DICTh(%NARY
`
`BIOTECHNOLOGY
`
`SECOND EDITION
`
`James Coombs
`
`Stockton
`press
`
`Page 1 0f 4
`
`AstraZeneca Exhibit 2021
`Lannett v. AstraZeneca
`IPR2015-01629
`
`Page 1 of 4
`
`AstraZeneca Exhibit 2021
`Lannett v. AstraZeneca
`IPR2015-01629
`
`

`
`© The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1986. 1992
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
`reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means.
`without permission.
`
`Published in the United States and Canada by
`STOCKTON PRESS. 1992
`257 Park Avenue South,
`New York. N.Y. 10010, USA
`
`ISBN l-56159-0'74-6
`
`Second edition first published 1992 by
`THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
`London and Basingstoke
`
`Associated companies in Auckland, Delhi. Dublin,
`Gaborone, Hamburg. Harare. Hong Kong, Johannesburg.
`Kuala Lumpur. Lagos, Manzini, Melbourne, Mexico City.
`Nairobi. New York, Singapore, Tokyo.
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from The
`British Library.
`
`ISBN 0-333-57822-8
`
`Printed in Great Britain.
`
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`52 Brevibacrer-mm
`
`mentation has finished. The brandy is then
`stored for several years in oak barrels.
`Armagnac. which comes from another re-
`gion of France, is obtained in a single dis-
`tillation from wine that does not contain
`residual yeast.
`
`Breuibacterium A fermentative bacterium
`used to produce amino acids.
`
`brewers’ yeast Strains of Saccharomyces
`uvcrum or S. cerevisiae used in the pro-
`duction of beer.
`
`brewing The art of producing beer. See ale.
`lager.
`
`broad host range A plasmid or phage that
`is not specific to a single host species or
`strain and is able to replicate in a number of
`different hosts.
`
`bromelain A glycoprotein with proteolytic
`activity obtained from pineapple stern.
`
`bromotieoxyuridine (BDUR) A base ana-
`logue of thymidine.
`
`hrornophenol blue 3,3',5,5'-Tetrabromo-
`phenolsulphonephthaleing a dye used for
`visualization of proteins on gels following
`separation by electrophoresis.
`
`5-bromouracil A base analogue used as a
`mutagen. This compound can be incorpor-
`ated into DNA sequences in place of thy-
`mine and cause incorrect base pairing some
`time later.
`
`broth A culture medium derived from a
`protein solution or hydrolysate; more
`generally.
`a
`suspension
`of
`cultured
`microorganisms.
`
`broth conditioning A treatment applied in
`a fermentation process after harvesting in
`order to facilitate downstream processing.
`Processes such as pH modification. heat
`treatment or flocculation are applied to
`increase particle density and reduce vis-
`cosity and aggregation. leading to a reduc-
`tion in fouling and facilitating the handling
`of solids.
`
`brown algae The Phaeophyta; a commer-
`cial source of alginic acids.
`
`brush border See microvillus.
`
`BSA See bovine serum albumin.
`
`BSE Bovine spongifonn encephalopathy;
`one of a number of infectious diseases
`generally
`known as
`encephalopathies,
`which may be caused by an infective pro-
`tein (prion). See spongifotm encephal»
`opatlty.
`
`Br See Bacillus rhuringiensis.
`
`bubble column A type of fermenter or bio-
`reactor used for the growth of plant cell cul-
`tures in liquid suspension. Air is bubbled
`into the bottom of a tall column. keeping the
`cells suspended in an expanded bed.
`
`bubble point test A technique used to es-
`tablish the integrity of filters, in which the
`gross flow of air through a prewetted mem-
`brane is detected. The sensitivity of the test
`decreases with increasing membrane area.
`
`budding A mechanism of non-sexual
`reproduction found typically in yeasts, in
`which a small outgrowth develops into a
`new cell. This may remain attached to the
`parent cell or become detached.
`
`buffer A chemical solution which is resis-
`tant to change in pH on the addition of acid
`or alkali. Buffer solutions commonly con-
`sist of a mixture of a weak acid and its con-
`jugate base (e.g.. acetic acid and sodium
`acetate) or a weak base and its conjugate
`acid (e.g., ammonium hydroxide and am-
`monium chloride). Traditionally, buffers
`based on inorganic salts (phosphate, carbo-
`nate) and organic acid salts (acetate, citrate,
`succinate, glycine, maleate, barbiturates,
`etc.) were used in biological experiments.
`In many cases these have been replaced by
`specific zwitterionic buffers. In vivo buffer
`systems are essential for maintaining the
`physiological pH of cytoplasm and extra-
`cellular fluids, with a phosphate buffer sys-
`tem being the main intracellular buffer. and
`a bicarbonate buffer the main extracellular
`one. Buffers are important in the isolation
`of subcellular particles, enzymes, proteins
`
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`and nucleic acids from living material.
`as well as maintaining growth of cul-
`tured organisms, plant tissue cultures and
`animal cell lines. Buffers are also used in
`electrophoresis
`and
`some
`forms
`of
`chromatography.
`
`bundle sheath A layer of cells which sur-
`rounds the vascular bundles of leaves. In C4
`plsnts,
`the enzyme associated with the
`reductive assimilation of carbon dioxide
`through the photosynthetic carbon reduc-
`tion cycle (rubisco) is restricted to the bun-
`dle sheath chloroplasts.
`In extreme C4
`plants. such as sugar cane, maize and
`sorghum, these chloroplasts are larger than
`those of the rnesophyll cells, and may have
`much reduced grana, or grana may be com-
`pletely absent. In most leaves. the bundle
`sheath preferentially accumulates starch.
`
`Bunsen coefficient (a) A unit defined as the
`volume of gas in millilitres, reduced to 0°C
`and 760 mm Hg pressure, dissolved in l
`millilitre of water.
`
`butyric acid
`
`53
`
`buoyant density The equilibrium density at
`which a molecule comes to lie within a den-
`sity gradient, fonned from a solution of a
`material such as caesium chloride, when
`subjected to the force generated in an ana-
`lytical centrifuge. The buoyant density of
`DNA increases with the content of cytosine
`plus guanine.
`
`butanoic acid See butyric acid.
`
`butanol An alcohol, produced in some bac-
`terial ferrnentations, used as an industrial
`solvent.
`
`buttermilk A fermented product obtained
`by culture ofStreptococcus lactfs. S. crema-
`rr'.s' andfor Leuconostoc cremoris in pasteur-
`ized skimmed milk.
`
`butyl alcohol See butanol.
`
`butyric acid An organic acid produced in
`some bacteria] fermentations.
`
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