IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
`US005602903A
`[11] Patent Number:
`[45] Date of Patent:
`
`5, 602, 903
`Feb. 11, 1997
`
`3/1992
`4/1992
`12/1992
`1/1993
`5/1993
`6/1993
`6/1993
`6/1993
`6/1993
`6/1993
`1/1994
`2/1995
`
`.
`Cosentino
`Gilhonsen et al. .
`Kelley et al. .
`Comroe et al. .
`Song .
`Nakagawa et al. .
`Sheffer et al. .
`Dumond, Jr. et al. .
`Cross .
`Mansell et al. .
`Kelley et al. .
`Grimes
`
`5, 097, 499
`5, 103, 459
`5, 173, 710
`5, 179, 721
`5, 208, 756
`5, 216, 429
`5, 218, 367
`5, 218, 629
`5, 221, 925
`5, 223, 844
`5, 280, 295
`5, 388, 147
`Primary Examiner — Curtis Kuntz
`Assistant Examiner — Michael B. ChemoÃ
`Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Brooks & Kushman, PC.
`ABSTRACT
`[57]
`
`379/59
`
`United States Patent
`LeBlanc et al.
`
`[19]
`
`[54] POSITIONING SYSTEM AND METHOD
`
`[75]
`
`Inventors: Frederick W. LeBlanc, Arveda;
`Gregory E. Wilson; Alparslan M.
`Uysal, both of Boulder, all of Colo.
`
`[73] Assignee: US West Technologies, Inc. , Boulder,
`Colo.
`
`[21] Appl. No. : 314, 477
`Sep. 28, 1994
`[22] Filed:
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H04Q 7/22; G01S 3/02
`[51] Int. CL
`[52] U. S. Cl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379/60; 379/59; 342/450;
`342/457
`[58] Field of Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379/58, 59, 61,
`379/45, 37, 50, 51; 342/450, 451, 452,
`453, 454, 457, 458, 463; 370/110. 1; 455/67. 1,
`33. 1
`
`[56]
`
`References Cited
`U. S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`3, 889, 264
`4, 054, 880
`4, 799, 062
`4, 833, 480
`4, 876, 738
`4, 888, 595
`4, 891, 650
`5, 043, 736
`5, 055, 851
`
`6/1975
`10/1977
`1/1989
`5/1989
`10/1989
`12/1989
`1/1990
`8/1991
`10/1991
`
`Fletcher .
`Dalahakis et al. .
`Sanderford, Jr. et al. .
`Palmer et al. .
`Selhy .
`Friedman
`Sheffer .
`Damell et al. .
`Sheffer .
`
`.
`
`system and method for use in a
`An improved positioning
`system including a plurality of base
`wireless communication
`stations each having a corresponding coverage area. Scaled
`and maxi-
`contour shapes are generated having minimum
`mum boundaries based upon determined RF measurements
`of each of the base stations. The intersections of the contour
`shapes define a bounding polygon area that describes
`the
`position of a mobile unit in terms of minimum
`and maxi-
`mum error estimate. Once the bounding polygon area has
`the latitude and longitude of the center of the
`been defined,
`polygon area is determined whereupon corresponding
`street
`addresses may be obtained through reference to one or more
`databases.
`
`19 Claims, 20 Drawing Sheets
`
`192
`
`190
`
`194
`
`where
`the
`Determining
`corresponding
`contours
`of
`the neighbor
`base
`stations
`intersect so as to define a boundmg polygon
`area that describes the position of the mobile
`unit in terms of a minimum and maximum error
`estimate
`
`the center of
`Determining
`the bounding
`polygon area formed by the interseclion of the
`of fhe neighbor
`projected
`contours
`base
`stations
`
`19B
`
`200
`
`the latitude and longitude
`Calculating
`cenferoffheboundingpolygon
`
`for the
`
`in cooperation with a run-rime
`Determining
`database. the exact street addresses contained
`wilhm the boundmg polygon area
`
`202
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 1
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`

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`Feb. 11, 1997
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`Sheet 1 of 20
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 2
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`

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`U. S. Patent
`
`Feb. 11, 1997
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`Sheet 2 of 20
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 3
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`

