JTI Exhibit 1021, Page 0001
`
`JTI Exhibit 1021, Page 0001
`
`

`
`This book is printed on acid-free paper. e
`
`Copyright © 1992 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
`All Rights Reserved.
`No part of l11is publication may be reproduced or transmined in any fom1 or by any
`means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
`storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
`'•
`
`Academic Press, Inc.
`1250 Sixth Avenue, San Diego, California 92101-4311
`
`United Ki11gdom Edition published by
`Academic Press Limited
`24-28 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Academic Press dictionary of science and technology I edited by
`Christopher Morris
`p. em.
`ISBN 0-12-200400·0
`I. Science--Dictionaries. 2. Technology--Dictionaries.
`I. Morris, Christopher G.
`II. Academic Press.
`Ill. Title:
`Dictionary of science and technology.
`Q123.A33
`1991
`503--dc20
`
`PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
`
`92 93 94 95 96 97
`
`DO
`
`9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
`
`I
`
`90-29032
`CIP
`
`\ \
`
`JTI Exhibit 1021, Page 0002
`
`

`
`Solenichthyes
`
`2030
`
`solid-phase welding
`
`Solenichthyes Vertebrate Zoology, an alternate nam e for the suborder
`Syngnathoidei, w hich contains the pip efish es, sea horses, snipefishes,
`shrim pfishes, trum pctfishes, and flutem ouths.
`solenium Invertebrate Zoology. 1. see s t o l o n , del'. 2 . 2 . a tube con-
`necting adjacent polyps in som e colonial anthozoans.
`solenocyte Invertebrate Zoology, a type o f elon g ated flam e bulb h av-
`ing a single long flagellum .
`solenodon V ertebrate Zoology, any m em ber o f the fam ily Solenodonti-
`dae, prim itive ratlike insectivorous m am m als that are found in C uba and
`Hispaniola.
`Solenodontidae V ertebrate Zoology, a fam ily o f very rare, large rat-
`like in sectiv o rcs o f the m a m m a lia n g ro u p L ip o ty p h ia h av in g a long
`snout, short ears, a long scaly tail, hard fur. and forty teeth.
`Solenogastres see A p l a c o p h o r a .
`solenoid [sol'i noid; sal'i noid] E lectrom agnetism , an electrom agnetic
`coil w ound in the shape o f a hollow c y lin d er or spool, often containing a
`m ovable iron core that is pulled into the coil w hen current flow s through
`the w ire turns, thus allow ing it to m ove o th e r dev ices such as relays and
`circuit breakers. M echanical E ngineering, a sw itch o r oth er device that
`is activated by su ch a coil, as in an autom obile startin g system . M eteo-
`rology. a tube form ed in sp ace by the intersection o f surfaces o f equal
`pressure and density,
`solenoidal E lectro m a g n etism , relatin g to o r pow ered by a solenoid.
`M athem atics, a v e cto r field F defined in a sim ply connected dom ain is
`said to be solenoidal if its divergence vanishes at ev ery point o f the d o -
`m ain. A lso, s o u r c e - f r e e .
`solenoidal index M eteorology, a m athem atical expression o f the d if-
`ference betw een th e m ean v irtu al te m p e ra tu re from th e g ro u n d to a
`know n altitude aloft at 55° latitude and the m ean virtual tem perature for
`the corresponding layer averaged at 35° latitude,
`solenoid brake M echanical E ngineering, an electrom echanical brak-
`ing device in w hich the brak e toggle is operated by the plun g er o f a
`solenoid.
`solenoid model G enetics, a m odel proposed to explain the supercoiled
`n ature o f ch ro m a tin , p o stu la tin g that D N A is c o m p a cte d and coiled
`aro u n d histone m o le c u les to form n u c le o so m e s o f 3 0-nm d ia m e ter;
`com m on to m ost chrom osom es,
`solenoid valve M echanical E ngineering, a valve actuated by the m ag-
`netic field produced in a solenoid to control the flow o f gas or fluid in a
`pipe.
`Solenopora Paleontology, a genus o f calcite-secreting algae in the e x -
`tinct fam ily Solenoporaceae; extant from the C am brian to C retaceous.
