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`lli
`
`(12) United States Patent (cid:9)
`Dupray et al. (cid:9)
`
`(10) Patent No.: (cid:9)
`(45) Date of Patent: (cid:9)
`
`US 8,032,153 B2
`Oct. 4, 2011
`
`(54) MULTIPLE LOCATION ESTIMATORS FOR
`WIRELESS LOCATION
`
`(75) (cid:9)
`
`Inventors: Dennis J. Dupray, Golden, CO (US);
`Charles L. Karr, Tuscaloosa, AL (US)
`
`(73) (cid:9) Assignee: TracBeam LLC, Golden, CO (US)
`
`4,438,439 A
`4,475,010 A
`RE31,962 E
`4,542,744 A
`4,630,057 A
`4,636,795 A
`4,651,157 A
`
`3/1984 (cid:9) Shreve
`10/1984 (cid:9) Huensch et al.
`7/1985 (cid:9) Brodeur
`9/1985 (cid:9) Barnes et al.
`12/1986 (cid:9) Martin
`1/1987 (cid:9) Dano
`3/1987 (cid:9) Gray et al.
`(Continued)
`
`(*) (cid:9) Notice: (cid:9)
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 574 days.
`
`EP (cid:9)
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 12/014,092
`
`(22)
`
`Filed: (cid:9)
`
`Jan. 14, 2008
`
`(65) (cid:9)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2008/0113672 Al (cid:9)
`
`May 15, 2008
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(63) Continuation of application No. 09/194,367, filed as
`application No. PCT/U597/15892 on Sep. 8, 1997,
`now Pat. No. 7,764,231.
`
`(60) Provisional application No. 60/056,590, filed on Aug.
`20, 1997, provisional application No. 60/044,821,
`filed on Apr. 25, 1997, provisional application No.
`60/025,855, filed on Sep. 9, 1996.
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`H04W 24/00 (cid:9)
`(2009.01)
`(52) U.S. Cl . .................. 455/456.1; 455/456.5; 455/457;
`455/456.3
`(58) Field of Classification Search ................ 455/456.1
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`(56) (cid:9)
`
`References Cited
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`
`(Continued)
`
`Primary Examiner Lester Kincaid
`Isaak R lama
`Assistant Examiner
`Dennis J. Dupray
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm
`
`(57) (cid:9)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A wireless location system is disclosed that may be config-
`ured as a gateway for receiving a plurality of requests for
`locating mobile stations for, e.g., E91 1 requests, vehicle loca-
`tion or tracking. For each mobile station (MS) location
`request, the system: (a) activates one or more location esti-
`mators for locating the MS, (b) receives one or more MS
`location estimates from the estimators, and (c) transmits a
`resulting location estimate(s) to an identified destination. MS
`locations are determined using one or more locating tech-
`nologies based on, e.g.: computed offsets from terrestrial base
`stations, satellite transmissions, indoor antennas, low range
`base stations, and/or signal fingerprinting. The system may:
`adapt with environmental changes, evaluate MS locations
`using heuristics/constraints, and/or adjust MS estimates for
`more reliable and accurate estimates. The system is useful for
`911 emergencies, tracking, routing (e.g., to desired products/
`services), people and animal location including applications
`for confinement to and exclusion from certain areas.
`
`44 Claims, 62 Drawing Sheets
`
`2 (cid:9)
`
`3
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1001 Page 1
`
`

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`(cid:9)
`(cid:9)
`

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`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1001 Page 3
`
`

`
`US 8,032,153 B2
`Page 4
`
`6,952,181 B2
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`2001/0022558 Al
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`WO
`WO
`WO
`WO
`WO
`WO
`WO
`WO
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`
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1001 Page 5
`
`

`
`Modulation Channel
`
`Propagation
`Channel
`
`'Ii
`
`TRANSMITTER
`
`RECEIVER
`
`Info (cid:9)
`Source (cid:9)
`
`I Encode 1Modem 1-1 Stag
`
`Stages
`
`Info
`Sink
`
`c4_._..,_.. .
`IF/RF H Modem H Decode
`
`Radio
`Channel
`
`— Digital Channel —
`
`Information Channel
`
`FIG. 1
`
`1
`
`00
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1001 Page 6
`
`¤
`(cid:9)
`