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`Feb. 11, 1997
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`Sheet 3 of 20
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 4
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`

`
`U. S. Patent
`
`Feb. 11, 1997
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`Sheet 4 of 20
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 5
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`

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`U. S. Patent
`
`Feb. 11, 1997
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`Sheet 5 of 20
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`5, 602, 903
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`R'I'
`RPT
`
`v? «p5
`Fur?, oti one
`
`Externnl Net?vork, c
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 6
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`

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`U. S. Patent
`
`Feb. 11, 1997
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`Sheet 6 of 20
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 7
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`

`
`U. S. Patent
`
`Feb. 11, 1997
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`Sheet 7 of 20
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`5, 602, 903
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`Mobile Unit
`
`RP
`
`RPC
`
`LAP
`
`pSTN Tandem
`
`PSAP
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 8
`
`

`
`U. S. Patent
`
`Feb. 11, 1997
`
`Sheet 8 of 20
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`5, 602, 903
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`Server
`
`bIo
`
`process request
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 9
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`

`
`U. S. Patent
`
`Feb. ii, 1997
`
`Sheet 9 of 20
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`5, 602, 903
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`192
`
`196
`
`for each of the
`Determining RF measurements
`base stations as a scaled contour shape having
`is
`boundries which
`and maximum
`minimum
`on a digital
`of being
`projected
`capable
`orthophotograph
`
`Determining which of the base stations are
`neighbors of the mobile unit
`
`194
`
`where
`corresponding
`the
`Determining
`base
`stations
`contours
`the
`of
`neighbor
`intersect so as to define a bounding polygon
`area that describes the position of the mobile
`unit in terms of a minimum and maximum error
`estimate
`
`the center of
`the bounding
`Determining
`polygon area formed by the intersection of the
`contours
`of
`base
`projected
`the neighbor
`stations
`
`198
`
`200
`
`the latitude and longitude
`Calculating
`center of the bounding polygon
`
`for the
`
`in cooperation with a run-time
`Determining
`database, the exact street addresses contained
`within the bounding polygon area
`
`202
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 10
`
`

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`U. S. Patent
`
`Feb. 11, 1997
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`Sheet 10 of 20
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`5, 602, 903
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`RSSl„p
`
`Propagation
`Path Loss
`in dB
`
`-20
`
`-40
`
`-80
`
`-100
`
`dawn
`
`Word Error
`Rate %
`
`2
`
`pig
`
`1000
`
`800
`
`Distance
`jn Feet 600
`
`400
`
`200
`
`100
`
`300:,
`
`500
`7QO
`Distance in Feet
`
`900
`
`1100
`
`100
`
`300
`
`700
`50Q
`Distance
`in Feet
`
`900
`
`1100
`
`-70
`
`-60
`
`-50
`
`-40
`
`-30
`
`Propagation Path Loss (dB)
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 11
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`

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`U. S. Patent
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`Feb. 11, 1997
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`Sheet 11 of 20
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`Arc Segment ¹3
`
`¹3
`
`I
`
`I
`
`I
`
`I
`
`I
`
`I
`
`I
`
`/
`/
`
`/
`
`/
`/
`/
`
`/
`
`/
`
`/
`
`/
`/
`
`/
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 12
`
`

`
`0
`
`~
`
`I I
`
`I
`
`il
`
`'I
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 13
`
`

`
`350
`
`300
`
`250
`
`200
`
`150
`
`100
`
`50
`
`350
`
`300
`
`250
`
`C3
`Q 200
`
`150
`
`100
`
`50
`
`0. 2
`
`0. 4
`
`0. 6
`
`0. 8
`
`WER uplink
`
`0. 2
`
`0. 4
`
`0. 6
`
`0. 8
`
`WER uplink
`
`Vl
`Ch
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 14
`
`

`
`350
`
`300
`
`250
`
`C3
`P 200
`
`150
`
`100
`
`50
`
`350
`
`300
`
`250
`
`g 200
`
`~ 150
`
`100
`
`50
`
`0
`-110
`
`-90
`
`-70
`
`-50
`
`RSSI downlink
`
`0
`-110
`
`-90
`
`-70
`
`-50
`
`RSSI downlink
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 15
`
`