`Solenoporaceae P aleontology, a fam ily o f calcareous red algae classi-
`fied in the phylum or division R hodophyta; they form ed nodular m asses
`of calcite consisting o f tightly packed vertical tubes; extant in the C am -
`brian to M iocene.
`solepiece C ivil E n g in eerin g . 1. any horizo n tal m e m b e r used to d is-
`tribute the loads from one o r m ore uprights. 2. a m em ber that supports
`the foot of a raking shore. N a va l A rchitecture, an attachm ent to the foot
`of a rudder that alig n s w ith a false keel,
`sole plate or soleplate B uilding E ngineering, the low er surface o f the
`body o f a plane or plate upon w hich stu d d in g is erected . A lso, s h o e ,
`s o l e . M echanical E ngineering. 1. a Hat piece o f m aterial that serves as a
`foundation for a m achine. 2. a flat, thin piece o f m aterial upon w hich a
`bearing may be attached and som etim es adjusted. N eurology, an obso-
`lete term forsu b n eu ral apparatus o f the n eurom uscular junction,
`soleus A natom y, a m uscle on the p osterior surface o f the tibia that plan-
`tar flexes the foot.
`solfatara Volcanology, a volcanic vent from w hich only gases are em it-
`ted. (N am ed for the volcano Solfatara, near N aples, Italy; from the Ital-
`ian w ord for "su lfu r.”)
`solfataric stage V olcanology, the final stage o f a volcanic eruption,
`during w hich only gases are em itted from the vent,
`sol-gel coating M a teria ls Science, a coating produced by the sol-gel
`process o f glassm aking, in w hich glass is form ed at low tem peratures
`from suitable com pounds by chem ical polym erization in a liquid phase;
`a gel is form ed from w h ich glass m ay be d e riv e d by the successiv e
`elim ination o f interstitial liquid and the collapse o f the resulting solid
`residue by sintering,
`sol-gel process M aterials Science, a processing technique in w hich a
`fibrous gel is d ra w n from a solution at n e ar room tem perature and c o n -
`verted into glass o r ceram ic fibers at several hundred degrees C elsius,
`soliciting or so licitation Z oology, the m ovem ents and postures o f a
`fem ale anim al th a t attract a m ale to h er fo r co p u lation . A lso, p r o c e p t
`i v e
`B EHAVIOR.
`
`solid Physics, one o f the three fundam ental slates o f m atter, along with
`liquids and gases. O f these three form s, a solid has the greatest tendency
`to resist forces that w ould a lter its shape; thus its shape and volum e are
`fixed and are not affected by the space available to it. In com parison
`w ith liquids and gases, solids have closely packed m olecules; their nor-
`m al c o n d itio n is a c ry s ta llin e s tru c tu re . M a th e m a tic s, a c lo se d and
`bounded subset o f three-dim ensional space having positive volum e,
`solid angle M athem atics, a m easure on the sp ace o f rays emanating
`from a point in E uclidean 3-space; equal to the area o f the intersection
`o f the set o f rays w ith th e su rfa c e o f the unit sp h ere cen tered at the
`point. The set o f all rays em anating from a point has solid angle equal to
`4jt steradians.
`solid coupling M echanical E ngineering, a n o n fle x ib le c o n n e c tio n be-
`tw e e n tw o s h a fts th a t fo rm s a p e rm a n e n t jo in t d e s ig n e d to b e a r a full
`lo a d o f ro ta tio n o r tra n sm is sio n ,
`solid cutter M ech a n ica l D evices, th e c u ttin g p a rt o f a m a c h in e tool,
`m a d e fro m a s in g le p ie c e o f m a te ria l,
`solid die M ech a n ica l D evices, a n in te r n a lly th r e a d e d , screw -cu ttin g
`to o l, c o n s tru c te d o f a s in g le p ie c e o f m a te ria l,
`solid d rillin g E ngineering, a p ro c e s s u s e d in d ia m o n d d rillin g , in which
`th e e n tire face o f a n a re a is g ro u n d , a n d n o c o re is e x tra c te d fo r sam -
`p lin g .
