleet vehicle location system. He
`also served as Product Line Manager for Magnavox s commercial GPS and satellite
`communication products. Mr. Driscoll has conducted numerous proprietary studies for
`client companies and has written articles on vehicle location and mobile communications
`Automotive Fleet, GPS World
`magazines.
`
`for publications including
`
`and
`
`Communications
`
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`INTRODUCTION
`
`Purpose of the Study
`
`The purpose of this study is to identify location technologies which could be deployed to
`1 response organizations with the capability to locate a caller using a wireless
`provide 9-
`1 calls do not have caller
`phone to request emergency
`location information, precluding the intelligent routing of the call to the proper
`agency. Many wireless callers
`adds to their disorientation. This lack of information
`and delays the dispatch of the appropriate response agency.
`
`Scope of the Study
`
`This report identifies location systems and technologies which could be applied to mobile
`1. The author believes that the
`state of the technology, though it is unlikely that all
`1 callers have been covered. The study only covers systems developed by U.
`suppliers.
`
`As the purpose of this study is to address the feasibility of automatically locating mobile
`1 callers using cellular, PCS or ESMR networks, the study does not attempt to cover
`systems which utilize a vehicle mounted or handheld device other than a mobile phone to
`request police or medical assistance. However, it is appropriate to note that a number of
`companies are expected to offer systems in configurations other than mobile phones for
`requesting emergency assistance. It is anticipated that a number of vehicle-mounted
`systems will use GPS for location.
`
`Organization
`
`This report is divided into two sections. The first section covers systems which
`the location of the caller using signals transmitted over the network on which the call was
`placed. A number of
`systems require a modification to the software or hardware in the phone.
`covers several companies which have radiolocation technologies that could be applied to
`locating mobile 9-
`1 callers, but which are not currently developing a system targeted at
`this application.
`
`The second section covers location systems which rely on an external network or
`infrastructure to compute location. These systems either use an
`infrastucture to compute location or compute position based on a proprietary network of
`antennas deployed around a metropolitan area.
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`receiver module be embedded in the wireless phone or that an external module be
`interfaced to the phone. Some of these
`to compute location and one system makes use of the existing commercialFM radio
`infrastructure.
`
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`TERMINOLOGY
`
`A VM:
`which operate in the 902-928 MHz band and offer subscription-based vehicle location and
`data messaging services in metropolitan areas. See p. 55 for further
`
`CDMA:
`encoded and spread across a broad band of spectrum. Each transmission
`unique code and only be identified and retrieved by the designated receiver. This allows
`more calls to occupy the same space in a
`primary developer of CDMA technology for u~e
`is expected to become one of the standards for digital
`Communications Services (PCS) networks.
`
`CDPD: CDPD
`transmitting data files over idle channels of
`of cellular operating companies will implement this service on their networks beginning in
`1994.
`
`, which is a system for
`
`DOA:
`generally use multiple array antennas, which allow for calculation of the angle of arrival of
`signals ITom wireless phones. The
`point of lines of position based on DOA measurements at a minimum of two base stations.
`
`ESMR:
`subscription-based two-way radio networks. These
`, being deployed by
`companies such as Nextel Communications, will be targeted at both commercial fleet and
`consumer markets and will compete with cellular and PCS.
`
`GPS:
`deployed by the U.S. military, but widely used for commercial and civil
`GPS constellation consists of 24 satellites (21 primary satellites
`planes at an altitude of 10 900 nautical miles above the earth. The GPS satellites
`continuously transmit precisely timed signals which include information that enables GPS
`receivers to accurately determine the satellite s position in orbit. Since the
`the speed oflight, the amount of time that elapses from transmission to receipt
`satellite signal is easily converted by the receiver to the range or distance to the satellite.
`Range measurements to four or more satellites are
`compute location, but three satellites are sufficient if the altitude of the receiver above sea
`level is fairly constant. For security reasons, GPS accuracy is intentionally degraded by
`the U.S. government to 100
`50 meters.