`
`a s a a
`
`1 (cid:9)
`
`Building
`2 (cid:9)
`
`-in r.
`3
`
`FIG. 2
`
`ci)
`
`(I'
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1001 Page 7
`
`

`
`BS Antenna
`
`MS Antenna
`
`PTX
`(Transmit
`power) (cid:9)
`
`Pathloss (Lp)
`
`0 DB
`(Normalized)
`
`m
`(Receive power)
`
`1 to
`2%
`
`1 to
`2%
`
`FIG. 3
`
`Distance
`
`Lognormal
`
`fading
`PDF
`
`Slow fading margin
`(Lslow)
`
`Rayleigh
`fast fading (cid:9)
`PDF (cid:9)
`
`Fast fading margin
`(Lfast)
`
`1
`
`00
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1001 Page 8
`
`

`
`110 (cid:9)
`
`5TP
`104 106
`
`112
`
`MsC
`
`174
`
`176
`
`5CP
`
`179 `\
`
`APPLICATION
`
` 135
`136
`137 122
`
`G179 LOCATION
`
`L-APFSCP
`
`LOCATION ENGINE
`
`142
`
`Ht
`
`1
`m
`
`00
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1001 Page 9
`
`

`
`;'
`'
`
`BASE
`STATION
`122
`
``(cid:127)
`
`;
`
`gS 122
`
`\
`
`FIGS
`
`^.
`
`' LBS 152`
`
`MBS (cid:9)
`148
`— (cid:9)
`
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`% (cid:9)' (cid:9)
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`'. (cid:9)
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`122
`
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`-(cid:127)-(cid:127)-(cid:127)-(cid:127); =
`^ (cid:9) (cid:127)''
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`^ (cid:127). (cid:9)
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`-(cid:127)--(cid:127)- (cid:9)
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`
`LOCATION CENTER 142
`LOCATION ENGINE 139
`SIGNAL PROCESSING
`SUBSYSTEM 1220 (cid:9)
`
`1232
`
`LOCATION (cid:9)
`INFORMATION
`DATA BASES
`
`_-_-_-_-_-_-- ,, :
`
`
`
`(cid:127) 152 (cid:9) (cid:127) `(cid:127)., '' -':
`_ _
`_ (cid:9)
`.(cid:127)
`MOBIL
`SWITCHING
`CENTER112
`—
`
`^ (cid:127).
`
`(cid:9) BS 122
`
`ENVIRONMENTAL DATA PROVIDERS
`E.G., APPLICATIONS PROVIDING TRAFFIC FLOW,
`WEATHER, ETC.
`
`LOCATION APPLICATIONS 146
`
`PUBLIC TELE-
`PHONE
`SWITCHING
`NETWORK 124
`AND INTERNET
`468
`
`_ (cid:9)
`
`_
`
`LOCATION
`ENGINE (cid:9)
`CONTROL (cid:9)
`SUBSYS- (cid:9)
`TEM 1350 (cid:9)
`
`ADAPTATION
`ENGINE 1382
`
`
`
`LOCATION HYPOTH-
`ESIZING (FIRST
`ORDER) MODELS
`1224
`""'I HYPOTHESIS EVALUATOR 1228
`("MOST LIKELY" LOCATION (cid:9) L.
` HYPOTHESIS DETERMINATION)
`OUTPUT GATEWAY
`FOR DESIGNATED (cid:9) J
`LOCATION
`APPLICATIONS
`1356
`
`ENVIRONMENTAL DATABASES (cid:9)
`
`
`
`► *
`
`
`pp
`o
`
`t''
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1001 Page 10
`
`(cid:9)
`