`solid electrolytes M aterials Science, m a te ria ls th a t c o n d u c t electricity
`b y io n ic d iffu s io n , in c lu d in g c ry s ta llin e , v itre o u s , p o ly m e r ic , o r clec-
`tro ly te -c o llo id a l-p a rtic le c o m p o s ite s ; u s e d a s th in -m e m b ra n e separators
`o f tw o re a c ta n ts, as in b a tte rie s,
`solid electrolytic capacitor E lectricity, a c a p a c ito r th a t u se s a solid
`e le c tro ly te fo r o n e p la te ,
`solid explosive M aterials, a n e x p lo s iv e in th e fo rm o f a pow der, a
`g ra n u la te d m a ss , o r so lid stic k s,
`solid geom etry M a th e m a tic s, th e g e o m e tr ic s tu d y o f s p a c e figures
`s u c h as p o ly h e d ra , c y lin d e rs , c o n e s, a n d s p h e re s , in c lu d in g th e notions
`o f s im ila rity , c o n g ru e n c e , a n d c o m p u ta tio n o f a re a a n d v o lu m e ,
`solid helium Physics, a so lid p h a s e o f h e liu m th a t is o n ly o b ta in ed with
`th e a p p lic a tio n o f a b o u t 2 5 a tm o s p h e re s o f e x te rn a l p re s s u re w h ile at a
`te m p e ra tu re n e a r a b s o lu te z e ro ,
`solidifica tion P hysics, th e tra n s itio n o f a liq u id o r a g as to the solid
`p h a se ; th e p ro c e s s o f b e c o m in g so lid ,
`solidification inclusion M aterials Science, a d e fe c t in a m e tal casting
`re s u ltin g fro m th e in c lu s io n s o f g e n e ra lly n o n m e ta llic m a te ria ls , such as
`sla g , th a t c a n a ffe c t th e m e c h a n ic a l p ro p e rite s b y a c tin g a s stre ss raisers,
`solidification shrinkage M etallurgy, in c a s tin g , th e sh rin k a g e occur-
`rin g d u rin g s o lid ific a tio n ,
`so lidify P hysics, to u n d e rg o o r c a u s e to u n d e rg o s o lid ific a tio n ,
`solid injection system M echanical E ngineering, a d iese l-en g in c in-
`je c tio n sy ste m in w h ic h a p u m p fo rc e s th e fu el th ro u g h a lin e and an at-
`o m iz in g n o z z le in to th e c o m b u s tio n c h a m b e r,
`solid insulator Electricity, a n y d ie le c tric m a te ria l w ith h ig h m echani-
`cal s tre n g th th a t is u s e d to s e p a ra te c o n d u c to rs w ith o u t a llo w in g electric
`c u rre n t to flo w ,
`solid laser O ptics, s e c s o l i d -s t a t e l a s e r .
`solid-liquid equilibrium P h y sic a l C hem istry. 1. th e therm odynam ic
`re la tio n sh ip b e tw e e n a s o lid a n d its m e lt w h e n v a p o r p ressu re remains
`c o n sta n t. 2 . th e th e rm o d y n a m ic re la tio n sh ip b e tw e e n th e concentration
`o f a so lid an d a s o lv e n t, o th e r th a n th e m e lt o f th a t s o lid . A lso , l iq u id -
`SOLID EQUILIBRIUM,
`solid logic technology E lectronics, a c o m p u te r d e s ig n technology
`th at in c o rp o ra te s m in ia tu riz e d m o d u le s , re s u ltin g in fa s te r circu itry >l'ie
`to th e re d u c e d d is ta n c e s th a t e le c tric c u rre n t m u st tra v el,
`solid lubricant M aterials, a th in film o f so lid m a te ria l in terp o sed p6
`tw ee n tw o s u rfa c e s to re d u c e fric tio n an d w e a r u n d e r s e v e re o p e ra te s
`o r e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s ; in c lu d e s s o lid in o rg a n ic co m p o u n d s sue
`a s g r a p h ite , s o lid o r g a n ic c o m p o u n d s s u c h a s s o a p s a n d w ax es.
