PROVISIONAL
`APPLICATION
`NUMBER
`
`SERIAL. NUMBER
`
`PlUNG DATE CLASS
`
`SUBCLASS
`
`GROUP ART UNIT
`
`EXAMINER
`
`**FOREIGN/PCT APPLICATIONS* **********
`\.IF: r::: I r:· I [~ :o
`
`***** SMALL ENTITY *****
`
`....
`
`AS
`FILED
`
`0::::('1
`• ••• s •••
`I>EI\1\/E:h:
`
`•• : ••• s: •• ,,: ••
`
`I ··:··"">•":•
`
`LOCATION OF A MOBILE STATION USING A COMMERCIAL WIRELESS
`I NF'Fi:(.:)~!~~"I'F(I.JC:'T'I...IF~[
`
`u.s.
`
`PAT. & TM-PT0-436L
`
`(FACE)
`
`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 1
`
`

`
`60854 U.S. PTO
`
`.
`60044821
`\\\\111 \ll\1 l\l\1 1111\1\11 IIIII\ Ill
`04/25/97
`
`t~,---
`
`~'
`::,· ·,.
`
`-~---12.----------
`____ 13. - - - - - - - - - -
`· - - - -14.----------
`' 15.----------
`___ _ 16. - - - - - - - - - (cid:173)
`
`____ 17. - - - - - - - - - (cid:173)
`
`_ ___ 18. - - - - - - - - - (cid:173)
`
`_ ___ 19. - - - - - - - - - -
`
`: _ ___ 20. - - - - - - - - - (cid:173)
`:----21.---------(cid:173)
`- - - -22 . - - - - - - - - - (cid:173)
`,----23.---------(cid:173)
`
`____ 24. - - - - - - - - - -
`- - - -25 . - - - - - - - - - -
`----26.----------
`- - - - 27 . - - - - - - - - - -
`- - - -28 . - - - - - - - - - -
`- - - -29 . - - - - - - - - - -
`
`____ 30. - - - - - - - - - -
`
`____ 31. - - - - - - - - -
`- - - - 32 . - - - - - - - - - -
`
`(FRONT)
`
`- - - - -
`
`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 2
`
`

`
`ID NO.
`1 D~TE
`ct-1
`(;;I /;2/77
`~ ltl?U -::f ~ j'gl
`6/.s;jq:J_
`~/0 -? ·- '~~) .L} .'
`
`POSITION
`
`CLASSIFIER
`EXAMINER
`TYPIST
`VERIFIER
`CORPSCORR.
`SPEC. HAND
`FILE MAINT
`DRAFTING
`
`(LEFT INSIDE)
`
`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 3
`
`

`
`r-
`0"\
`.
`til~-
`.
`an
`::> ~
`10 =~a request for filing a PROVISIONAL APPLICATION FOR PATENT under 37 CFR 1.53(b)(2).
`est
`Ill
`r:- -
`
`0
`E-<
`
`.... -
`
`1{1-~
`
`.-1
`
`Docket Number
`
`1002
`
`INVENTOR(s)/APPUCANT(s)
`
`PROVISIONAL APPLICATION COVER SHEET
`
`75- ?/c/ j
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`-
`Type a plus sign ( +) '"~i
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`inside this box -
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`::>oo::t'"
`o:t'c=J
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`lAST NAME
`
`FIRSfNAME
`
`MIDDLE INITIAL
`
`RESIDENCE (CITY AND EfiHER STATE OR FOREIGN
`COUNI'RY)
`
`~
`
`LEBlANC
`DUPRAY
`KARR
`
`FREDERICK
`DENNIS
`CHARLES
`
`WARREN
`JAY
`
`7547 Braun St., Arvada, Colorado 8000S
`222 So. Marion Parkway, Denver, Colorado 80209
`400 Sandbrook Lane, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35405
`
`TITLE OF THE INVENTION (280 characters max)
`
`"LOCATION OF A MOBILE STATION USING A COMMERCIAL WIRELESS INFRASTRUCTURE"
`
`CO~PONDENCEADD~
`
`Dennis J. Dupray
`222 So. Marion Parkway
`Denver
`STATE I Colorado
`
`I ZIP CODE I 80209
`
`I COUNI'RY I United States of America
`
`('"~.