`
`350
`
`300
`
`250
`
`C3
`
`g 200
`
`150
`
`100
`
`50
`
`350
`
`300
`
`250
`
`200
`
`150
`
`100
`
`0
`-110
`
`-100
`
`-90
`
`-80
`
`-70
`
`RSSI downlink
`
`0
`-110
`
`-100
`
`-90
`
`-80
`
`-70
`
`RSSI downlink
`
`Vl
`Ch
`CO
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 16
`
`

`
`350
`
`300
`
`250
`
`g 200
`
`150
`
`100
`
`50
`
`350
`
`300
`
`250
`
`C3
`
`g 200
`
`150
`
`100
`
`50
`
`0
`-110
`
`-90
`
`-70
`
`-50
`
`RSSI downlink
`
`0
`-110
`
`-90
`
`-70
`
`-50
`
`RSS I downlink
`
`Ul
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 17
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`

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`U. S. Patent
`
`Feb. 11, 1997
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`Sheet 17 of 20
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`5, 602, 903
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`400
`
`342. 857
`
`285. 714
`
`228. 571
`
`E
`
`pg 171. 428
`
`114. 286
`
`57. 1428
`
`0
`-110
`
`-92. 8571
`
`-75. ?142
`
`-58. 5714
`
`RSSI uplink
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 18
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`

`
`Feb. 11, 1997
`
`Sheet 18 of 20
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`5, 602, 903
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 19
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`

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`U. S. Patent
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`Feb. 11, 1997
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`Sheet 19 of 20
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`5, 602, 903
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`the coverage areas of each of the base stations
`Segmenting
`of arc segments
`
`into a plurality
`
`210
`
`Performing a plurality of single or multiple regressions so as to convert actual
`data into a corresponding
`plurality of mathematical
`curve-fit equations each
`representing a relationship between a predetermined measurable variable and
`distance from the base station
`
`212
`
`the degree of curve fit of each of the mathematical
`Determining
`comparing
`them with actual data
`
`equations by
`
`the mathematical
`equations by determining which has the best
`Optimizing
`correlation and least standard error for a predetermined
`portion of each arc
`segment
`
`the optimized mathematical equations for each arc segment so as
`Combining
`to form a scaled contour
`
`Max. Boundary
`
`222
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 20
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`

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`Feb. 11, 1997
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`Sheet 20 of 20
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`5, 602, 903
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 21
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`

