UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
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`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
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`
`APPLE INC.,
`Petitioner,
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`v.
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`TRACBEAM, LLC,
`Patent Owner.
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`Patent No. 7,525,484
`
`
`Inter Partes Review No. _____________
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`
`DECLARATION OF KEVIN S. JUDGE
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`
`
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`
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1002 Page 1
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`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`
`
`APPLE INC.,
`Petitioner,
`
`v.
`
`TRACBEAM, LLC,
`Patent Owner.
`
`Patent No. 7,525,484
`
`
`Inter Partes Review No. _____________
`
`
`DECLARATION OF KEVIN S. JUDGE
`
`
`
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`
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1002 Page 1
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`
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`Inter Partes Review of USP 7,525,484
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`
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`Docket No.: 106840000509
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`I, Kevin S. Judge, make this declaration in connection with the proceeding
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`identified above.
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`I.
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`INTRODUCTION
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`1.
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`I have been retained by counsel for Apple Inc. (“Petitioner”) as a
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`technical expert in connection with the proceeding identified above. I submit this
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`declaration in support of Apple, Inc.’s Petition for Inter Partes Review of United
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`States Patent No. 7,525,484 (“the ’484 patent”).
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`2.
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`I am being paid at an hourly rate for my work on this matter. I have
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`no personal or financial stake or interest in the outcome of the present proceeding.
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`II.
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`QUALIFICATIONS
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`3.
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`I am currently employed as a senior engineer at John Deere in the
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`Advanced Engineering group designing the next generation of Global Navigation
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`Satellite System (GNSS) receivers for precision farming. I hold a Bachelor of
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`Science degree in Mathematics, and I am the owner of Judge Software Systems,
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`Inc., which provides consulting services for wireless communication and location.
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`4.
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`I have been designing and implementing systems for wireless
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`communication and location for the past 25 years.
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`5.
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`In particular, from 1987 to 1993 I was a programmer and analyst at
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`Magnavox Advanced Products Division designing and implementing 1990’s core
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`GPS software. As part of my role I worked on the navigation Kalman filter and the
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`receiver tracking control system.
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`6.
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`From 1993 to 1995, I was a software engineer and analyst at Interstate
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`Electronics Corporation, where I was responsible for the design and development
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`of the navigation processor for an aircraft navigation management system. My
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`responsibilities included writing the requirements for and participating in the
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`design, coding, and testing of all aspects of the GPS navigation code.
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`7.
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`From 2000 to 2004, I was the Senior Vice President of Software and
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`Systems at In-Sync Interactive management Company, where I designed and
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`managed the creation of a complete wireless TDMA data network, including
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`Internet client/server software and the base station and endpoint modems. I also
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`designed the wireless protocol for robust communication.
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`8.
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`From 1996 to 2009, at Greenfield Associates, I designed and managed
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`the development of a GPS traffic preemption system, including the development of
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`a low cost differential base station and a TDMA scheme for data transfer. I also
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`implemented a precise golf ranging system using locally broadcast differential
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`corrections.
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`9.
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`From 2004 to 2009, I was an Engineering Manager at NorBelle, LLC,
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`where I designed and contributed to the implementation of a real time mobile-to-
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`mobile tracking application for assisted GPS mobile phones. The system included
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`an Internet based back-end server over which a proprietary messaging system was
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`hosted. I designed the accuracy enhancing technology using GPS and cellular
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`trilateration critical to the usability of the application.
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`10. From 1999 to 2012, I represented SiRF Technology, Inc. in the 3GPP
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`and 3GPP2 standards committees helping to shape the standards for location
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`services in CDMA and GSM/UMTS. I also served as the chairman for CDMA
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`location services standards committee. The 3GPP2 standards body, a sub-working
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`group for Location Services, is an international consortium of individuals
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`representing companies interested in developing standards for mobile location
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`technology. As chairman I oversaw the development of the IS-801 A-1
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`specification used today by all CDMA mobile phones to receive location assistance
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`for both regulatory and commercial systems.
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`11. From 2008 to 2012, I was one of the three founding members of
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`Integrated Positioning, LLC, where I designed, built, and integrated a location
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`platform for a WiMax Network. I designed the backend systems to facilitate the
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`needs of the location platform to seed AGPS solutions for E-911 integration.
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`12. From 2011 to 2013, at Level8, I designed, implemented, and
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`administered a Rails 3 server to facilitate a mobile-to-mobile tracking application.