`
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`, Scientific, Medical band. The 902-928 MHz
`ISM: Acronym
`band is often referred to as the ISM band, as the Federal Communications Commission
`authorizes certain types of equipment in these categories (including welding,
`diathermy, etc. ) to operate in this band. This band is
`Monitoring (A VM) systems, government users, automatic vehicle identification systems
`unlicensed users employing low-powered spread spectrum equipment (part 15 of FCC
`rules) and amateur users.
`
`IVHS:
`initiative to encourage technology developments to improve the flow of traffic on U.S.
`roads and highways. IVHS technologies include Automatic
`to advise drivers of traffic congestion and alternate routes, Automatic Traffic Management.
`Systems for improved municipal traffic flow management and other technologies.
`hoped that these technologies will reduce traffic delays, reduce pollution and increase
`safety.
`
`MTSO:
`switch that controls the cellular network.
`
`, one of them being a path
`Multipath: Reception
`directly ITom the transmitter, the others being paths caused by signal reflections from
`objects.
`
`PCS: Acronym for
`services which will let users make calls using low cost, lightweight pocket phones. PCS
`systems will be basedon micro cells, typically spaced every few blocks. Many PCS
`networks will operate in the 1.8 GHz band.
`
`Spread Spectrum: A method of
`over a much wider bandwidth than it would occupy with normal modulation.
`
`TDOA:
`Difference-of-Arrival. This technique is
`radiolocation systems. It involves
`the signal at different receivers (base stations).
`vehicle traveling in a manner that maintains a constant time-of-arrival difference between
`any pair of base station receivers is a hyperbola. The transmitter (e.g. cellular phone) is
`located at the point of intersection of three hyperbolas based on time of arrival difference
`measurements at three base stations.
`
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`EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
`
`SUMMARY OF LOCATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR
`MOBILE 9-
`
`Network-based Location Systems
`
`KSI, Inc. has developed and patented
`(DFLS) which computes the location of a wireless phone by measuring the angle of
`arrival of control or voice channel transmissions
`measure angle of arrival at base stations with typical accuracy of .3 degrees, resulting
`in location accuracy of approximately 150 ft.
`$30 000 per site for a basic system and $3-5 million per network. The
`working on an Enhanced Direction Finding System (EDFS) with a target cost
`than $30 000 per site.
`
`Associated Communications Corporation has
`which computes the location of the caller using Time-Difference-of-Arrival (TDOA)
`measurements on control channel transmissions from the phone.
`typical accuracy of 500 ft. or better, based on tests and demonstrations conducted on a
`Rochester, New York cellular network. This patented system will be ready
`commercial deployment within 18 months through alliances with wireless network
`operators.
`
`Engineering Research Associates
`Systems, has developed
`and patented the E-CAPS system which computes the location of a wireless phone
`using a combination of phase-based direction finding and TDOA techniques.
`claims that location accuracy ofE-CAPS is approximately 100 meters. E-CAPS
`performance will be evaluated in a Federal Highway Administration sponsored
`operational test to be conducted in Washington, D.
`, beginning in October, 1994.
`
`TrackMobile, Inc. has
`caller using signal strength measurements of control channel transmissions from A and
`B side cellular base stations. The signal strength measurements are transmitted from
`the phone to TrackMobile s Help Express Service Center where the caller s location is
`computed and passed to the responsible PSAP.
`accuracy of 500 ft. A portable
`the phone to determine its exact location. The TrackMobile system requires a
`modification to the software in the wireless phone, but no modification to the network.
`
`S. West New Vector Group is
`a wireless network. The system
`compute location. Simulation
`tests of the system are currently underway. This system requires the addition of an
`
`Arrival multilateration techniques to
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`integrated circuit and software in the phone (estimated cost of $3) and a network
`overlay which may be achievable at a cost of $1/2 million for a typical network.
`
`Lockheed Sanders, Inc. has
`states is suitable for use in a high multi path urban environment.
`the installation of a receiver and processor at cell sites.
`technique is used to compute the approximate location of the caller.
`device is used in close range to determine the exact location
`company expects the system to be ready for commercial deployment in 1995.