`m e ta l s u rfa c e c o a tin g s s u c h a s c h e m ic a lly d e p o s ite d o x id e film s, •s
`m e tal film s, an d b o n d e d c o a tin g s ,
`solid moment of inertia P hysics, a q u a n tity a p p lic a b le to a solid n .'^
`in g a d e fin ite v o lu m e ; u sed to d e s c rib e th e ro ta tio n a l in e rtia o f the s
`ab o u t s o m e s p e c ifie d a x is.
`. > (|je
`solid-phase sequenter B iotechnology, a d e v ic e u s e d to determ ine ^
`a m in o a c id s e q u e n c e in a p ro te in ; th e s a m p le is c o v a le n tly attacnec
`s o lid -p h a se g la ss o r s ty re n e b ea d a n d p a c k e d in a m i c r o - c o l u m n |>r|(
`in
`d e g ra d a tio n .
`solid-phase w elding M etallurgy, a n y o f s e v e ra l w e ld in g P r0“ s „0t
`w h ic h jo in in g o c c u rs b y s o lid -s ta te d iffu s io n a n d a fille r m eta
`u se d . A lso . SOt.ID-STATE WELDING.
`
`JTI Exhibit 1021, Page 0003
`
`

`
`permanent fault
`
`1612
`
`permane nt fault Cmnfmtc·r Pr(JI/rwwllillf:. ~ computer error that con
`sistently occun; when cennin conditions exist.
`permanent gas Clu-mwry. :1 gas th;u cannot be condensed or li4uefied
`hy prc.._~ure ulonc Tlr,·rttmllyummcs. a gas that is at ;t temperawre far
`above its cruicul tcmpemturc.
`permanent hardness Cll,•mi.wry. water hardness that cannot be re
`n\llvcd by ooiting; a propcny of wmer that contains sulfates or chlo(cid:173)
`rides, as clistingubhed from the temporary hardness of water that
`contatns bicnrbon:uc.~.
`permanent Ice foot llydmh1gy. n narrow strip of icc n11nched to n
`polnr coast thm does nor melt completely in summer.
`permanent magnet li/t'uroma,r.:uerism. a ferromugnctic subMnnce that
`hns been subjected to a magnetic field strong enough 10 cau<,c the mate(cid:173)
`rialto reuun its own mngneliz:llton indefinitely.
`permanent-magnet focusing Elec:mmi<-s. an udjusung of the elec(cid:173)
`tron beam in a television picture tube by the magnetic field produced by
`pcm1nnem mngneL5 mounted around the neck or the tube.
`permanent-magnet generator Eh·uriciry. u generator in which the
`magneuc Cield i~ created by pennancnl magnet~.
`permanent-magnet loudspeaker Aamstit'ul Eul(illccrlng. an indue(cid:173)
`rive loudspeaker in which u stcmly-state mngncric field is produced by
`permanent mugncr~.
`permanent mold Metallurgy. in casting. a term for a mold that is used
`more rhnn once.
`permanent press Tr.\tilc:s. l. rhe prOCC$~ of upplying n syntlletic finish
`to fl!bricl> and grumcnts in order 10 make them rcr:tin desired creases and
`to impnn sh:tpe retcntitln and crease re~israncc. 2. a fabric produced hy
`such n proccs~. 3. permanent-press. of or rel:uing to tlus process. Also,
`DURA8Lh PRESS.
`permanent-press resin Orgauir Chemi.fll'.l' n rltcrmoseuing reSin
`uM!d 10 1mpart crease resiMnnce to tt:ltlih:s nnd fihen..
`permanent set M.·,·lumks. the plnsuc dcfomuuion of n body thnl re(cid:173)
`mams after the applied load IS removed. Also, I'LASllC' DEI'ORMA noN.
`permanent-split capacitor motor El.:l'lririry. n cnpncuor moror th:u
`oper:ucs whh the ~wnutg capacitor und nuxilliary winding closed or op(cid:173)
`emltve in the circuil. Also, CAPAC'rfOR START· RUN MOTOR.