`
`f~:
`~~:~
`~;,
`[~::
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`X
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`Specification
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`ENCLOSED APPLICATION PARTS (check all that apply)
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`265
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`90
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`
`t:
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`~~-~
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`A check or money order is enclosed to ~r the filing fees
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`filing fees and credit Deposit Account Number:
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`AMOUNI'($)
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`$75.00
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`The invention was made by an agency of the United States Govern
`
`ment or under a contract with an agency of the United States Government.
`
`~
`
`No.
`
`D
`
`Yes, the name of the U.S. Government agency and the Government contract number are: _________ _
`
`.
`By.
`Dennis J.
`pray.
`222 So. Marion ParkWay
`Denver, Colorado 80209
`(303) 863-2975
`
`Date: tfo: /4 JPZ
`
`IB914070674US
`"EXPRESS MAIL" LABEL NUMBER:
`DATE OF DEPOSIT: April 25, 1997
`
`IS BEING
`I HEREBY CERTIFY THAT THIS PAPER OR FEE
`DEPOSITED IIITH THE UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE "EXPRESS
`MAIL POST OFFICE TO ADDRESSEE" SERVICE UNDER 37 CFR 1.10
`ON THE DATE
`INDICATED ABOVE AND
`IS ADDRESSED TO THE
`ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER FOR PATENTS,
`IIASHINGTON, D.C.
`20231.
`
`TYPED OR P~ "'"'' CONS'l?.t:!
`SIGNATURE:&~*i!l
`
`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 4
`
`

`
`.-
`
`IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`
`PATENT
`
`In Re the Application of:
`
`DUPRAY et al.
`
`Serial No.: not yet assigned
`
`Filed: April 25, 1997
`
`Docket No.: 1002
`
`)
`)
`)
`)
`)
`)
`)
`)
`)
`)
`For: "LOCATION OF A MOBILE
`)
`STATION USING A COMMERCIAL )
`WIRELESS INFRASTRUCTURE"
`)
`
`REQUEST FOR EXTENDED RETENTION
`OF DISCLOSURE DOCUMENTS
`
`IB914070674US
`"EXPRESS MAIL" LABEL NUMBER:
`DATE OF DEPOSIT: April 25, 1997
`
`I HEREBY CERTIFY THAT THIS PAPER OR FEE IS BEING
`DEPOSITED WITH THE UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE
`"EXPRESS MAIL POST OFFICE TO ADDRESSEE" SERVICE
`UNDER 37 CFR 1.10 ON THE DATE INDICATED ABOVE AND
`IS ADDRESSED TO THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS AND
`TRADEMARKS, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20231.
`
`TvPfD tw PR'! :'"'' CONSTAM:l:
`SIGNATURE: ~~'- _ _
`
`Box PROVXSXOBAL PATENT APPLXCATXOB
`Assistant Commissioner for Patents
`Washington, D.C.
`20231
`
`Dear Sir:
`
`As per MPEP 1706 regarding Disclosure Documents, this paper
`
`gives notice
`
`that Disclosure Document No.
`
`375159, Entitled
`
`"Techniques for Radio Location Using COMA, 11
`
`received April 25,
`
`1995, and Disclosure Document No. 378766, "Techniques for Radio
`
`Location Using COMA," received June 8, 1995, include disclosures of
`
`inventive aspects of the related patent application as titled
`
`above.
`
`Accordingly, it is requested that these Disclosure
`
`Documents be retained beyond the two-year period. Note that a
`
`request for retention of these documents was also made in the
`filing of u.s. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/025,855, filed
`
`September 9, 1996.
`
`Respectfully submitted,
`
`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 5
`
`

`
`VERIFIED STATEMENT (DECLARATION) CLAIMING SMALL ENTITY STATUS
`(37 CFR 1.9(t) and 1.27(c))- SMALL BUSINESS CONCERN
`
`I hereby declare that I am an officer of Intellabs LLC, with a principal business address of 222 So.
`Marion Parkway, Denver, Colorado 80209, a small business concern.