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`5, 602, 903
`
`POSITIONING SYSTEM AND METHOD
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD
`
`The present
`to positioning
`relates generally
`invention
`systems. More particularly
`the invention relates to a method
`the position of a mobile unit in
`and system for determining
`a wireless communication
`system or public
`land mobile
`a plurality of base
`telecommunications
`including
`system
`scaled contour shapes
`stations by generating and analyzing
`f' or each of the
`having minimum. and maximum boundaries
`in accordance with their individual RF rnea-
`base stations
`surements.
`
`BACKGROUND ART
`
`areas are now equipped with one or
`Most metropolitan
`more forms of wireless communication
`networks which
`to
`services
`and other related
`telephone
`provide mobile
`customers across a broad frequency spectrum. Consider, for
`example, what has come to be known as "cellular" telephone
`services or Personal Communication Services "PCS", i. e. ,
`in the frequency band between approxi-
`radio transmissions
`mately 800 MHz and 2. 2 GHz.
`in FIG. 1, prior art cellular telephone systems
`As shown
`10 include a Mobile Telephone Switching Center (MTSC)
`12 and a plurality of base stations such as cell site trans-
`ceivers 14a — 14c. The cell site transceivers
`radio
`transmit
`signals to and receive radio signals from one or more mobile
`units 16 that move about a cellular service area 20. A mobile
`unit, as the term is used herein, refers to a wireless voice
`telephone or data receiver that can be permanently
`installed
`at a fixed location or within a vehicle or that can be portable.
`Each cell site transceiver 14 is able to broadcast and receive
`the radio signals within a geographic area 18 called the cell
`site coverage area. Together, the areas 18 comprise the entire
`cellular service area 20. Typically, a cellular service area
`area or larger region.
`comprises a metropolitan
`When a telephone call to a called mobile unit 16 origi-
`from either another mobile unit or a land-based
`nates
`telephone via a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
`22, a caller must first access the cellular
`telephone
`system
`10. This task is accomplished by dialing
`the mobile unit's
`identification number (i. e. , its phone number). The
`unique
`MTSC 12 receives the call request and instructs
`the control
`unit, i. e. , the central call processor 24 to begin call process-
`ing. The central call processor 24 transmits a signal over a
`line 26 (such as a telephone
`dedicated
`line or microwave
`link, etc. ) to each of the cell site transceivers 14a — 14c
`the cell site transceivers
`to transmit a page signal
`causing
`that the mobile unit 16 receives. The page signal alerts a
`particular mobile unit 16 that it is being called by including
`as part of the page signal
`the paged mobile unit's
`identifi-
`cation or phone number.
`Each cell site transceiver 14 transmits
`the page signal on
`one or more dedicated forward control channels
`that carry
`all pages, as well as control signals, channel assignments,
`to each mobile unit. The
`and other overhead messages
`is distinct from the voice channel
`forward control channel
`a
`carries voice communications
`between
`that actually
`mobile and another mobile unit or a land-based
`telephone.
`Each cell site transceiver may have more than one forward
`control channel upon which pages can be carried.
`in a telephone call, it
`When a mobile unit is not engaged
`operates in an idle state. In the idle state, the mobile unit will
`tune to the strongest available forward control channel and
`for a page signal or other messages
`monitor
`the channel
`
`5
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`30
`
`35
`
`40
`
`45
`
`50
`
`55
`
`60
`
`65
`
`directed to it. Upon determining
`that a page signal is being
`the mobile unit 16 again scans all forward
`transmitted,
`so as to select the cell site transceiver
`control channels
`14a — 14c transinitting
`the strongest signal. The mobile unit
`to the cell site
`an acknowledgement
`then transmits
`signal
`transceiver over a reverse control channel associated with
`forward control channel. This acknowledge-
`the strongest
`ment signal serves to indicate to the MTSC 12 which of the
`(associated with
`forward control channels
`the several cell
`site transceivers 14a — 14c) to use for further call processing
`communications with mobile unit 16. This further commu-
`includes a message sent to the mobile unit
`nication typically
`to a particular voice channel
`it to tune
`for
`instructing
`completion of call processing and for connection with the
`calling party.
`The details of how the cell site transceivers
`the
`transmit
`signals on the forward and reverse control channels
`are
`typically governed by standard protocols such as the EIA/
`TIA-553 specification and
`for
`the air interface
`standards
`Narrowband Analog Mobile Phone Services
`(NAMPS)
`IF-88 and IS-95 air interface standards
`for digital commu-
`nications, all of which are well known to those of ordinary
`the wireless
`telephone
`communications
`skill
`in
`art and
`therefore will not be discussed.
`While cellular networks have been found to be of great
`value to mobile users whose travels span many miles, they
`have also been
`to be prohibitively
`to
`found
`expensive
`scale applications wherein
`for small
`implement
`system
`services in lim-
`subscribers only desire wireless
`telephone
`ited geographic areas, such as, for example, within office
`buildings or in campus environments.
`The Personal Communications Network (PCN) is a rela-
`tively new concept
`in mobile communications
`developed
`applications. Simi-
`to serve the aforementioned
`specifically
`lar to cellular telephony goals, a Personal Communications
`Network goal is to have a wireless communication
`system
`to persons rather than fixed
`which relates telephone numbers
`the PCN
`locations. Unlike cellular
`telephones, however,
`are directed
`to small geographic
`telephones
`areas
`thus
`defining "microcellular" areas designed to operate in similar
`telephone networks. PCN
`to large scale cellular
`fashion
`tele-
`are also similar
`to residential
`cordless
`technologies
`in that they utilize base stations and wireless hand-
`phones
`the former, however, PCN technology utilizes
`sets. Unlike
`such as, for
`architecture,
`advanced digital communications
`example, PACS, formerly called WACS, (Bellcore), DECT
`(European), CDMA (Omni-point), PHS-PHP (Japan), IS-54
`(TDMA), IS-95 (CDMA), PCS-1900 (GSM), and B-CDMA
`(Oki), and features which may be implemented
`either as
`private networks or regulated
`services. When offered by
`carriers as services, this PCN capability
`is
`communications
`referred to as Personal Communications Services
`generally
`in a wide variety of environ-
`(PCS), and may be situated
`for example, outdoor urban,
`ments,
`including,
`suburban,
`and indoor inulti-level areas.
`rural, indoor single-level
`As shown in FIG. 2, prior art PCS systems 28 include one
`or more control units 30 which,
`in accordance with
`the
`Institute (ANSI) TlP1 work-
`American National Standards
`ing document for stage 2 service description, as known
`to
`in the art, are termed Radio Port Controllers
`those skilled
`(RPCs), Radio Access System Controllers
`(RASCs), access
`managers, etc. These control units 30 operate
`in similar
`fashion to the MTSC 12 of the cellular
`telephone network
`therefore, are provided
`in electrical communication
`and,
`with the Public Switched Telephone Network 22. A plurality
`of base stations or Radio Ports (RPs) 32 are also provided
`radio signals
`to and receive radio signals
`which
`transmit
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 22
`
`