`permanent spring sec l'liRENNtllt srRrNo.
`permanent storage Cmupurcr Tulmolog.v. I. storage thai cannot be
`modifled. Also. fiXfiD HORAQii., RllAl~·!JNLY STORAGE. 2. ~torage. such as
`magnetic Ulpe~ nnd di~kcues, that doe!i nor lo!ie il~ contenl~ in the event
`of a lo~s of power.
`permanent stream b~:C I·~Rt;NNtllt \'TR!lAM.
`permanent tooth AnatOmy. any of the thirly-two adult teeth, including
`rcplncemenL\ for the dcc:iduuu:~ teeth.
`permanent water H.vdrt~lngy. a water source that swy~ con~tant
`throughoul the year.
`permanent wave Fluid Mt•t·lulllics. a wave in :1 lluid whose streamline
`panem remains conslant in time in a c.:oonlinate system th:u moves with
`the wave.
`permanganic acid Cftt•mistry. HMn04, an acid known only in solu(cid:173)
`tion.
`Permasyn motor Electricily. a synchronous motor that provtdes an
`e4uivalent DC field as a result of pcnnanent magnets embedded in its
`c;qumel-cage motor.
`permatron Ele1 1m11ics. a thermionic gas tube in which conduction is
`comrolled by nn external mugneric field.
`permeability Jper'me :> hil';, tel Fluid Mt•chu11ic.1. the capability of a
`porou~ substance or mcmbmne to allow a Ouid to filler through it.
`Agronnmy. the ctL'IC with which water. air. or plant roots penetmtc or
`pass through a soil horiz.on. l;ngtnl'cn'ng. the relauve ability of a rock or
`lioil to conduct magnetic ltnC$ of force. ElcclmllluJilll'lism. a factor lhat
`is chnr.1~:1cristic ur the mugnetic: pmpeniet. of a sub~tance; given by the
`rotio of the magneric nux inducuon 8 lo the magnetizmg force H, and
`symbolized by m; in n1os1 case~. n 1s parallel ro H and m is a scalar
`liUantlly, otherwise m is n ten~or.
`permeability alloy ~ee PllRMAW>Y.
`permeability coefficient Nttid Mct'lwuics. a quantity associated with
`a porous su~wncc indicating it..\ ability 10 allow fluid to pass through it;
`given by the r.uc of fluid now lhrough a unit t•ross section of the ~ub·
`\lance, subject to a unit pressure grudicnt while m3intained m a speci(cid:173)
`lied temperature.
`permeability number Engillct:rinR. nnumbcr u~cd to indicate rhc rela(cid:173)
`tive ability of n subl>tance to allow a fluid ro pcnneute it;; ~url'uce.
`permeability trap GeolllRY· an oil trap formed by larcral variation or
`perrne~tbility within a rescrvoit becl.
`
`permeability tuning F. It rmdty. the process or runmg a re .
`cuit by moving n fcrrne core in or our of n cot I, thus changin ""~~.;"' Cll:;
`rive pcmlc:lbility of the core and the inductum:e ot the circuir g th~ t~
`permeable Jper'm! ~ b:~IJ Srirllt'C. ear>able of being l>cnne~1
`r.vtr.\'. specifically, cnpablc of I>Cing passed lhrough by very bed. Chr,..
`lllalt ~t.
`clcs, such As ions.
`permeable bed (it•<,ln,(/y. a porous reservoir forrnntton lhrou h
`g "'hlcb
`oil, n:uurnl gn~. or wa1cr can now.
`permeable membrane Plrysiwl Cll~mrsrry. u thin luycr or
`.
`1
`syothctic mutcrinl tllut :~flows some subsrances. but not othe~ ~IUflf or
`lhrough u: u!.cd 111 reverse o.\mo~is.
`' tu PI
`permeameter Engim•t•ring n device for measuring the rennenb·
`soils or other mnrerinls, u!>ually consisting of two reservoirs c~ tliry Of
`by a conduit contnming the material being meusured, as water i,"~
`from one reservoir uudcr v11rying condillons through the conn""\led
`condutt.