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`13. From 2012 to 2014, I represented Broadcom in the Indoor Location
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`Alliance (ILA), 3GPP, and OMA, drafting the architecture for indoor location
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`standardization. I was elected to the board of directors for the ILA.
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`14. As discussed, I was recently a charter board member of the Indoor
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`Location Alliance, and in the early 2000’s, I was the Chairman of the location
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`services sub-committee of the 3GPP2 telecommunications organization during the
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`drafting of the IS-801A-1 specification that defines how GPS and cellular location
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`operate on CDMA networks. I have also spent years as a contributing member of
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`location standards in the 3GPP organization that largely parallels 3GPP2, but for
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`GSM, UMTS, and now LTE networks. Attached as Appendix A is a copy of my
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`curriculum vitae.
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`III.
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`MATERIALS CONSIDERED
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`15.
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`In preparing this declaration, I have reviewed, among other things, the
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`following materials: (a) the ’484 patent and its prosecution history; (b) U.S. Patent
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`No 5,604,765 to Bruno; (c) U.S. Patent No. 5,602,903 to LeBlanc et al.; (d) U.S.
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`Patent No. 5,936,572 to Loomis; (e) U.S. Patent No. 4,903,212 to Yokouchi et al.;
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`and (f) the Petition for Inter Partes Review of the ’484 patent to which my
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`declaration relates.
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`IV.
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`DEFINITIONS AND STANDARDS
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`16.
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`I have been informed and understand that claims are construed from
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`the perspective of one of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the claimed
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`invention, and that during inter partes review, claims are to be given their broadest
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`reasonable construction consistent with the specification and the ordinary and
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`customary meaning given to the term by those of ordinary skill in the art at the
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`time of the invention.
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`17.
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`I have also been informed and understand that the subject matter of a
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`patent claim is obvious if the differences between the subject matter of the claim
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`and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been
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`obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the
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`art to which the subject matter pertains. I have also been informed that the
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`framework for determining obviousness involves considering the following
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`factors: (i) the scope and content of the prior art; (ii) the differences between the
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`prior art and the claimed subject matter; (iii) the level of ordinary skill in the art;
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`and (iv) any objective evidence of non-obviousness.
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`18.
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`I have been informed and understand that the claimed subject matter
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`would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art if, for example, it
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`results from the combination of known elements according to known methods to
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`yield predictable results, the simple substitution of one known element for another
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`to obtain predictable results, use of a known technique to improve similar devices
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`in the same way, applying a known technique to a known device ready for
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`improvement to yield predictable results, or pursuing known options within one’s
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`technical grasp in response to a design need or market pressure to solve a problem.
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`I have also been informed that the analysis of obviousness may include recourse to
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`logic, judgment, and common sense available to the person of ordinary skill in the
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`art that does not necessarily require explication in any particular reference.
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`19.
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`In my opinion, a person of ordinary skill in the art pertaining to the
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`’484 patent at the relevant date discussed below would have been a person with a
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`bachelor’s degree in mathematics, electrical engineering, computer engineering, or
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`computer science, and 3-5 years of experience with wireless location and/or
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`navigation systems. However, I recognize that someone with less technical
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`education but more experience, or more technical education but less experience,
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`could have also met this standard.
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`20.
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`I understand that the ’484 patent is a continuation of and claims
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`priority to Application No. 09/194,367, filed as Application No. PCT/US97/15892
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`on September 8, 1997. For purposes of this declaration I have not analyzed
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`whether the ’484 patent is entitled to this filing date, but I have analyzed
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`obviousness as of that date or somewhat before. I may refer to this time frame as
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`the “relevant date” or the “relevant time frame.”
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`21. Based on my education and experience in the field of wireless
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`location systems set forth above, I believe I am qualified to provide opinions about
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`how one of ordinary skill in the art by the relevant date would have interpreted and
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`understood the ’484 patent and the prior art discussed below.
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`V.
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`THE ’484 PATENT
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`22. The ’484 patent generally discloses a network-based system and
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`method for locating a wireless mobile station (e.g., a handset / mobile phone). The
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`system is intended to be readily incorporated into existing commercial wireless
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`telephony systems with few, if any, modifications to a typical infrastructure. As
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`described by the patent, the wireless network infrastructure includes a plurality of
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`mobile stations and a plurality of base stations. The system provides the mobile
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`station location capabilities using the measurements from wireless signals
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`communicated between mobile stations and a network of base stations. The
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`communication standard or protocol used for location is the same as that used by
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`the network of base stations for providing wireless communications with mobile
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`stations for other purposes such as voice communication.