`
`Lattice Corporation is a
`wireless network callers based on an overlay to the wireless network.
`reports that the system is designed to be low cost and to be effective in
`, the company does not wish to discuss
`effects of multi path propagation.
`the technique used to compute location except under non-disclosure. It is
`that the system will be available for commercial deployment in 1996.
`
`Cartesia Corporation will be
`wireless callers which receives and processes control channel transmissions installed at
`The system is not yet patented and the technique for
`computing location was not disclosed. The company will conduct field trails
`second half of 1994 to determine system accuracy.
`
`each network cell
`
`site.
`
`Network-based Location Technologies
`
`Qualcomm, Inc. reports that its Code
`for wireless networks could be used to compute the location of the caller.
`company reports that precise time is available at CDMA base stations, and the spread
`spectrum transmissions are very similar to GPS. However, when a CDMA phone
`approaches a base station it becomes difficult to obtain an adequate signal-to-noise
`ratio on neighboring base stations, as necessary for triangulation. Qualcomm reports
`that there are several possible solutions to this problem, but limited work has been
`done in this area to date, as there has been little customer interest.
`
`ESL, Inc., a subsidiary ofTRW, reports that based on the company s extensive
`experience in the development of radiolocation products, they believe there are enough
`mature technologies in the marketplace that a practical and affordable wireless 9-
`1 location, the company recommends the
`system is well within reach.
`based location system
`use ofGPS
`incorporating direction finding and TDOA technology.
`GPS receivers be installed in mobile phones will bring the cost
`to a few dollars per unit. A cellular-based location system based on DF and TDOA
`could achieve accuracies of 100-300 ft.
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`ArrayComm, Inc. has
`communication quality and capacity, using Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
`technology. The company reports that
`ITom a mobile phone is fundamental to their technology.
`information would reportedly make it possible to compute the location
`with an accuracy of +/- 50 ft. in open areas and with a lesser degree of accuracy in
`dense urban environments.
`
`OAR Corporation
`locating mobile callers. The company reports that an antenna array, bearing processor
`and receiver could be installed at a cell site for $10 000 or less, yielding bearing
`accuracy of approximately 3 degrees. In an urban environment, typical location
`accuracy would be within a city block.
`
`Scientific Research Laboratories, Inc. has
`which is used to identify the location of interfering emitters in the cellular band and
`locations of high system usage. An antenna array and receiver/processor installed at
`cell sites yield a typical bearing accuracy of3-5 degrees, resulting in location accuracy
`direction finding unit is used to
`of approximately 500 ft.
`determine the exact location of the caller. The cost
`estimated at $7 500 per site.
`
`Systems Based on External Location Network
`
`, which computes the
`
`Terrapin Corporation is
`location of the caller by tracking signals
`patented PINS system measures the phase of the FM pilot tone
`stations and, based on these measurements, computes the range or distance to each
`transmitter. Location of the caller
`typical system accuracy is 20-30 meters. Terrapin plans to have PINS
`embedd~d in wireless phones at an estimated cost
`claims that FM signals provide a high level of in-building penetration.
`
`NA VSYS Corporation
`the caller s location using a modified GPS receiver and modem interfaced to a mobile
`phone. The TIDGET receiver "takes a snapshot" of the captured GPS signals
`transmits the data to the NA VSYS Operations Center where location is computed.
`The caller s location is passed to the responsible PSAP. Typical accuracy
`TIDGET Mayday System is 100 meters.
`drop to under $50 within one year for large quantity purchases.
`
`Smith Advanced Technology, Inc. offers
`1 location
`and related applications. RALI units incorporate a GPS receiver, micro controller and
`software. The
`cellular phones will be available in late 1994 at an estimated price
`
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`expects RALI units to be embedded in mobile phones within a year at an incremental
`cost of under $100. The company
`the RALI system into the PSAP' s operations.
`
`Galaxy Microsystems, Inc. has
`location based on transmissions
`metropolitan area. Galaxy receivers, which could be embedded in a wireless phone
`compute location based on Time-Difference-of-Arrival (TDOA) measurements.
