I
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`I
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`I
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`(cid:0)H(cid:0)Y(cid:0)D(cid:0)R(cid:0)I(cid:0)T(cid:0)E(cid:0) (cid:0)E(cid:0)X(cid:0)H(cid:0)I(cid:0)B(cid:0)I(cid:0)T(cid:0) (cid:0)1(cid:0)0(cid:0)1(cid:0)7(cid:0) (cid:0)((cid:0)1(cid:0) (cid:0)O(cid:0)F(cid:0) (cid:0)4(cid:0))
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`

`
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`O I 987, I 997 International Union
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`First published I 987
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`
`

`
`alkanium ions
`
`allosteric enzymes
`
`sisting entirely ofhydrogen atoms and saturated carb-
`on atoms.
`See also cycloalkanes.
`1995, 67, l3l3
`alkanium ions
`Carbocations derived from alkanes by C-hydronation
`containing at least one pentacoordinate carbon atom,
`E.g.+CH5 methanium, [C2H7J+ ethanium.
`See also carbonium ions.
`1995, 67, 1313
`alkenes
`Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons hav-
`ing one carbon-carbon double bond and the general
`formula CnH1-. Acyclic branched or unbranched hy-
`drocarbons having more than one double bond are
`alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc.
`See also olefins.
`1995,67, l3t3
`alkoxides
`Compounds, ROM, derivatives of alcohols, ROH, in
`which R is saturated at the site of its attachment to
`oxygen and M is a metal or other cationic species.
`See alcoholates.
`1995, 67, t3l4
`alkoxyamines
`O-Alkyl hydroxylamines (with or without substitu-
`tion on N) R'ONR2 (R'* H).
`1995,67, t3t4
`alkylenes
`1. An old term, which is not recommended, for alke-
`nes, especially those of low molecular weight.
`2. An old term for alkanediyl groups commonly but
`not necessarily having the flee valencies on adjacent
`carbon atoms, e.g. {H(CHj)CH2- propylene (sys-
`tematically called propane- 1,2-diyl).
`1995,67,1314
`alkyl groups
`Univalent groups derived from alkanes by removal of
`a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom -CnHvr*r.
`The groups derived by removal of a hydrogen atom
`from a terminal carbon atom of unbranched alkanes
`form a subclass of normal alkyl (n-alkyl) groups
`H[CH2ì¿. The groups RCH2, R2CH (R * H), and R3C
`(R * H) are primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl
`groups, respectively.
`See also cycloalþl groups, hydrocarbyl groups.
`1995,67, l3t4
`alkylideneamino carbenes
`See nitrile ylides.
`1995,67, t3t4
`alkylideneaminoxyl radicals
`Radicals having the structure R2C=N-O'. Synony-
`mous with iminoxyl radicals.
`1995,67, l3t4
`alkylideneaminyl radicals
`Radicals having the structure R2C=N'. Synonymous
`with iminyl radicals.
`1995,67, t3t4
`
`t6
`
`alkylidene groups
`The divalent groups formed from alkanes by removal
`of two hydrogen atoms from the same carbon atom,
`the free valencies of which are part of a double bond,
`e,g. (CH3)2C= propan-2-ylidene.
`t995, 67, 1314
`alkylidenes
`Carbenes R2C: formed by mono or dialkyl substitu-
`tion of methylene, H2C:, e.g. CH3CH2CH:
`propylidene.
`1995, 67, 1314
`alkylidynes.
`Carbenes RC: containing a univalent carbon
`atom, e.g. CH3CH2C: propylidyne.
`t995, 67, l3t4
`alkyl radicals
`Carbon-centered radicals derived formally by re-
`moval of.one hydrogen atom from an alkane, e.g.
`CH3CH2CH2 propyl.
`1995, 67, t3t4
`alkynes
`Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons hav-
`ing a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general for-
`mula CrHz_r, RC=CR. Acyclic branched or un-
`branched hydrocarbons having more than one triple
`bond are known as alkadiynes, alkatriynes, etc.
`See also acetylenes.
`1995, 67, t3t4
`allele
`One of several alternate forms of a gene which occur
`at the same locus on homologous chromosomes and
`which become separated during meiosls and can be
`recombined following /.rslon of gametes.
`1992,64, t46
`allenes
`Hydrocarbons (and by extension, derivatives formed
`by substitution) having two double bonds from one
`carbon atom to two others R2C=C=CR2. (The sim-
`plest member, propadiene, is known as allene).
`See also cumulenes, dienes.
`t995,67, t3t4
`allo- (in amino-acid nomenclature)
`Amino acids with two chiral centres were named in
`the past by allotting a name to the first diastereoi-
`somer to be discovered. The second diastereoisomer,
`when found or synthesized, was then assigned the
`sarne name but with the prefix allo-. This method can
`be used only with trivial names but not with semisys-
`tematic or systematic names. It is now recommended
`that allo should be used only for alloisoleucine and
`allothreonine.
`w.B,46
`allosteric enzymes
`En4tmes which contain regions to which small, regu-
`latory molecules (cf. ffictor) may bind in addition to
`and separate from substrate binding sites. On binding
`the effector, the catalytic activity of the enzyme to-
`wards the substrate may be enhanced, in which case
`
`(cid:0)H(cid:0)Y(cid:0)D(cid:0)R(cid:0)I(cid:0)T(cid:0)E(cid:0) (cid:0)E(cid:0)X(cid:0)H(cid:0)I(cid:0)B(cid:0)I(cid:0)T(cid:0) (cid:0)1(cid:0)0(cid:0)1(cid:0)7(cid:0) (cid:0)((cid:0)3(cid:0) (cid:0)O(cid:0)F(cid:0) (cid:0)4(cid:0))
`
`