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`23.
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`In the system and method disclosed in the ’484 patent, multiple
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`location estimates are obtained using different techniques, which the patent refers
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`to as “location hypothesizing first order models” or “FOMs.” The patent includes
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`descriptions of various types of first order models, including distance first order
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`models, coverage area first order models, location base station first order models,
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`stochastic first order models, statistically-based pattern recognition first order
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`models, and adaptive/trainable first order models. Using the multiple location
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`estimates obtained using the various first order models, a most likely mobile
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`station position estimate is determined.
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`VI.
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`CLAIM CONSTRUCTION
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`24.
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`I have been asked to provide my opinion on a phrase by discussing
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`what one of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the patent filing would regard as
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`the broadest reasonable interpretation consistent with the specification. In each
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`case, my opinion agrees with the position taken in the Petitioner’s Petition for Inter
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`Partes Review filed with this declaration.
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`25. Numerous terms in the claims of the ’484 patent appear to be directed
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`to the same meaning within the same context, and I am unable to find sufficient
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`support in the specification to provide these terms distinct meanings. Specifically,
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`it is my opinion that one of ordinary skill in the art at the time of filing would have
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`understood that the broadest reasonable interpretation of the following terms
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`consistent with the specification is that they simply mean information that pertains
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`to location: “information related to the location,” “position information,” “location
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`information,” “geographical information,” “location estimate,” “location data,”
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`“geographical approximation,” and “geographical location approximation.”
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`26. Claims 36 and 61 of the ’484 patent recite the term “granularity” as a
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`criterion by which location estimate is to be provided or determined. One of
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`ordinary skill in the art at the time of filing would have understood the broadest
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`reasonable construction of “granularity” consistent with the specification to
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`encompass precision in either location or time.
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`27. Each of the challenged claims contains recitations to the use of more
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`than one location techniques or “evaluator” that use input data of wireless signal
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`measurements to determine the position of a mobile station. While certain claims,
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`such as Claims 39 and 72, recite the use of signals from non-terrestrial transmitters
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`(i.e., satellites) to determine the location of a mobile station, other claims do not
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`limit the location techniques to non-terrestrial sources. One of ordinary skill in the
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`art at the time of filing would have understood the broadest reasonable
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`construction of such claim language consistent with the specification to encompass
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`reception of satellite signals at the mobile station for purposes of location
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`determination.
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`VII.
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`ANALYSIS OF THE PRIOR ART
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`A. U.S. Patent No 5,604,765 to Bruno (“Bruno”)
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`28. Bruno discloses combining multiple location-detection techniques to
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`determine the location of a mobile unit. The different techniques are 1) measuring
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`a distance from a mobile unit to three base stations using cellular timing
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`measurements to locate the mobile unit, 2) GPS, and 3) short distance RF
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`“Signposts.” (See, e.g., 2:17-19, 4:1-36.)
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`29. The first technique involves a mobile unit determining a range to
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`multiple base stations. (See, e.g., 4:1-15.) The mobile unit receives a message
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`from each base station, which includes the time at which the message left the base
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`station. The mobile unit compares the time the message was sent with the time the
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`message was received. The time difference enables the mobile unit to determine
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`the range from the base station. This technique further involves correction data
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`that in order to ensure that the timings of the base station and mobile unit are
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`synched.
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`30. By this first technique, the mobile unit determines a range to multiple
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`base stations, for example three. (See, e.g., FIG. 3.) The mobile unit determines
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`the known locations of each base station, and then solves a series of equations to
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`determine its own location. In other words, the mobile unit is able to determine its
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`own location using the distance to three base stations, as well as the locations of
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`these base stations. (See, e.g., 4:16-37.)
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`31. The second technique is GPS. (See, e.g., 2:20-24.) This technique is
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`well-known and understood in the art of location detection. Using the GPS
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`technique, the mobile unit communicates with multiple satellites to determine its
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`location. The mobile unit may experience some difficulty communicating with
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`satellites that do not have clear line-of-sight—such as downtown and indoor areas.
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`(See, e.g., 2:41-47.) If a line of sight to a satellite is available, the mobile unit
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`measures timing information from messages received from satellites to determine
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`its own location.