`System accuracy is reported to be 10 meters or better.
`location network can be deployed around a metropolitan area for approximately
`$200 000. It is
`phones could be made available in large quantities for $15-$25.
`
`928 MHz band
`Automatic Vehicle Monitoring (A VM)
`can compute the location of users in system coverage areas with a typical accuracy of
`100- 150 feet or better. These systems use spread
`base stations and compute location at a network control center using Time-Difference-
`, though some
`of-Arrival measurements. Transceivers are typically
`companies are working on portable configurations. Current transceiver prices are on
`band networks include
`the order of $300. Current
`AirTouch Teletrac, Pinpoint Communications, Inc. , Southwestern Bell Mobile
`Systems and Mobile Vision, Inc. Only
`today, with network coverage in six cities.
`
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`OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
`
`Based on this survey, it is clear that the technology exists to locate callers using
`wireless phones to request 9- 1 emergency assistance. Effective location systems
`based on either an overlay to the wireless network or external radiolocation networks
`can be operational in the next 12-24 months iflocation system developers, wireless
`network operators and phone
`systems.
`
`A number of companies have developed location systems based on an overlay to an
`existing wireless network. Most
`add-on to the mobile phone and, therefore, could automatically locate callers using
`existing cellular phones.
`
`The best accuracy achievable with network-based location systems appears to be on
`the order of 100-300 ft. , with degraded accuracy in dense urban environments.
`network-based systems do not work well indoors, as the strength of the transmitted
`signals used to compute location is reduced as the signals pass through the building
`structure.
`responder to determine the exact location of the phone.
`
`The cost of network-based systems ranges ITom under $10 000 per base station to
`$30 000-$40 000 per base station or more. The deployment cost for a metropolitan
`area will typically range from under $1 million to $5 million or more.
`higher cost systems claim a higher level of accuracy.
`
`1 callers which use signals from
`Several suppliers offer systems capable of locating 9-
`existing networks without requiring an investment in inftastructure or network
`overlays. These systems are based on
`from commercial FM radio stations or currently available cellular transmissions.
`of these systems will reportedly add little or no cost to a basic wireless phone.
`systems offer varying degrees of accuracy and in-building penetration.
`
`1 systems based on GPS are currently in the form of external receivers
`Mobile 9-
`interfaced to a mobile phone. In the future, some suppliers expect to have GPS
`receivers embedded in the phone. Industry sources project that
`cellular phones were equipped with GPS, the price of GPS receivers would be reduced
`to a few dollars per phone. GPS
`or better, but GPS signal shadowing can occur in dense urban environments and the
`signals are not available indoors. On the whole, GPS is well suited for in-vehicle 9-
`location, but it would need to be used in combination with other technologies to cover
`in-building emergency calls from portable cellular or PCS phones.
`
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`Many of the systems which have been developed provide for location of a mobile
`caller, but not for passing location data and caller ill
`1 location data
`format compatible with existing PSAPs. Integration
`into the PSAP in a standard format is a significant issue which should be dealt with in
`parallel with any implementation of location systems.
`
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`NETWORK-BASED LOCATION SYSTEMS
`
`This section covers location systems which utilize the wireless communication network to
`compute the location of a mobile caller. Most systems covered require a modification to
`the network. Some
`in development) by the following companies are covered:
`
`KSI, Inc.
`
`Associated Communications Corporation
`
`Engineering Research Associates (E-Systems)
`
`TrackMobile
`
`S. West New Vector Group, Inc.
`
`Lockheed Sanders, Inc.
`
`Lattice Communications, Inc.
`
`Cartesia Corporation
`
`Several other companies have technologies which could be enhanced to provide the
`1 caller using a wireless network.
`capability to locate a 9-
`would require an overlay to the existing wireless network.
`location technology as it would be applied to locating mobile callers is included for the
`following companies:
`
`Qualcomm (CDMA)
`
`TRW (ESL)
`
`ArrayComm
`
`OAR Corporation
`
`Scientific Research Laboratories, Inc.