`t:c1tna
`permeametry Arwlytiml Clwmislry. u melhod of measuring tht
`age bize of \tnall panicles In n ga~ or liqutd by pas~ing the n1' A\er,
`through n powder bed of known dimension~ and recording lhc: p~~ture
`drop nnd now rot.:.
`S\11re
`permeance l:.lt·ctr/JmtJgllt:Jfrm .rhc reciprocal or the relucl<tnce ~
`mngnelic ctrcuH, symbolized by P and detennined by the 111agnetic ~ a
`u~
`dtvided by the magnctOmouve force.
`permeant ~colngy an organi~m that habituully moves fmm co1mnunit
`to communuy.
`Y
`permeaplast Cell BrniOKY· a cyanobactenal cell that hus been exposed
`10 agents c~using ~pheroplast formation, usually 10 facilitate genetic
`trnn~forrnauon.
`permease Bic>clrcmislr)' n mcmbmne protein that control~ the pa\'<~gc
`of a substance through the membrane.
`permeate Sdt•nrr. to pass. penetrute, or diffuse through.
`permeation Clt<'mi.rtry. 1hc: diffu.~ion or penetration ol ions. moms. or
`molecules through a pem1enble Mtbstnnce.
`permeation gneiss Pl!tmlng>'· gncis.~ fonned or nltered hy geocltemt·
`cally mohile mmcriah pn~ing through or 11110 solid rock.
`permeator Cllrmit·a/ Engillt't'I'IIIJI . n mcmbrune device used for separa.
`li<m that <1llows <;pecics ta pass from one phuse tounuther.
`Permendur Mrru/lurgy. nn iron-cobnlt alloy, at times with vunodium,
`llmt is suitable for soft magnets when high permeability a1 high field
`strenglll is required.
`permenorm alloy Mnollurg)' an iron-nickel alloy used in rnagncric
`mnplifiers und as a magnet core material.
`Permian Gt·nlogy. I. a geologic period of rhc Upper Po leozoic em. e,.
`tending from the end of rhe Carboniferous pcnod to the beginning llf lhf
`Mesozoic cro (fmm abour 280 to 22!1 million ycnn. ngo). 2. the n~~:b
`fonned during thut time.
`Permian extinction Pall'ollloloii.V· a period about 245 m1llion yeats
`ago durin& which lnrge number~ of marine invertebrale families and
`other spec•~ became e11tinc1
`per mil or per mill Sdmc~. per thousand.
`permlnerallzatlon Grt,IOJ:Y· n process of fossilization by which addi·
`rionul rnioeral materiul il> deposited in the pore sp:1ces of original hard
`animal paris.
`permissible dose RadiolnJiy. the suggested maximum amount of ex·
`posure to radiauon over a ~pecitied time interval that an individual may
`safely endure and that is, therefore, allowable by current rudiation t)ro
`teet ion guides.
`permissible length Naval Arcltili!WII'I'. n vessel's noodoble length
`multiphcd by tiS factor of subdivision.
`permissible velocity Civil Ellgint•t•rinJI. the maxtmum snfe speed 31
`which warer muy now through a channel. pipe, or other facility.
`permissive action link Onlnant·e. u gufety device thnt prohibtts arm·
`ing or launchmg a nuclear weapon system until a spectlied code or cotn·
`bination has been insct1ed.
`permissive cell VimloRY· any cell in which a given viru~ can replicate.
`or in which a conditional mutation ha~ no deletenoub effects.
`.
`permissive host Virology. any orgnnism or cell culture rhut pemlns
`the replit;ation of a given viru~. resulting in a producrive infection.
`1
`permissive stop Transportatimr Enginurmg n railroad St!1°~~;1
`which trains are permiued to pause nnd then proceed ut n slow Sp••(cid:173)
`through u "Mop" indicati0n, rather lhtm wuiting for the indication 10
`change.
`.
`· h'n
`permissive temperature Gcllt!llcs. rhe temperature range wJt 1
`which a given conditional lethal mutant can survive.
`permittivity sec 011;1 J;(.TRIC: CONSTANT.
`
`JTI Exhibit 1021, Page 0004