`
`furoco
`
`furnac
`gas' T
`inan¿
`bY co
`fnercu
`a nobl
`releas,
`sourc(
`19t
`furoc
`Deriv
`furoct
`mgr,
`meth<
`others
`
`o*
`Ç
`
`19
`
`fulminates
`
`furnace pyrolysis (in spectrochemical analysis)
`
`polycyclic system with twelve five_membered rings
`and the rest six-membered rings. The archetypal ex_
`ample is [60]fullerene, where the atoms aná'bonds
`delineate a truncated icosahedron. ttre term ha, be"n
`broadened to include any closed cage structure con_
`sisting entirely of three-óoordinate cãrbon atoms.
`1995, 67, 1336
`fulminates
`l..Compounds having the structure RON=C:. So
`called because fulminic acid (actually HC=N;_O-
`form_onitrile oxide) was previously
`"oiri¿o"à'to U"
`HON=C:.
`2. Salts of fulminic acid, e.g. Na+[-C=¡.¡+_g1.
`1995, 67, 1336
`fulvalenes
`The hydrocarbon fulvalene and its derivatives formed
`by substitution (and by extension, unulogu", iãrr"¿
`Dy reptacement of one or more carbon atoms of the
`fulvalene skeleton by a heteroatom).
`
`1995, 67, 1336
`fulvenes
`The hydrocarbon fulvene and its derivatives formed
`by substitution (and by extension, unufoluã, i".-"¿
`Dy replacement of one or more carbon atoms of the
`fulvene skeleton by a heteroatom).
`
`cHz
`
`1995,67, t336
`flme (in atmospheric chemistry)
`Fine solid.particles (aerosol), predäminantly less than
`I pm in diameter, which resulì from the coí¿e¡xation
`of vapour from some types of chemical reaction. Usu_
`alty thls ls t-ormed Íìom the gÍìseous state generally
`after volatilization from melteã subrtan"es inJ orun
`acc,ompanìed by chemical reactions such as oxidation.
`lggo, 62,2190
`fumes
`Inpopular usage, a term often taken to mean airborne
`effl uents, unpleasant and malodorour, *ñì"n'migllt
`arise Íïom chemical processes.
`See also smoke.
`lggo, 62,2lgl
`fumigation (in atmospheric chemistry)
`An atmospheric phenomenon in which iáUution, ,"_
`talned by an inversion layer near its leveiof emission,
`is brought rapidly to ground level as tt, inuã.rion
`breaks up. This term also applies to the exposure of
`*19!4 (9.e.Srain) ro chemicals to Hll insËcts, etc.
`lggo, 62,2lgl
`functional class name
`A name that expresses the characteristic group as a
`class term written as a separate wora fotiowiåg tne
`name of a parent structure or a name derived frãm a
`
`166
`
`parent structure. In the latter case, when the derive6
`name is that for a substituent group (formerly called
`a 'radical'), rhe merhod has been "ili"¿
`,raàìåorun..
`tional nomenclature'.
`B.B.(c) 14
`functional group
`Organic compounds are thought of as consisting o¡ ¡
`relatively unreactive backboñe, fo.
`ã
`of sp3 hybridized carbon atoms, and on, o. sevelal
`"*umpie
`"nai¡
`-un
`functional groups. The functionat g.oup i,
`uto¡,
`or a group of atoms that has sjmilar chemical proper_
`ties whenever it occurs in different l".pî.i"Or. ft
`defines the characterisric physical unO
`"t "Åi"uip.op_
`erties of families of organic compounds
`1994,66, 1lt6
`functional parent
`A structure the name of which implies the presence
`of one or more characteristic groips un¿ *iì"n I.,u,
`:l: ot ..ur..hydrogen atoms attached to at leasr one
`or trs sKeletal atoms or on€ of irs characteristic groups,
`or in which at least one of irs characterirti"ìrãip,
`form at least one kind of funcrional *oá¡f"utiån.
`Note:
`A parent hydride bearing a characteristic group de_
`noted_by a suffix, for exãmple, ,ycloh"*a,iol,l, not
`considered to be a functionál parónt, but mav'be Oe_
`scribed as a 'functionalized parent hydri¿e;.'
`B.B.(c) 13
`fungicide
`See antimycotic.
`1993, 65,20t5
`furanocoumarins
`An altemative name for furocoumarins.
`1995, 67, 1336
`furanoses
`Cyclic hemiacetal forms of monosaccharides in
`which the ring is five-membered (i.e. a tetrafry¿ro_
`
`"un
`
`.-
`
`furan skeleton). 'fri
`
`HO OH
`
`1995,67, 1336
`furnace black
`A type of carbon that is produced industrially in a
`furnace by--incomplete combusrion in * îJi.irtuUl"
`and controllable process thar yields u *iá" uåì"ty of
`properties within the product.
`Note:
`ft: rgrj widely employed industrial process for
`carbon black production is the fumace process.
`See also gas black.
`lgg5, 67,490
`f^u:"*." pyrolysis (in spectrochemical analysis)
`"^ys;; ;i;;s"",
`I llyt_rr :o:am of gas (hydrogen,
`cnronne, etc.) required to produce volatile species of
`the elem€nts being determined, is passed ovér the resr
`sample in a heated furnace. The'analytes i"""" tt"
`
`(cid:0)H(cid:0)Y(cid:0)D(cid:0)R(cid:0)I(cid:0)T(cid:0)E(cid:0) (cid:0)E(cid:0)X(cid:0)H(cid:0)I(cid:0)B(cid:0)I(cid:0)T(cid:0) (cid:0)1(cid:0)0(cid:0)1(cid:0)7(cid:0) (cid:0)((cid:0)4(cid:0) (cid:0)O(cid:0)F(cid:0) (cid:0)4(cid:0))