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`32. The third technique is called RF signposting. This technique involves
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`a short-range broadcast, approximately 100 feet, of a location identifier. (See, e.g.,
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`2:53-59.) If a mobile unit receives a broadcast with specific location information,
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`then the mobile unit knows that it is within approximately 100 feet of the location.
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`For example, the RF signpost may indicate to the mobile device that it is within a
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`certain store in a shopping mall. (See, e.g., 2:59-63.)
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`33. Bruno discloses that these three techniques can be used together, or in
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`combination. This is shown in Fig. 9, reproduced below:
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`34. The mobile unit receives cellular signals for location determination
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`along path A (red), GPS signals along path B (blue), and RF signpost signals along
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`path C (green). (See, e.g., 8:54-9:2.) Component 9-13 determines a pseudo range
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`measurement for each technique. Component 9-14 then estimates a position of the
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`mobile unit based on one or more of the techniques. (See, e.g., 8:55-62, 9:2-14.)
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`35. Moreover, Bruno states that the cellular ranging and RF signpost
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`techniques can be used to supplement or replace the GPS technique when the GPS
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`signal is weak or unavailable. (See, e.g., 2:41-48, 10:8-11; 9:38-56.)
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`Alternatively, Bruno’s mobile unit will use GPS when the cellular ranging
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`technique is not available. (See, e.g., 9:8-14.)
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`36. Once the mobile unit in Bruno determines its location, it outputs the
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`location to one or more of a variety of applications. (See, e.g., 9:57-10:6.) For
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`example, the mobile unit can output its location to the communications system,
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`which can either route the call appropriately based on the location, or provide the
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`location to a call destination. (See, e.g., 9:57-64.) For example, the
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`communication system could route the call to a particular E-911 operator that is
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`closest to the mobile unit, and also provide the E-911 operator with the location.
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`The mobile unit may also send its location directly to the destination once a call to
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`the destination is connected. (See, e.g., 9:64-66.) Bruno discloses that the mobile
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`unit can send its position to any one of a variety of applications, including E-911,
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`roadside assistance, fleet management, and tracking to reduce theft, fraud and
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`abuse. (See, e.g., 9:67-10-6.)
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`B. U.S. Patent No. 5,602,903 to LeBlanc et al. (“LeBlanc”)
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`37. LeBlanc discloses determining the position of a mobile device using
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`pattern recognition techniques of wireless signal measurements. (See, e.g., 7:26-
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`39.) In particular, LeBlanc models RF signal measurements from base stations as a
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`scaled contour shape having minimum and maximum coverage boundaries around
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`each base station. (See, e.g., 23:48-54.) Then, the base stations neighboring a
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`mobile station are identified, and an intersection of the modeled contours
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`associated with those base stations is determined. (See, e.g., 23:54-61.) The
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`intersection of the contours defines a position estimate of the mobile station with a
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`minimum and maximum error estimate. (See, e.g., 23:57-61, see also Fig. 27
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`(bounding triangle at the intersection).) LeBlanc discloses displaying the
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`intersection of the contours on a map, including a representation of the position
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`estimate and the accuracy of the position estimate. (See, e.g., 7:62-8:19, 31:63-
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`32:10, 32:55-33:29, Figs. 27-28.) In addition, LeBlanc discloses transmitting
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`location information via a broadband network using a protocol such as TCP/IP.
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`(See, e.g., 20:43-53, 18:30-40.)
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`C. U.S. Patent No. 5,936,572 to Loomis (“Loomis”)
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`38. Loomis discloses a hybrid location system for locating a mobile or
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`portable device that uses two or more location determination (“LD”) systems
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`embodied in the mobile device. (See, e.g., 4:39-5:13.) One location determination
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`system, which Loomis calls the “outdoor LD unit,” may be “a GPS, GLONASS or
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`other satellite-based positioning system (SATPS) or a ground-based system such as
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`Loran, Omega, Tacan, Decca, JTIDS Relnav or PLRS.” The other location
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`determination system, which Loomis calls the “radio LD system,” uses analysis of
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`radio signals transmitted between terrestrial transmitter and the mobile device to
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`determine the location of the mobile device. (See, e.g., Loomis at Abstract, 4:39-
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`5:13; and Figs. 1-3, 6, 8, 9.)
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`39.