`
`I hereby declare that the above-identified small business concern qualifies as a small business
`concern as defined in 13 CFR 121.3-18, and reproduced in 37 CFR 1.9( d), for purposes of paying reduced
`fees under section 41(a) and (b) of Title 35, United States Code, in that the number of employees of the
`concern, including those of its affiliates, does not exceed 500 persons. For purposes of this statement, (1)
`the number of employees of the business concern is the average over the previous fiscal year of the
`concern of the persons employed on a full-time, part-time or temporary basis during each of the pay
`periods of the fiscal year, and (2) concerns are affiliates of each other when either, directly or indirectly,
`one concern controls or has the power to control the other, or a third party or parties controls or has the
`power to control both.
`
`I hereby declare that rights under contract or law have been conveyed to and remain with the small
`business concern identified above with regard to the invention, entitled "LOCATION OF A MOBILE
`STATION USING A COMMERCIAL WIRELESS INFRASTRUCTURE" described in the specification
`filed herewith and further described as Docket No. 1002.
`
`If the rights held by the above-identified small business concern are not exclusive, each individual,
`concern or organization having rights to the invention is listed below* and no rights to the invention are
`held by any person, other than the inventor, who could not qualify as a small business concern under 37
`CFR 1.9(c) or by any concern which would not qualify as a small business concern under 37 CFR 1.9(d)
`or a nonprofit organization under 37 CFR 1.9( e).
`*NOTE: Separate verified statements are required from each named person, concern or organization
`having rights to the invention averring to their status as small entities. (37 CFR 1.27)
`
`NAME·-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
`ADDRESS ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _
`[]INDIVIDUAL
`[ ] SMALL BUSINESS CONCERN
`[ ] NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION
`
`I acknowledge the duty to file, in this application or patent, notification of any change in status
`resulting in loss of entitlement to small entity status prior to paying, or at the time of paying, the earliest
`of the issue fee or any maintenance fee due after the date on which status as a small entity is no longer
`appropriate. (37 CFR 1.28(b))
`
`I hereby declare that all statements made herein of my own knowledge are true and that all statements
`made on information and belief are believed to be true; and further that these statements were made with
`the knowledge that willful false statements and the like so made are punishable by fine or imprisonment,
`or both, under section 1001 of Title 18 of the United States Code, and that such willful false statements
`may jeopardize the validity of the application, any patent issuing thereon, or any patent to which this
`verified statement is directed.
`
`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 6
`
`

`
`Property of Intellabs LLC: Confidential
`
`LOCATION OF A MOBILE STATION USING A COMMERCIAL WIRELESS
`
`INFRASTRUCTURE
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention is directed generally to a system and method for locating people or
`
`objects, and in particular to a system and method for locating a wireless mobile radio station.
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
`Introduction.
`
`Wireless communications systems are becoming increasingly important worldwide.
`
`Wireless cellular telecommunications systems are rapidly replacing conventional wire-based
`
`telecommunications systems in many applications. Cellular radio telephone networks ("CRT"),
`
`and specialized mobile radio and mobile data radio networks are examples. The general principles
`
`of wireless cellular telephony have been described variously, for example in U. S. Patent
`
`5,295,180 to Vendetti, at al, which is incorporated herein by reference.
`
`There is great interest in using existing infrastructures for wireless communication systems
`
`for locating people and/or objects in a cost effective manner. Such a capability would be
`
`invaluable in a variety of situations, especially in emergency or crime situations. Due to the
`
`substantial benefits of such a location system, several attempts have been made to design and
`
`implement such a system.
`
`Systems have been proposed that rely upon signal strength and trilateralization techniques
`
`to permit location include those disclosed in U.S. Patents 4,818,998 and 4,908,629 to Apsell et al.