`
`from one or more subscriber wireless
`telephones 16, termed
`mobile units or Radio Personal Terminals
`(RPTs) that move
`about a PCS service area 34. Each Radio Port 32, like cell
`site transceivers 14, is able to broadcast and receive radio
`signals within a geographic area 36 called the Radio Port
`the areas 36 comprise
`coverage area. Together,
`the entire
`PCS service area 34.
`A generalized
`reference architecture
`for the PCS system
`in FIGS. 3a — 3b. The
`of FIG. 2 is shown
`in further detail
`reference architecture
`includes
`reference elements which
`support radio access, wireline access, switching and control,
`mobility management,
`and Operations, Administration,
`Maintenance
`(OAM&P). As shown
`and Purchasing
`in the
`the PCS system
`schematics,
`a PCS Switching
`includes
`Center (PSC) 38 which supports access independent
`call/
`service control and connection control (switching)
`functions
`and is responsible for interconnection of access and network
`to support end-to-end services. The PCS switching
`systems
`center 38 represents a collection of one or more network
`elements. The system further
`includes a Radio Access Sys-
`(RASC) 40 which
`tem Controller
`the wireless
`supports
`mobility management
`and wireless access call control func-
`tions. It serves one or more subtending
`radio port controllers
`42 and may be associated with one or more PCS switching
`centers 38. As known
`to those skilled
`in the art, Radio Port
`Controllers 42 provide an interface between one or more
`subtending Radio Port Intermediaries
`(RPIs), a PCS switch-
`ing center such as PSC 38, and RASC, air interface
`inde-
`radio frequency
`pendent
`transmission
`func-
`and reception
`tions.
`The system
`includes a Radio Port Intermediary
`further
`(RPI) 44 which provides an interface between one or more
`subtending Radio Ports 46 and the Radio Port Controller 42,
`and supports air interface dependent
`radio frequency
`trans-
`mission and reception functions. Radio Port 46 supports
`the
`transmission of signals over the air interface and is provided
`in communication with Radio Personal Terminal
`(RPT) 48.
`This is a light-weight, pocket-size portable
`radio terminal
`for the user to be either stationary
`providing
`the capability
`or in motion while accessing and using telecommunication
`services.
`The system further includes variations of RPTs which are
`in fixed locations,
`termed Radio Termination
`(Type 1) 50
`and Radio Termination
`(Type 2) 52, which interface Termi-
`(Type I) 54 and Terminal Equipment
`nal Equipment
`(Type
`2) 56 to the Radio Access Interface.
`The system of FIG. 3 further includes a Terminal Mobility
`(TMC) 58 which provides
`Controller
`the control logic for
`terminal authentication,
`location management,
`alerting, and
`to RPT/RTs. There
`routing
`is also provided
`a Terminal
`Mobility Data-store (TMD) 60 which is operative
`to main-
`tain data associated with terminals.
`Still further,
`the system
`includes
`a Personal Mobility
`Controller (PMC) which provides
`the control logic for user
`authentication,
`service request validation,
`location manage-
`ment, alerting, user access to service profile, privacy, access
`registration,
`and call management. PMC 62 is provided
`in
`communication with a Personal Mobility Data-store (PMD)
`which maintains data associated with users.
`Finally,
`the system includes Operations, Administration,
`(OAM & P) systems 66
`Maintenance,
`and Provisioning,
`which monitor,
`test, administer,
`and manage
`traffic and
`for personal communications
`billing
`information
`services
`and systems. PCS 38 is also provided
`in communication
`with Auxiliary Services 68, Interworking Functions
`(IWF)
`70 and External Networks 72. In accordance with
`the
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`above-referenced working document
`for Stage 2 service