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`In the Loomis system, the location determination processing can be
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`done at the mobile device or, alternatively, the wireless signal measurements
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`received at the mobile device can be transmitted to a central processing station,
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`which uses the signals to determine the mobile station location, including at
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`different time intervals. (See, e.g., 8:26-42.) Further, the Loomis system can use
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`threshold error and accuracy indicators to select which location determination from
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`the multiple systems it will use to determine the location estimate. (See, e.g.,
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`12:47-58). The Loomis system can also combine measurements from the different
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`location determination system using, for example, a Kalman filter to determine a
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`location estimate. (See, e.g., 15:39-46).
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`D. U.S. Patent No. 4,903,212 to Yokouchi et al. (“Yokouchi”)
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`40. Yokouchi discloses a system for tracking the location of a moving
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`object, where the system includes both GPS and a “self-contained type navigator”
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`operating together to provide a location determination. (See, e.g. abstract, 3:22-53;
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`FIGS. 2-6.) The Yokouchi system determines the velocity of the mobile device to
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`be located along with the location determination. (See, e.g., Abstract; 9:32-39; Fig.
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`4B, 5, 6.)
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`E. Obviousness of Claims 25, 26, 27, 31, 36, 37, 39, 40, 49, 51, 56, 60,
`61, and 72 Based on Bruno
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`41. Bruno discloses all elements of claims 25, 26, 27, 31, 36, 37, 39, 40,
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`49, 51, 56, 57, 60, 61, and 72 of the ’484 patent, as set forth in the claim charts in
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`the Petition. However, the claim recitations are generally lengthy and include
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`specifics of various location techniques that Bruno does not explicitly disclose.
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`For example, claim 39 describes GPS in terms of “signal transmissions to the first
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`mobile station from non-terrestrial transmitters above and not supported on the
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`Earth’s surface.” Although Bruno discloses GPS, it does not describe in detail the
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`well-known techniques for implementing GPS as recited in the claims. It is my
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`opinion that one of ordinary skill in the art would be very familiar with the
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`techniques recited in these claims, and that Bruno renders each of the claims
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`obvious when considered with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the
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`art. One of ordinary skill in the art would immediately recognize that the claims of
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`the ’484 patent are directed to commonly known techniques.
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`42. Claims 27, 31, and 36 of the ’484 patent would have been obvious to
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`one of ordinary skill in the art based on Bruno. These claims recite output criteria,
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`including a frequency of providing a location estimate depending on the output
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`application. As discussed above, Bruno discloses various output applications, such
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`as E-911 services, roadside assistance services, fleet management services, theft
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`recovery, etc. It would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill to provide
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`location estimates at varying frequencies depending on the application. One of
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`ordinary skill in the art would understand that different applications have different
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`requirements for frequency of providing location estimation. For example, certain
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`applications, like roadside assistance, need infrequent updating, because an
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`operator with a disabled vehicle is unlikely to move.
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`43. One of ordinary skill in the art would also understand that simple
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`efficient system design would promote providing different frequencies for
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`providing location estimates based on the application. For example, less frequent
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`updating of a roadside assistance application would satisfy the application and
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`require less processing power. In contrast, in other applications, such as fleet
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`management, there would be a greater need for frequent updating, because delivery
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`vehicles are often on the move. Accordingly, it would have been obvious to one of
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`ordinary skill in the art for Bruno’s mobile unit to provide its location at a different
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`frequency depending on the needs of the output application.
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`F. Obviousness of Claims 38, 45, 50, 57, and 63 Based on Bruno and
`LeBlanc
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`44.
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`It would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art to
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`include the display features of LeBlanc in the Bruno system. Bruno and LeBlanc
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`are similar systems, as both are network-based location determination systems that
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`locate a mobile unit based on its location in relation to known base stations.
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`Further, one of ordinary skill in the art would have understood that it would be
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`beneficial to provide the user of Bruno with additional information about the
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`location determination and its accuracy, such as the polygon area display disclosed
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`in LeBlanc. Further, because the LeBlanc and Bruno are similar systems,
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`including the Leblanc display features in Bruno is simply use of a known technique
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`to improve similar systems in the same way.
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`45. A person of ordinary skill in the art would also have found it obvious
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`to use TCP/IP as a communication protocol in Bruno, as disclosed in LeBlanc.
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`One of ordinary skill in the art would have been very familiar with TCP/IP, as it is
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`the basic communication protocol for Internet communications. Accordingly, it
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`would have been immediately obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art to use
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`TCP/IP in Bruno as it was an extremely common communication protocol with
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`17
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1002 Page 18
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`Inter Partes Review of USP 7,525,484
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`known implementations in a variety of networks, wide compatibility, and known
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`benefits. Further, this is a simple substitution of one known element of network
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`communication protocol for another similar protocol.