`
`("the Apsell patents") and 4,891,650 to Sheffer ("the Sheffer patent"). The Apsell patents
`
`disclose a system employing a "homing-in'' scheme using radio signal strength, wherein the
`
`scheme detects radio signal strength transmitted from an unknown location. This signal strength
`
`is detected by nearby tracking vehicles, such as police cruisers using receivers with directional
`
`antennas. Alternatively, the Sheffer patent discloses a system using the FM analog cellular
`
`network. This system includes a mobile transmitter located on a vehicle to be located. The
`
`transmitter transmits an alarm signal upon activation to detectors located at base stations of the
`
`cellular network. These detectors receive the transmitted signal and transmit, to a central station,
`
`page 1
`
`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 7
`
`

`
`Property of Intellabs LLC: Confidential
`
`data indicating the signal strength of the received signal and the identity of the base stations
`
`receiving the signal. This data is processed to determine the distance between the vehicle and
`
`each of the base stations and, through trilateralization, the vehicle's position. However, these
`
`systems have drawbacks that include high expense in that special purpose electronics are required.
`
`Furthermore, the systems are generally only effective in line-of-sight conditions, such as rural
`
`settings. Radio wave surface reflections, refractions and ground clutter cause significant
`
`distortion, in determining the location of a signal source in most geographical areas that are more
`
`than sparsely populated. Moreover, these drawbacks are particularly exacerbated in dense urban
`
`canyon (city) areas, where errors and/or conflicts in location measurements can result in
`
`substantial inaccuracies.
`
`Another example of a location system using time of arrival and triangulation for location
`
`are satellite-based systems, such as the military and commercial versions of the Global Positioning
`
`Satellite system ("GPS"). GPS can provide accurate position determination (i.e., about 100
`
`meters error for the commercial version of GPS) from a time-based sigrial received simultaneously
`
`from at least three satellites. A ground-based GPS receiver at or near the object to be located
`
`determines the difference between the time at which each satellite transmits a time signal and the
`
`time at which the signal is received and, based on the time differentials, determines the object's
`
`location. However, the GPS is impractical in many applications. The signal power levels from
`
`the satellites are low and the GPS receiver requires a clear, line-of-sight path to at least three
`
`satellites above a horizon of about 60 degrees for effective operation. Accordingly, inclement
`
`weather conditions, such as clouds, terrain features, such as hills and trees, and buildings restrict
`
`the ability of the GPS receiver to determine its position. Furthermore, the initial GPS signal
`
`detection process for a GPS receiver is relatively long (i.e., several minutes) for determining the
`
`receiver's position. Such delays are unacceptable in many applications such as, for example,
`
`emergency response and vehicle tracking.
`
`Differential GPS, or DGPS systems offer correction schemes to account for time
`
`synchronization drift. Such correction schemes include the transmission of correction signals over
`
`a two-way radio link or broadcast via FM radio station subcarriers. These systems have been
`
`found to be awkward and have met with limited success.
`
`page2
`
`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 8
`
`

`
`Property of lntellabs LLC: Confidential
`
`Additionally, GPS-based location systems have been attempted in which the received GPS
`
`signals are transmitted to a central data center for performing location calculations. Such systems
`
`have also met with limited success due, for example, to the limited reception of the satellite
`
`signals and the added expense and complexity of the electronics required for an inexpensive
`
`location mobile station or handset for detecting and receiving the GPS signals from the satellites.
`
`Radio Propagation Background
`
`The behavior of a mobile radio signal in the general environment is unique and
`
`complicated. Efforts to perform correlations between radio signals and distance between a base
`
`station and a mobile station are similarly complex. Repeated attempts to solve this problem in the
`
`past have been met with only marginal success. Factors include terrain undulations, fixed and
`
`variable clutter, atmospheric conditions, internal radio characteristics of cellular and PCS systems,
`
`such as frequencies, antenna configurations, modulation schemes, diversity methods, and the
`
`physical geometries of direct, refracted and reflected waves between the base stations and the
`
`mobile. Noise, such as man-made externally sources (e.g., auto ignitions) and radio system co(cid:173)
`
`channel and adjacent channel interference also affect radio reception and related performance
`
`measurements, such as the analog carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I), or digital energy-per(cid:173)
`
`bit/Noise density ratio (EbtNo) and are particular to various points in time and space domains.