`description, Auxiliary Services 68 are defined as a variety of
`services such as voice mail, paging, etc. which may not be
`provided by the PCS 38. IWF 70 are further defined as
`mechanisms which mask the differences
`link
`in physical,
`and network
`technologies
`into consistent network and user
`services. Still further, External Networks 72 are defined as
`other voice, digital data, packet data, and broadband data
`networks.
`FIG. 4 provides a unified functional model of the detailed
`system of FIG. 3. This functional model is derived from the
`in FIGS. 3a — 3b by aggregating
`PCS reference architecture
`the terminal entities (RT and RPT) into a single functional
`grouping Radio Terminal Function (RTF), and aggregating
`RP, RPI, and RPC into another single functional grouping
`RCF in accordance with the ANSI Stage 2 service descrip-
`tions for PCS. The model
`includes Call Control Function
`(CCF) 74, Service Switching Function (SSF) 76, Service
`Control Function (SCF) 78, Service Data Function (SDF)
`80, Service Resource Function
`(SRF) 82, Radio Access
`Control Function
`(RACF) 84, Radio Control Function
`(RCF) 86, and Radio Termination Function (RTF) 88. The
`functions of the terminal elements are more fully described
`for PCS.
`in the Stage 2 service description
`Wireless communication
`services such as the above cel-
`lular and PCS systems, have been quickly embraced by
`those people whose business
`to travel fre-
`requires
`them
`to be in constant communication with
`and
`quently
`their
`clients and associates. The increased use of wireless com-
`munication
`services, however, have caused headaches
`for
`emergency operators and other position dependent
`service
`providers who require precise location data. As known
`to
`those skilled in the art, under current wireless
`technology,
`position data is strictly
`limited to relatively
`large coverage
`areas and sectors thereof as defined by the RF characteris-
`tics, i. e. footprints, of the associated base station. As
`explained below, these coverage areas are generally unsuit-
`able for most commercial and consumer applications.
`In the late 1960's, federal
`legislation was enacted which
`the 9-1-1 telephone number as a national emer-
`established
`systems, Enhanced 9-1-1 (E
`gency resource. In land-based
`9-1-1) wireline
`the caller's Automatic
`technology provides
`Location Identification
`(ALI) with reasonable accuracy, cost
`to a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP)
`and reliability,
`via a defacto standard. ALI is generally accomplished by
`the ANI, or Automatic Number
`receiving
`Identification,
`during call setup to the PSAP. A database query, given ANI,
`provides ALI to the emergency call taker display
`terminal as
`both parties establish
`the voice channel.
`Currently wireless technology, however, does not provide
`ALI. As a result, an ever-increasing
`percentage of emer-
`telephone calls can be tracked no further
`gency
`the
`than
`originating base station. As readily seen, the heart of the
`for providing E9-1-IALI services
`problem
`for wireless
`communication
`lies in accurately
`customers
`and reliably
`the mobile unit, i. e. , handset location, under any
`determining
`circumstance, at low cost.
`this background,
`Against
`there have been previous
`to provide methods and systems which generally
`attempts
`the positions of wireless communication
`identify
`system
`users in cell site coverage areas and sectors thereof. See, for
`example, U. S. Pat. No. 4, 876, 738 issued
`to Selby and
`to U. S. Phillips Corporation. Selby discloses a
`assigned
`registration procedure
`in which the base station monitors the
`location of the mobile unit by cell site. The effect is to allow
`enlargement of the registration
`area if the mobile unit
`consistently
`two cells.
`roams between
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 23
`
`