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`G. Obviousness of Claims 25-27, 31, 36, 37, 39, 40, 49, 51, 57, 60-61,
`63, and 72 Based on Loomis
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`46. Loomis discloses each element of claims 25-27, 31, 36, 37, 39, 40, 49,
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`51, 57, 60-61, 63, and 72 of the ’484 patent, as set forth in the claim charts in the
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`Petition. However, the claim recitations are lengthy and include specifics of
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`various location techniques that Bruno does not explicitly disclose. It is my
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`opinion that one of ordinary skill in the art would be very familiar with the
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`techniques recited in these claims, and that Loomis renders each of the claims
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`obvious when considered with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.
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`One of ordinary skill in the art would immediately recognize that the claims of the
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`’484 patent are directed to commonly known techniques. For some limitations that
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`are not present in Loomis, it would be obvious to modify and/or supplement
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`Loomis, as set forth in the remainder of this section.
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`47.
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`It would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art that
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`the central station in Loomis may receive requests for position determination from
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`numerous mobile stations and that the various requests may be processed by
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`different location estimators depending on the availability the different location
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`determination systems and the corresponding location data. In fact, Loomis
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`18
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`explains that mobile station to be located is outside at the time of the request, then
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`likely the measurement signals from the GPS satellites would be used to determine
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`the position of the mobile station since GPS signals would allow for a more
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`accurate position determination. However, if GPS is not available, then the less
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`accurate radio signals from terrestrial sources would be used. (See 12:53-62.)
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`48. Further, it would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the
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`art that the different location determination systems could result in approximately
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`the same location estimate, varying only in accuracy. For instance, one of ordinary
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`skill in the art would understand that a GPS location technique and a terrestrial-
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`based location technique could result in approximately the same location estimate
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`if both techniques were used, but the GPS would provide a more accurate estimate.
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`49. As discussed above, Loomis discloses taking multiple location
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`estimates at different time intervals. It would have been obvious to a person of
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`ordinary skill in the art to include timestamps of each location estimate in the
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`output when multiple locations estimates are obtained for a mobile station at
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`different time intervals. Including a timestamp with the location estimate in the
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`output allows the user to determine both the position of the mobile station and
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`when the mobile station was at that position. One of ordinary skill in the art would
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`have understood that in many applications providing numerous location estimates
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`without any indication of time would be completely useless. For example, in a
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`19
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1002 Page 20
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`“navigation and tracking system” such as that discussed by Loomis. (3:63:65.)
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`Accordingly, providing timestamps with multiple location estimates would have
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`been an obvious design choice based on users’ needs. Further, timestamps were
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`extremely widely used in a great number of applications, and thus including them
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`in Loomis is simply applying a known technique to a known system to yield
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`predictable results. Time tagged location estimates are so common that an
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`acronym PVT (Position, Velocity, Time) is commonly used to describe the
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`expected availability of this combined packet of information from a location
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`system.
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`50. Further, it would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art
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`to adopt the radio signal location determination system disclosed in Loomis within
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`a two-way communication network such as a cellular communication system that
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`would be capable of detecting the presence of mobile stations. One of ordinary
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`skill in the art would have understood that cellular communication infrastructures
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`were widely used at the time, and that use of an existing cellular communication
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`infrastructure instead of a dedicated FM transmission infrastructure would provide
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`an immediately recognizable and predictable benefit of not having to build a
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`costly, completely separate and dedicated infrastructure.
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`20
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`Apple Inc. Exhibit 1002 Page 21
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`Inter Partes Review of USP 7,525,484
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`H. Obviousness of Claims 38, 45, and 50 Based on Loomis and
`LeBlanc
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`51. A person of ordinary skill in the art would have found it obvious to
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`use TCP/IP, as disclosed in LeBlanc, as a communication protocol in Loomis. One
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`of ordinary skill in the art would have been very familiar with TCP/IP, as it is the
`
`basic communication protocol for Internet communications. Accordingly, it would
`
`have been immediately obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art to use TCP/IP in
`
`Loomis as it was an extremely common communication protocol with known
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`implementations in a variety of networks, wide compatibility, and known benefits.
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`Further, this is a simple substitution of one known element of network
`
`communication protocol for another similar protocol. Moreover, use of TCP/IP
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`would have been further obvious because Loomis specifically teaches different
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`communication means
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