`
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`KSI, Inc.
`7630 Little River Turnpike, #212
`Annandale, VA 22003
`Telephone: (703) 941-5749
`Fax:: (703) 941-5786
`
`Company Background
`
`KSI, Inc. is a small, privately-held company which was formed in 1986.
`provided analytical, systems and software engineering support to the government and to
`commercial clients. In addition to the development of cellular location technology, KSI
`has designed and integrated sonar systems for the U. S. Navy and has also supported the
`Navy in the areas of advanced signal processing; detection, localization and tracking;
`analysis of acoustic and RF signal sources;
`data fusion and artificial intelligence.
`
`Direction Finding Localization System
`
`KSI began development of its Direction Finding Localization system (DFLS) in
`The system was designed to compute the location, speed and heading of users of wireless
`phones. A prototype DFLS
`
`The DFLS system requires the installation of directionally sensitive receiving antennas
`called Sensor Stations (SSs) which may be collocated at the wireless network antenna
`sites. SSs capture
`these signals to determine the angle of arrival.
`relayed via a wired or wireless data link to a Central Station
`received data and computes the location of the caller.
`1 applications, DFLS can
`provide the caller s phone number and location to a Public Safety Answering Point
`(pSAP).
`
`1 applications, DFLS can reportedly compute the caller s location in milliseconds
`For 9-
`before voice communication begins. KSI reports
`1 callers as can access the communication network.
`the location of as many 9-
`company reports that the system is compatible with wireless networks such as cellular
`PCS and ESMR. The
`
`Target Applications
`
`Intended applications for DFLS include emergency' notification (9-
`assistance, routing, and fleet management. .
`information for traffic monitoring in support of IVHS Advanced Traffic Management
`Systems.
`
`1), roadside
`
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`System Status
`
`A demonstration DFLS system consisting of two SS units and one CS has been
`operational in the Annandale, Virginia, area since 1991. The company reports that a
`significant amount of field testing has been done tracking a company control group as well
`as thousands of targets of opportunity.
`
`KSI reports that the DFLS system could be
`sufficient funding is available.
`
`, if
`
`Wireless Phone
`
`DFLS does not require any modification to the wireless phone. Once deployed, the
`system will compute location of existing cellular phones as well as phones operated on
`future cellular and PCS networks.
`
`System Accuracy
`
`KSI claims typical location accuracy of 150 feet. This accuracy is based on the system
`capability to compute bearing to the SS with an accuracy of 0. 3 degrees. Accuracy
`achieved is impacted by the proximity of the phone to SS receivers, noise and the
`multipath environment. A higher
`measurements from more than two sites.
`
`Performance in Dense Urban Environments
`
`Accuracy in dense urban environments may be degraded due to increased effects of
`multipath. Performance in dense urban environments can be
`of additional SS units, which need not be located at network antenna sites.
`
`In-Building Penetration and Vertical Resolution
`
`DFSL will provide only limited in-building penetration due to the signal strength reduction
`caused by the structure. If
`communications within the building, the KSI system will identify the building
`the call was placed and, based on measurements from the microcell, may be able to
`determine ITom which floor a call was placed.
`
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`Proiected Cost of Deployment
`
`KSI estimates the cost of deployment for a basic system at approximately $30 000 per SS
`including one CS, which can generally cover a metropolitan area. The estimated cost to
`deploy DFLS on a wireless network in a major metropolitan area is $3- 5 million.
`
`KSI is currently developing an Enhanced Direction Finding System (EDFS) which could
`be deployed at a cost of under $30 000 per SS, depending on capabilities required, system
`complexity and the number of network sites.
`
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`Associated Communications Corporation
`3 Bala Plaza East, Suite 502
`Bala Cynwyd, P A 19004
`Telephone: (610) 660-4910
`Fax:: (610) 660-4920
`
`Company Background
`
`Associated Communications Corporation commenced operations in November, 1979.
`The company has holdings in a number of communications companies and also actively
`operates communications businesses. Associated owns and operates cellular and
`microwave systems and has significant holdings in cable TV networks.