`
`See also, U. S. Pat. No. 5, 179, 721issued to Comroe et al
`to Motorola, Inc. Comroe discloses a method
`and assigned
`for inter-operation of a cellular communication
`system and
`an access
`communication
`trunking
`system by transmitting
`number for each system such that the mobile unit may be
`used as a cellular telephone and a trunking communication
`device.
`Still further, see U. S. Pat. No. 5, 097, 499 issued to Con-
`to AT&T Bell Laboratories. Consen-
`sentino and assigned
`tino teaches a method for preventing an overload in a reverse
`the time of the generation of timing
`channel by delaying
`stamps on markers.
`These methods
`and
`however,
`have proven
`systems,
`for commercial and consumer applications where
`unsuitable
`users may, at any given
`time,
`travel
`through very small
`portions of numerous cell site coverage areas and sectors.
`Under current wireless
`technology, and as described
`in the
`prior art referenced above, presently available positioning
`of
`to a determination
`methods
`and systems are
`limited
`the user is within one or more predetermined
`whether
`cell
`site coverage areas or sectors. These prior art systems are
`incapable of providing
`further detail, i. e. exactly where
`in
`the cell site coverage area the user is located.
`to design higher accuracy positioning
`Prior art attempts
`systems which utilize commercial broadcast transmissions,
`for example, have also met with limited success. See, for
`example, U. S. Pat. Nos. 4, 054, 880 (Dalabakis et al) and
`3, 889, 264 (Fletcher) which disclose what are known
`as
`"delta-position"
`systems. These prior art patents describe
`three spectrally
`systems using
`radio signals,
`spaced-apart
`each of which
`is an independent AM radio signal. The
`typically have a vehicle carried mobile receiver,
`systems
`with a separate tuner for each station, and a second receiver
`at a fixed, known position. As disclosed, these systems count
`"zero crossing counts", each of which indicates that the user
`from his or her previous
`has moved a certain distance
`location. In operation, if it is desired to determine
`the current
`position of the user, a starting position must first be speci-
`fied. A fixed position receiver detects frequency drift of the
`is used to adjust and coordinate zero
`transmitters, which
`crossing counts made by the mobile receivers.
`"delta-position"
`These
`are
`termed
`systems
`systems
`because
`the distance and direction
`they determine
`only
`traveled by a mobile user from any particular starting point.
`Neither Dalabakis et al nor Fletcher actually determines
`the
`position of the mobile user.
`See also, U. S. Pat. No. 5, 173, 710 to Kelley et al which
`the use of a fixed position
`discloses
`receiver which
`is
`adapted to determine
`frequency drift along with the relative
`phases of various unsynchronized
`FM broadcast
`signals
`fixed locations. As disclosed by
`from known
`originating
`Kelley, each of the fixed transmitters
`transmits a beacon
`signal having a phase that is unsynchronized with the phases
`of the beacon signals of the other transmitters. These signals
`are 19 Khz analog pilot
`tones generated by commercial
`broadcast stereo FM stations. The fixed receiver receives the
`the relative phases of the beacon
`beacon signals, determines
`and broadcasts data
`relative
`these
`signals,
`representing
`for receipt by the mobile receiver which
`phases
`is at an
`location. Each mobile
`receiver
`unknown
`includes phase
`circuitry that detects the phases of the beacon
`measurement
`signals at the mobile receiver's current position on multiple
`such that the current position of
`distinct carrier frequencies
`the mobile unit may be determined when used in conjunc-
`tion with the fixed receiver broadcast data.
`See also, U. S. Pat. Nos. 5, 055, 851; 4, 891, 650; and 5, 218,
`367, all issued to E. Sheffer and assigned
`to Trackmobile,
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`Inc. Like the '650 patent,
`the '851 patent utilizes measure-
`ments of the mobile unit's signal strength which is detected
`by some number of neighboring
`base stations
`in order to
`location. In operation, each base station transmits
`calculate
`a special packet of data which includes
`for
`this information
`receipt by the MTSC. Another packet of information,
`the
`actual vehicle alarm distress call (this is not the same as a
`9-1-1 call), is also sent to the MTSC. The MTSC sends these
`information
`two
`to a Trackmobile
`packets
`alarm center
`computer. The computer matches both packets
`personal
`using a simple algorithm
`the vehicle's
`in order
`to find
`distance from the base station cell center point. As disclosed,