`
`1.1
`
`RF Propagation in Free Space
`
`Before discussing real world correlations between signals and distance, it is useful to
`
`review the theoretical premise, that of radio energy path loss across a pure isotropic vacuum
`
`propagation channel, and its dependencies within and among various communications channel
`
`types. Figure BG-1 illustrates a definition of channel types arising in communications:
`
`Over the last forty years various mathematical expressions have been developed to assist the radio
`
`mobile cell designer in establishing the proper balance between base station capital investment and
`
`the quality of the radio link, typically using radio energy field-strength, usually measured in
`
`microvolts/meter, or decibels.
`
`First consider Rata's single ray model. A simplified radio channel can be described as:
`G; = Lp + F + Lt+ Lm + Lb- Gr + Gr
`
`(Equation 1)
`
`page3
`
`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 9
`
`

`
`Property of Intellabs LLC: Confidential
`
`where G; = system gain in decibels
`
`Lp= free space path loss in dB,
`
`F= fade margin in dB,
`
`Lr= transmission line loss from coaxials used to connect radio to antenna, in dB,
`
`Lm= miscellaneous losses such as minor antenna misalignment, coaxial corrosion, increase
`
`in receiver noise figure due to aging, in dB,
`
`Lb= branching loss due to filter and circulator used to combine or split transmitter and
`
`receiver signals in a single antenna
`
`GF gain oftransmitting antenna
`
`Gr= gain of receiving antenna
`
`Free space path loss1 Lp across the propagation channel is a function of distance d, frequency
`/(for fvalues < 1 GHz, such as the 890-950 mHz cellular band):
`
`por =
`1
`(4mttcr
`Pt
`
`where Por =received power in free space
`P t = transmitting power
`c = speed of light,
`
`(equation 2)
`
`The difference between two received signal powers in free space,
`
`1 Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals, William C. Y. Lee, 2nd, Ed
`
`page4
`
`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 10
`
`

`
`Property of Intellabs LLC: Confidential
`
`AP = (10)1og(Por2
`pori
`
`) = (20) loj d1)(dB)
`~\d2
`
`(equation 3)
`
`indicates that the free propagation path loss is 20 dB per decade. Frequencies between 1 GHz and 2GHz experience
`increased values in the exponent, ranging from 2 to 4, or 20 to 40 dB/decade, which would be predicted for the
`new PCS 1.8 - 1.9 GHz band.
`
`This suggests that the free propagation path loss is 20 dB per decade. However, frequencies
`
`between 1 GHz and 2 GHz experience increased values in the exponent, ranging from 2 to 4, or
`
`20 to 40 dB/decade, which would be predicted for the new PCS 1.8 - 1.9 GHz band. One
`
`consequence from a location perspective is that the effective range of values for higher exponents
`
`is an increased at higher frequencies, thus providing improved granularity of ranging correlation.
`
`1.2
`
`Environmental Clutter and RF Propagation Effects
`
`Actual data collected in real-world environments uncovered huge variations with respect
`
`to the free space path loss equation, giving rise to the creation of many empirical formulas for
`
`radio signal coverage prediction. Clutter, either fixed or stationary in geometric relation to the
`
`propagation of the radio signals, causes a shadow effect ofblocking that perturbs the free space
`
`loss effect. Perhaps the best known model set that characterizes the average path loss is Hata's,
`
`"Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio", M. Hata, IEEE Transactions
`
`VT-29, pp. 317-325, August 1980, three pathless models, based on Okumura's measurements in
`
`and around Tokyo, "Field Strength and its Variability in VHF and UHF Land Mobile Service", Y.
`
`Okumura, et al, Review of the Electrical Communications laboratory, Vol16, pp 825-873, Sept.(cid:173)
`
`Oct. 1968.