`the majority owner of cellular networks in Buffalo, Rochester and Albany, New York and
`other locations. Associated has entered into a
`Southwestern Bell with regard to these cellular properties which is expected to lead to the
`sale of these holdings later this year. The company owns 30% interest in Portatel del
`Sureste , S. A. de C. v. , which provides cellular telephone service in five Mexican states.
`Associated, through a joint venture, has experimental licenses ITom the FCC to test
`Personal Communications Services technology in Los Angeles and Washington, D. C. and
`has purchased interest in an entity pursuing PCS licenses. Associated Communications
`Corporation is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange.
`
`Associated began development of its Cellular Location System in early 1992.
`company currently has a staff of engineers (internal staff and consultants) dedicated to
`development and testing of the system.
`
`Cellular Location System
`
`Associated Communication Corporation s Cellular Location system computes the
`location, speed and heading of callers using wireless phones. The system is based on
`Time-Difference-of-Arrival (TDOA) measurements made on the reverse control channel
`transmissions ITom phone to cell site.
`
`The Cellular Location System requires that equipment be installed at "coverage" cell sites
`but not at "capacity" cell sites. (Capacity sites are sites that have been added to cover
`increases in network usage. ) In a
`s cellular
`network cell sites are "coverage" sites. Equipment
`omnidirectional antenna (unless one is already in use) and a dedicated receiver which has a
`wider bandwidth, better timing and higher sensitivity than the cellular network receiver.
`To compute location the receiver measures the time of arrival of the center of energy
`(otherwise known as Group Delay) of the 100 millisecond control
`The data from the cell sites is passed to a digital signal processing system at a Central Site
`(typically at the MTSO) which computes location based on the intersection ofisodelay
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`curves generated from the TDOA measurements.
`real time after receipt of control channel
`
`s location is computed in
`
`On July 5, 1994, U.S. Patent #5 327 144 covering the Cellular Location System was
`issued to Associated RT, Inc., a subsidiary of Associated Communications Corporation.
`
`Target Applications
`
`Intended applications for the Cellular Location System include emergency notification
`(9-
`1) as well as a wide range of consumer and commercial fleet applications.
`
`System Status
`
`Associated' s Cellular Location System was demonstrated over a six month period (late
`1993/early 1994) in the Rochester, New York area, using the company s local cellular
`network. Demonstrations were conducted for
`national organizations seeking to market location-dependent services. Limited field
`testing was also done at that time, but test data has not been published.
`
`Associated Communications estimates that in 18-24 months the location system can be
`commercially deployed and integrated into existing 9- 1 operations. The company is
`actively pursuing partnerships and alliances to commercialize the location technology and
`to participate in further technology enhancement and development.
`
`Wireless Phone
`
`The Associated Communications system does not require any modification to cellular or
`other wireless phones. Once deployed the
`users of the network as well as new users.
`
`System Accuracy
`
`Associated Communications claims typical system accuracy of 500 ft. RMS, under a
`variety of conditions, with its prototype Cellular Location System.
`
`Accuracy in dense urban environments may be degraded due to multipath. However
`some of the impact of multi path is offset by the fact that dense urban areas usually have
`more cell sites, making it possible obtain a more redundant solution.
`
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`In-Building Penetration and Vertical Resolution
`
`Associated Communications reports that their location system works indoors, but
`accuracy is impacted by multipath and signal loss. The company indicates that it is
`difficult to determine which floor of the building the caller is on with a cellular-based
`location system, as the location network is essentially on the horizontal plane.
`
`Proiected Cost of Deployment
`
`Associated Communications declined to discuss system deployment costs in detail.
`However, they indicated that the cost will be less than the cost for Cellular Digital Packet
`Data (CDPD) network overlay, which
`000- $50 000 per cell site.
`CDPD requires a receiver, a transmitter and a linear amplifier while the Associated
`location system requires only a receiver and, in some cases, an antenna.
`
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`Engineering Research Associates
`1 ?95
`Vienna, VA 22182-2