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`NOVATEL EXHIBIT 1032
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`

`
`Library of Congress Cataloging—in—I’ublication Data
`Bekkers, Rudi
`_
`Mobile telecommunications: standards, regulation, and applications / Rudi Bekkers,
`Jan Smits.
`p. cm. ——(Artech House mobile communications library)
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN O-89006—806—2 (alk. paper)
`1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Mobile communication systems.
`I. Smits, Jan. II. Title. III. Series.
`TK5103.7.B43 1998
`384.5—dc21
`
`98-41588
`cm
`
`_
`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`Bekkers, Rudi
`
`Mobile telecommunications: standards, regulation, and applications —— (Artech
`House mobile communications library)
`1. Mobile communication systems 2. Mobile communication systems——Europe
`3. Mobile communication systems——Standards
`1. Title II. Smits, J. M., 1953-
`384.53
`
`ISBN O-89006-806-2
`
`Cover design by Lynda Fishbourne
`
`Translated from Mobiele Telecommunicatie in Nederland en Belgié Regulering.
`
`standaarden en toepassingen
`© 1997 Kluwer Bedrijfslnformatie BV, Deventer, the Netherlands
`
`English translation © 1999 Artech House Inc.
`
`All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States ofArnerica. No part of this
`book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or me-
`chanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and re-
`trieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
`All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks
`have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this
`information. Use ofa term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity
`of any trademark or service mark.
`
`International Standard Book Number: O-89006-1806-2
`Cataloging—In—Publication: 98-41588
`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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`170 Mobile Telecommunications: Standards, Regulation, and Applications
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`although the speed is not guaranteed. After all, in the case of transport capacity
`that is diminishing over the radio connection due to interference, a compromise
`of a temporarily lower transmission speed or the acceptance of more errors in
`the user data must be met. Unfortunately, not all the existing applications for
`telephone modems cope well with a variable transmission speed. A 10"/o margin
`in transport capacity has been reserved;
`in other words, up to 10°/o of the
`transmitted blocks can be repeated without the transmission speed decreasing
`for the user.” Delays only occur after this. Experience has shown, however, that
`errors in consecutive blocks are strongly correlated. In the event ofa disrupted
`radio connection, it is usually necessary to repeat several consecutive blocks.
`
`Technical Realization of the Short Message Service
`
`Finally, GSM has a short message service referred to simply as the short mes-
`sage service (SMS). Individual messages are up to 160 characters long and can
`be either received or sent by a mobile terminal (provided the mobile terminal
`supports these functionalities). As the signaling channel is used, these messages
`can even by exchanged duringa current communications session. The transmis-
`sion speed is approximately 600 bit/s. So-called group messages (cell broadcast,
`forms part of phase 2), up to 93 characters long, can be sent to all users in
`a given geographical area (defined in cells). As these group messages are not
`transmitted via the signaling channel, they can only be received if the mobile
`terminal is not in a current communications session. Group messages are neither
`addressed nor encrypted. Short message services can generally be used for three
`applications:
`
`1 . Sending messages generated by the network operator. These are usual-
`ly connections to other services, such as notification in the case of
`
`Table 6.9
`Speed, Quality and Delay for the Nontransparent Mode“
`
`Connection Quality
`
`(Quality of Service)Type ChannelService Delay
`
`
`
`
`
`9.6 kbit/s
`
`Full rate
`
`High
`
`> 330 ms
`
`
`
`Full rate High4.8 kbit/s > 600 ms
`
`
`
`
`
`30. Wong/Britland, 1995, p. 86.
`31. Ibid.
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`Cellular Telephony 171
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`voice-mail (sending a text message that voicemail is waiting), notifica-
`tion about a message waiting in a fax mailbox (implemented only in
`several countries), titles ofwaiting e-mail (not yet realized), advertising,
`and part of the user interface or help functions.
`2. Sending messages generated by third parties. This is possible, for exam-
`»
`ple, using a different GSM device suitable for this, a dictation service,
`a voice respome system or a modem application. This will be discussed
`further for the components for interconnection‘ and GSM services.
`
`3. Data interchange for public information services. Following an SMS
`request, some foreign network operators provide information on traffic
`conditions, weather conditions or stock listings via SMS messages. An
`individual filter can also send a message in the case ofa specified event,
`for example when the exchange rate of the dollar falls by more than a
`certain percentage.
`
`The costs ofSMS messages differ strongly per network operator. For some appli-
`cations ofthe first type indicated above (generated by the network operator), they
`lead to new voice calls. Often, no charges are then imposed for the SMS mes-
`sage. In the case of the second type of applications (messages provided by third
`parties), most network operators charge prices corresponding to one minute’s
`connection time. Some operators charge much lower prices and hope the user
`will purchase a telephone especially for SMS applications (e.g., in a large truck or
`a pickup truck) and subsequently use it more frequently to make regular spoken
`calls. However, as the transmission ofan SMS message does not require as much
`network capacity as establishing a circuit-switched connection, network capacity
`will need to be expanded if many messages are sent. After all, the position of
`the mobile user must also be determined in the case of an SMS message. At a
`certain moment, the above-mentioned form of cross-subsidy will no longer be
`
`advantageous.
`
`Technical Rea/ization of the Security Aspects
`
`The extensive security aspects for GSM must:
`
`1. Provide security about the identity ofmobile terminals, so that it is not
`possible, for example, to make calls at somebody else’s expense;
`2. Prevent calls from eavesdropping by third parties.
`
`In the case of GSM, these functions are fulfilled by authentication, encryption,
`and replacing the identity of a mobile terminal by a temporary alias so that it
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