`
`page5
`
`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 11
`
`

`
`Property of Intellabs LLC: Confidential
`
`The typical urban Rata model for Lp was defined as Lp = Lhu:
`
`Lnu = 69.55 + 26.16log(f) -13.82log(h88 ) - a(hMS )+ (( 44.9- 6.55log(H88 ) log( d)[ dB])
`(Equation 4)
`
`where LRu = path loss, Rata urban
`hBs = base station antenna height
`
`LHsuburban = LHu-2[log(i8)]
`
`2
`-5.4 [dB]
`
`hMS= mobile station antenna height
`d = distance BS-MS in km
`a(hMS) is a correction factor for small and
`
`medium sized cities, found to be:
`2
`LHrural = LHu-4.78 (logf) + 18.33logf-40.94 [dB]
`
`a(hMS) is a correction factor for small and medium sized cities, found to be:
`
`llog(f- 0.7)hMS -1.56log(f- 0.8) = a(hMS)
`
`For large cities the correction factor was found to be:
`
`2
`a(hMs) = 3.2[log11.75hMS] -4.97
`
`assuming f is equal to or greater than 400 rnHz.:
`
`The typical suburban model correction was found to be:
`
`The typical rural model modified the urban formula differently, as seen below:
`
`(Equation 5)
`
`(Equation 6)
`
`(Equation 7)
`
`(Equation 8)
`
`Although the Rata model was found to be useful for generalized RF wave prediction in
`
`page6
`
`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 12
`
`

`
`Property of lntellabs LLC: Confidential
`
`frequencies under 1 GHz in certain suburban and rural settings, as either the frequency and/or
`clutter increased, predictability decreased. In current practice, however, field technicians often
`have to make a guess for dense urban an suburban areas (applying whatever model seems best),
`then installing a base stations and begin taking manual measurements. Coverage problems can
`take up to a year to resolve.
`
`1.3
`
`Relating Received Signal Strength to Location
`
`Having previously established a relationship between d and P or, reference equation 2
`
`above: d represents the distance between the mobile station (MS) and the base station (BS); Por
`
`represents the received power in free space) for a given set of unchanging environmental
`
`conditions, it should may be possible to dynamically measure P or and then determine d.
`
`In 1991, U.S. Patent 5,055,851 to Sheffer taught that ifthree or more relationships have
`
`been established in a triangular space of three or more base stations (B Ss) with a location
`
`database constructed fur eaeh having data related to possible mobile station (MS) locations, then
`
`arculation calculations eaft-may be performed, which use three distinct P or measurements ffi.te-to
`
`determine an X,Y, two dimensional location, which can then be projected onto an area map. The
`
`triangulation calculation is based on the fact that the approximate distance of the mobile station
`
`(MS) from any base station (BS) cell can be calculated based on the received signal strength.
`
`Sheffer acknowledges that terrain variations affect accuracy, although as noted above, Sheffer's
`
`disclosure does not account for a sufficient number of variables, such as fixed and variable
`
`location shadow fading, which are typical in dense urban areas with moving traffic.
`
`Most field research before about 1988 has focused on characterizing (with the objective of
`
`RF coverage prediction) the RF propagation channel (i.e., electromagnetic radio waves) using a
`
`single-ray model, although standard fit errors in regressions proved dismal (e.g., 40-80 dB). Later,
`
`multi-ray models were proposed, and much later, certain behaviors were studied with radio and
`
`digital channels. In 1981, Vogler proposed that radio waves at higher frequencies could be
`
`modeled using optics principles. In 1988 Walfisch and Bertoni applied optical methods to develop
`
`a two-ray model, which when compared to certain highly specific, controlled field data, provided
`
`extremely good regression fit standard errors ofwithin 1.2 dB.
`
`page?
`
`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 13
`
`

`
`Property of Intellabs LLC: Confidential
`
`In the Bertoni two ray model it was assumed that most cities would consist of a core of
`
`high-rise buildings surrounded by a much larger area having buildings of uniform height spread
`
`over regions comprising many square blocks, with street grids organizing buildings into rows that
`
`are nearly parallel. Rays penetrating buildings then emanating outside a building were neglected.
`
`Figure BG-2 provides a basis for the variables.
`
`After a lengthy analysis it was concluded that path loss was a function ofthree factors: 1.)