`
`U.S. Patent (cid:9)
`
`Oct. 4, 2011 (cid:9)
`
`Sheet 6 of 62 (cid:9)
`
`US 8,032,153 B2
`
`Fig. 6(1)
`LOCATION CENTER 142
`
`SIGNAL PROCESSING
`SUBSYSTEM
`1. SIGNAL FILTERING
`AND INPUT LOCATION
`DATA STRUCTURE
`CREATION
`
`1220
`
`VERIFIED LOCATION SIGNATURE
`
`FIRST ORDER LOCATION MODELS 1224
`(INCLUDES DISTINCT MS LOCATION
`MODELS THAT OUTPUT LOCATION
`HYPOTHESES)
`
`PERFORMANCE DATA BASE
`1.DATA HERE IS USED WITH THE
`' (cid:9) ADAPTATION ENGINE (E.G., FOR TUNING
`THE CONTEXT ADJUSTER).
`'(cid:127) (cid:9)
`
`"" ..... (cid:9)
`
`"
`
`LOCATION CENTER
`CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
`1350
`SUPERVISOR
`
`OCATION ENGINE 139 LOCATION
`LOCATION
`ESTIMATION SYSTEM;
`2.DETERMINES CONTEXT
`OR STATE OF LOCATION
`PROBLEM; E.G., FIRST
`OR SECOND SET OF
`MEASUREMENTS FOR
`MS;
`3.DETERMINES
`APPROPRIATE REPLIES
`TO BSs;
`4.NOTE S"HEALTH" OF BS
`MEASUREMENTS.
`
`6 (cid:9)
`
`..................................................................,
`"""'
`ADAPTA ION ENGINE
`1.BACKGROUND PROCESS TO (cid:9)
`ADAPTIVELY TUNE THE
`LOCATION ENGINE 139;
`2.USES STORED DATA TO
`ADJUST SYSTEM
`PARAMETERS ACCORDING
`TO PAST PERFORMANCES,
`3.GENERAL PURPOSE, USES
`NO DOMAIN KNOWLEDGE
`
`1374
` OPERATOR
`
`°°.°°°°.°°°.°°.'
`
`1382 (cid:9)
`.... ..............................................................................
`
`......................................................
`
`PUBLIC
`TELEPHONE
`SWITCHING
`NETWORK 129,
`INTERNET 468,
`MSC 112. SMS
`105, and SCP 104
`
`: ......................... (cid:9)
`
`,-1356
`
`OUTPUTGATEWAY(TODESIGNATED
`LOCAIIONAPPLICATIONS)
`1.DETERMINES THE APPLICATIONS
`RECEIVING OUTPUT AND THE
`FREQUENCY OF OUTPUT TO EACH
`APPLICATION
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1001 Page 11
`
`

`
`U.S. Patent (cid:9)
`
`Oct. 4, 2011 (cid:9)
`
`Sheet 7 of 62 (cid:9)
`
`US 8,032,153 B2
`
`FIG 6(2)
`LOCATION CENTER 142
`LOCATION ENGINE 139
`
`NEURAL NET TRAINING DATA BASE
`
`ENVIRONMENTAL DATA BASE
`1354
`1.STORES CURRENT WEATHER,
`TRAFFIC ETC CONDITIONS.
`2.USED BY CONTEXT ADJUSTER
`1326, ANALYTICAL REASONER
`1416 & MAY BE FOMs. 1224
`
`AREA CHARACTERISTICS
`DATA BASE 1450
`
`PATHWAY DATA BASE
`
`HYPOTHESIS EVALUATOR
`
`1.ADJUSTS THE CONFIDENCE AND/OR AREA FIELOF LOCATION
`HYPOTHESES OUTPUT BY FIRST ORDER MODELS TO OBTAIN MORE RELIABLE
`TARGET MS ESTIMATES USING VERIFIED LOCATION SIGNATURE CLUSTERS
`IN THE LOCATION SIGNATURE DATABASE.
`2.IN ONE EMBODIMENT, THIS MODULE MODIFIES A TARGET MS LOCATION IN
`RELATION TO VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS: THE
`GEOGRAPHICAL AREA (TYPE) ASSOCIATED WITH A LOCATION HYPOTHESIS,
`WEATHER, TIME OF DAY, SEASON, TRAFFIC, ETC;
`3.IN ONE EMBODIMENT, MAY USE HEURISTIC (FUZZY LOGIC) RULES TO ADJUST
`THE CONFIDENCE VALUES;
`4. IN ONE EMBODIMENT, MAY ALSO USE EXPERT SYSTEM RULES FOR
`ADJUSTING
`5. FOR LBSs (FIXED LOCATION TRANSCEIVERS), MAY USE OUTPUT FROM THE
`FIRST ORDER MODELS FOR SUCH TRANSCEIVERS AS A WAY TO CALIBRATE
`LOCATION HYPOTHESIS DEFAULT CONFIDENCE VALUES OF OTHER FOMs.
`
`RECEIVES RESULTING
`LOCATION
`HYPOTHESES (WITH
`HIGHEST
`CONFIDENCES) AN