`this is done preferably with four neighboring
`base station
`cell site measurements
`along with arcuation or line inter-
`section techniques. The results are displayed on a computer
`screen map. A 9-1-1 call may then be initiated by a Track-
`mobile attendant, based on a verbal request from the origi-
`nating mobile user.
`'367 patent operates
`The Trackmobile
`in much the same
`way as the '851 and '650 patents although
`it uses a modified
`including a modem,
`handset
`to send signal strength mea-
`received at the mobile unit, through
`surements
`the cellular
`network to the Trackmobile alarm center. Only the downlink
`received at the mobile unit, are used
`signal strengths,
`to
`estimate location. The location is determined
`from the same
`algorithm as in the ' 851 patent, but includes a refinement—
`antenna sector ID — if known. As disclosed,
`the sector ID
`reduces error by effectively
`information
`the cell
`slicing
`circle into one of three pie-shaped sections. In the case of
`low power PCS installations,
`it is likely that omnidirectional
`the use of this
`antennas would be used,
`thus precluding
`sector refinement.
`None of the systems referenced above, as well as general
`time difference of arrival location systems such as LORAN,
`NAVSTAR, and GPS, as used for example in U. S. Pat. No.
`4, 833, 480, issued to Palmer et al, have proven suitable for
`commercial applications
`since, by design, they require spe-
`receivers
`to receive and process
`cially adapted
`the pilot
`tones, GPS signals, etc. at the mobile unit. This sophisticated
`end equipment, of course, significantly
`adds to the cost of
`the corresponding mobile unit. In the case of hand portable
`units, this additional equipment
`further results
`in a handset
`which is extremely bulky and difficult to handle. As a result,
`these systems have proven unsuitable
`for both large scale
`commercial applications, as well as ordinary consumer use.
`to wireless communications of interest
`When applied
`to
`i. e. communications
`the present invention,
`in the frequency
`band from 800 MHz to 2. 5 GHz, these prior art systems are
`further considered unsuitable for commercial applications
`in
`view of their anticipated use of excessive frequency
`spec-
`trum. More specifically,
`it is anticipated
`that for proper
`these systems would necessarily
`operation,
`trans-
`require
`mission of signals on separate channels which would utilize
`an unacceptable amount of additional
`spectrum.
`The prior art systems also fail to account for changes
`in
`conditions. For GPS receivers, it is known to
`environmental
`those skilled in the art that the location calculation will not
`work unless there is a clear view of at least 3 — 4 satellites. In
`dense urban areas, especially at the street level, this condi-
`tion could easily prevail as potential users move about in the
`environment. Thus, no location estimate would be available
`if less than three satellite signals can be received.
`In many oflice buildings,
`the metal content of the win-
`dows is also sufficient to preclude effective satellite recep-
`tion. To this end, if all wireless antennas were isotropic and
`were located in flat and open terrain, estimating
`the location
`
`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1009 Page 24
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`

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`5, 602, 903
`
`of a handset using the prior art strength
`technology might be
`sufficient. Unfortunately,
`of the
`the known disadvantage
`PCS world, and to a reasonable extent, cellular, is that they
`do not operate in flat and open terrains. None of the prior art
`patents work in areas where
`there are obstructions
`to the
`radio signal's path like buildings,
`trees, hills, and automo-
`biles. Seasons are also known
`to have a dramatic affect on
`propagation where radio waves are significantly
`attenuated
`by tree leaves in the summer, but less so in the winter. Thus,
`actual RF field data gathered
`in one season may not be
`accurate in another season.
`As readily seen, precisely predicting
`location based on RF
`loss has generally been an intractable problem,
`propagation
`to the complexity of factors, as well as
`due
`the data
`collection difficulties
`in constructing
`the necessary data-
`bases needed
`to supply
`the actual
`field data. Thus,
`the
`principles relied upon by the above-referenced patents, such
`as free space loss or clear access to satellites, rarely exists,
`as obstructions
`and interference
`increases daily, even in the
`most optimal RF environments.
`a need has developed
`Consequently,
`to provide a posi-
`tioning system and method