`
`the path loss between antennas in free space; 2.) the reduction of rooftop wave fields due to
`
`settling; and 3.) the effect of diffraction of the rooftop fields down to ground level. The last two
`
`] - 9logd + 20log {tan [2 (h- HMs)] -l}
`
`= Slog [( ~) 2
`Lex= 57.1+A+log(f)+R-((18log(H))-18loJ1-~]
`,_
`17H
`
`The influence of building geometry is contained in A:
`
`factors were summarily
`
`termed Lex, given by:
`
`(Equation 9)
`
`(Equation 10)
`
`However, a substantial9fle-difficulty with the two-ray model in practice is that it requires
`
`a substantial amount of data regarding building dimensions, geometries, street widths, antenna
`
`gain characteristics for every possible ray path, etc. Additionally, it requires an inordinate amount
`
`of computational resources and such a model is not easily updated or maintained.
`
`Unfortunately, in practice clutter geometries and building heights are random. Moreover,
`
`data of sufficient detail is extremely difficult to acquire, and regression standard fit errors are
`
`poor; i.e., in the general case, these errors were found to be 40-60 dB. Thus the two-ray model
`
`approach, although sometimes providing an improvement over single ray techniques, still did not
`
`predict RF signal characteristics in the general case to level of accuracy desired (<10dB).
`
`Work by Greenstein has since developed from the perspective of measurement-based
`
`regression models, as opposed to the previous approach of predicting-first, then performing
`
`pageS
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`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 14
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`Property of Intellabs LLC: Confidential
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`measurement comparisons. Apparently yielding to the fact that low-power, low antenna (e.g., 12-
`
`25 feet above ground) height PCS microcell coverage was insufficient in urban buildings,
`
`Greenstein, et al, authored "Performance Evaluations for Urban Line-of-sight Microcells Using a
`
`Multi-ray Propagation Model", in IEEE Globecom Proceedings, 12/91. This paper proposed the
`
`idea of formulating regressions based on field measurements using small PCS microcells in a
`
`lineal microcell geometry (i.e., geometries in which there is always a line-of-sight (LOS) path
`
`between a subscriber's mobile and its current microsite).
`
`Additionally, Greenstein studied the
`
`communication channels variable Bit-Error-Rate (BER) in a spatial domain, which was a
`
`departure from previous research that limited field measurements to the RF propagation channel
`
`signal strength alone. However, Greenstein based his finding on two suspicious assumptions: 1)
`
`he assumed that distance correlation estimates were identical for uplink and downlink
`
`transmission paths; and 2) modulation techniques would be transparent in terms of improved
`
`distance correlation conclusions. Although some data held very correlations, other data and
`
`environments produced poor results. Accordingly, his results appear unreliable for use in general
`
`location context.
`
`In 1993 Greenstein, et al, authored "A Measurement-Based Model for Predicting
`
`Coverage Areas ofUrban Microcells", in the IEEE Journal On Selected Areas in
`
`Communications, Vol. 11, No.7, 9/93. Greenstein reported a generic measurement-based model
`ofRF attenuation in terms of constant-value contours surrounding a given low-power, low
`
`antenna microcell environment in a dense, rectilinear neighborhood, such as New York City.
`
`However, these contours were for but-ffi-the cellular frequency band. In this case, LOS and non(cid:173)
`
`LOS clutter were considered for a given micro cell site. A key-result of this analysis was that RF
`
`propagation losses (or attenuations), when cell antenna heights were relatively low, provided
`
`attenuation contours resembling a spline plane curve depicted as an asteroid, aligned with major
`
`street grid patterns. Further, Greenstein found that convex diamond-shaped RF propagation loss
`
`contours were a common occurrence in field measurements in a rectilinear urban area. The special
`plane curve asteroid is represented by the formula x213 + y213 = r213
`
`• However, these results alone
`
`have not been sufficiently robust and general to accurately locate an MS, due to the variable
`
`nature of urban clutter spatial arrangements ..
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`Property of Intellabs LLC: Co11jidential
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`At Telesis Technology in 1994 Howard Xia, et al, authored "Microcellular Propagation
`
`Characteristics for Personal Communications in Urban and Suburban Environments", in IEEE
`
`Transactions of Vehicular Technology, Vol. 43, No.3, 8/94, which performed measurements
`
`specifically in the PCS 1.8 to 1.9 GHz frequency band. Xia found corresponding but more
`
`variable outcome results in San Francisco, Oakland (urban) and the Sunset and Mission Districts
`
`(suburban).
`
`1.4
`
`Summary of Factors Affecting RF Propagation
`
`The physical radio propagation channel perturbs signal strength, frequency (causing rate
`
`changes, phase delay, signal to noise ratios (e.g., CII for the analog case, or Eb/No, RF energy per
`
`bit, over average noise density ratio for the digital case) and Doppler-shift. Signal strength is
`
`usually characterized by:
`
`· Free Space Path Loss (Lp)
`
`· Slow fading loss or margin CLsiow)
`
`· Fast fading loss or margin CLrast)
`
`Loss due to slow fading includes shadowing due to clutter blockage (sometimes included
`
`in Lp). Fast fading is composed ofmultipath reflections which cause: 1.) delay spread; 2.) random
`
`phase shift or Rayleigh fading; and 3.) random frequency modulation due to different Doppler
`
`shifts on different paths.
`
`Summing the path loss and the two fading margin loss components from the above yields a
`
`total path loss of:
`Ltotal = Lp + Lslow + Lrast
`Referring to Fig. 3, the figure illustrates key components of a typical cellular and PCS
`
`power budget design process. The cell designer increases the transmitted power PTX by the
`
`shadow fading margin Lstow which is usually chosen to be within the 1-2 percentile of the slow
`
`fading probability density function (PDF) to minimize the probability of unsatisfactorily low
`
`received power level PRX at the receiver. The PRX level must have enough signal to noise energy
`
`level (e.g., I 0 dB) to overcome the receiver's internal noise level (e.g., -118dBm in the case of
`
`cellular 0.9 GHz), for a minimum voice quality standard. Thus in the example PRX must never be
`
`below -108 dBm, in order to maintain the quality standard.
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`page 10
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`Property of Intellabs LLC: Confidential
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`Additionally the short term fast signal fading due to multipath propagation is taken into
`account by deploying fast fading margin Lrast, which is typically also chosen to be a few percentiles
`
`of the fast fading distribution. The 1 to 2 percentiles compliment other network blockage
`
`guidelines. For example the cell base station traffic loading capacity and network transport
`
`facilities are usually designed for a 1-2 percentile blockage factor as well. However, in the
`
`worst-case scenario both fading margins are simultaneously exceeded, thus causing a fading
`
`margin overload.
`
`In Roy, Steele's, text, Mobile Radio Communications, IEEE Press, 1992, estimates for a
`
`GSM system operating in the 1.8 GHz band with a transmitter antenna height of6.4m and a MS
`
`receiver antenna height of 2m, and assumptions regarding total path loss, transmitter power
`
`would be calculated as follows:
`
`Table 1: GSM Power Budget Example
`
`Parameter
`
`Lslow
`
`Lfast
`
`Llpath
`Min. RX pwr required
`
`d.Bm value Will require
`14
`
`7
`
`110
`
`-104
`
`TXpwr=27
`dBm
`
`Steele's sample size in a specific urban London area of80,000 LOS measurements and data
`reduction found a slow fading variance of
`cr = 7dB
`assuming lognormal slow fading PDF and allowing for a 1.4% slow fading margin overload, thus
`slow = 2cr = 14dB
`
`The fast fading margin was determined to be:
`
`Lrast = 7dB
`In contrast, Xia' s measurements in urban and suburban California at 1. 8 GHz uncovered
`flat-land shadow fades on the order of25-30 dB when the mobile station (MS) receiver was
`traveling from LOS to non-LOS geometries. In hilly terrain fades of +5 to -50 dB were
`experienced. Thus it is evident that attempts to correlate signal strength with MS ranging distance
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`Property of Intellabs LLC: Confidential
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`suggest that error ranges could not be expected to improve below 14 dB, with a high side of 25 to
`50 dB. Based on 20 to 40 dB per decade, Corresponding error ranges for the distance variable
`would then be on the order of 900 feet to several thousand feet, depending upon the particular
`environmental topology and the transmitter and receiver geometries.
`
`page 12
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`Apple, Inc. Exhibit 1042 Page 18
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`Property of Intellabs LLC: Confidential
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`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION.
`
`It is an objective of the present invention to prov