Exhibit 1021, Page 0001
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`

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`This book is primed on acid-free paper. e
`
`Copyright © 1992 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
`All Rights Reserved.
`No pan of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any fom1 or by any
`means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any infonnation
`storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
`
`' I
`
`Academic Press, Inc.
`1250 Sixth Avenue, San Diego, California 92101-43 11
`
`United Ki11gdom Edition published by
`Academic Press Limited
`24-28 Oval Road, London NW I 7DX
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Da ta
`
`Academic Press dictionary of science and technology I edited by
`Christopher Morris
`p.
`em.
`ISBN 0 -1 2-200400-0
`I. Science--Dictionaries. 2. Technology--Dictionaries.
`I. Morris, Christopher G.
`II. Academic Press.
`Ill. Title:
`Dic tionary of science and technology.
`Ql23.A33 1991
`503--dc20
`
`PRINTED IN T HE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
`
`92 93 94 95 96 97
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`DO
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`9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
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`I
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`90-29032
`CIP
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`Exhibit 1021, Page 0002
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`Solenichthyes
`
`2030
`
`solid-phase welding
`
`Solenichthyes Vertebrate Zoology, an alternate nam e for the suborder
`Syngnathoidei, w hich contains the pip efish es, sea horses, snipefishes,
`shrim pfishes, trum pctfishes, and flutem ouths.
`solenium Invertebrate Zoology. 1. see s t o l o n , del'. 2 . 2 . a tube con­
`necting adjacent polyps in som e colonial anthozoans.
`solenocyte Invertebrate Zoology, a type o f elon g ated flam e bulb h av­
`ing a single long flagellum .
`solenodon V ertebrate Zoology, any m em ber o f the fam ily Solenodonti-
`dae, prim itive ratlike insectivorous m am m als that are found in C uba and
`Hispaniola.
`Solenodontidae V ertebrate Zoology, a fam ily o f very rare, large rat­
`like in sectiv o rcs o f the m a m m a lia n g ro u p L ip o ty p h ia h av in g a long
`snout, short ears, a long scaly tail, hard fur. and forty teeth.
`Solenogastres see A p l a c o p h o r a .
`solenoid [sol'i noid; sal'i noid] E lectrom agnetism , an electrom agnetic
`coil w ound in the shape o f a hollow c y lin d er or spool, often containing a
`m ovable iron core that is pulled into the coil w hen current flow s through
`the w ire turns, thus allow ing it to m ove o th e r dev ices such as relays and
`circuit breakers. M echanical E ngineering, a sw itch o r oth er device that
`is activated by su ch a coil, as in an autom obile startin g system . M eteo­
`rology. a tube form ed in sp ace by the intersection o f surfaces o f equal
`pressure and density,
`solenoidal E lectro m a g n etism , relatin g to o r pow ered by a solenoid.
`M athem atics, a v e cto r field F defined in a sim ply connected dom ain is
`said to be solenoidal if its divergence vanishes at ev ery point o f the d o ­
`m ain. A lso, s o u r c e - f r e e .
`solenoidal index M eteorology, a m athem atical expression o f the d if­
`ference betw een th e m ean v irtu al te m p e ra tu re from th e g ro u n d to a
`know n altitude aloft at 55° latitude and the m ean virtual tem perature for
`the corresponding layer averaged at 35° latitude,
`solenoid brake M echanical E ngineering, an electrom echanical brak­
`ing device in w hich the brak e toggle is operated by the plun g er o f a
`solenoid.
`solenoid model G enetics, a m odel proposed to explain the supercoiled
`n ature o f ch ro m a tin , p o stu la tin g that D N A is c o m p a cte d and coiled
`aro u n d histone m o le c u les to form n u c le o so m e s o f 30-nm d ia m e ter;
`com m on to m ost chrom osom es,
`solenoid valve M echanical E ngineering, a valve actuated by the m ag­
`netic field produced in a solenoid to control the flow o f gas or fluid in a
`pipe.
`Solenopora Paleontology, a genus o f calcite-secreting algae in the e x ­
`tinct fam ily Solenoporaceae; extant from the C am brian to C retaceous.
`Solenoporaceae P aleontology, a fam ily o f calcareous red algae classi­
`fied in the phylum or division R hodophyta; they form ed nodular m asses
`of calcite consisting o f tightly packed vertical tubes; extant in the C am ­
`brian to M iocene.
`solepiece C ivil E n g in eerin g . 1. any horizontal m e m b e r used to d is­
`tribute the loads from one o r m ore uprights. 2. a m em ber that supports
`the foot of a raking shore. N a va l A rchitecture, an attachm ent to the foot
`of a rudder that alig n s w ith a false keel,
`sole plate or soleplate B uilding E ngineering, the low er surface o f the
`body o f a plane or plate upon w hich stu d d in g is erected . A lso, s h o e ,
`s o l e . M echanical E ngineering. 1. a Hat piece o f m aterial that serves as a
`foundation for a m achine. 2. a flat, thin piece o f m aterial upon w hich a
`bearing may be attached and som etim es adjusted. N eurology, an obso­
`lete term forsu b n eu ral apparatus o f the n eurom uscular junction,
`soleus A natom y, a m uscle on the p osterior surface o f the tibia that plan­
`tar flexes the foot.
`solfatara Volcanology, a volcanic vent from w hich only gases are em it­
`ted. (N am ed for the volcano Solfatara, near N aples, Italy; from the Ital­
`ian w ord for "su lfu r.”)
`solfataric stage V olcanology, the final stage o f a volcanic eruption,
`during w hich only gases are em itted from the vent,
`sol-gel coating M a teria ls Science, a coating produced by the sol-gel
`process o f glassm aking, in w hich glass is form ed at low tem peratures
`from suitable com pounds by chem ical polym erization in a liquid phase;
`a gel is form ed from w h ich glass m ay be d e riv e d by the successiv e
`elim ination o f interstitial liquid and the collapse o f the resulting solid
`residue by sintering,
`sol-gel process M aterials Science, a processing technique in w hich a
`fibrous gel is d ra w n from a solution at n e ar room tem perature and c o n ­
`verted into glass o r ceram ic fibers at several hundred degrees C elsius,
`soliciting or so licitation Z oology, the m ovem ents and postures o f a
`fem ale anim al th a t attract a m ale to her fo r copulation. A lso, p r o c e p t i v e
`B EHAVIOR.
`
`solid Physics, one o f the three fundam ental slates o f m atter, along with
`liquids and gases. O f these three form s, a solid has the greatest tendency
`to resist forces that w ould a lter its shape; thus its shape and volum e are
`fixed and are not affected by the space available to it. In com parison
`w ith liquids and gases, solids have closely packed m olecules; their nor­
`m al c o n d itio n is a c ry s ta llin e s tru c tu re . M a th e m a tic s, a c lo se d and
`bounded subset o f three-dim ensional space having positive volum e,
`solid angle M athem atics, a m easure on the sp ace o f rays emanating
`from a point in E uclidean 3-space; equal to the area o f the intersection
`o f the set o f rays w ith th e su rfa c e o f the unit sp h ere cen tered at the
`point. The set o f all rays em anating from a point has solid angle equal to
`4jt steradians.
`solid coupling M echanical E ngineering, a n o n fle x ib le c o n n e c tio n be­
`tw e e n tw o s h a fts th a t fo rm s a p e rm a n e n t jo in t d e s ig n e d to b e a r a full
`lo a d o f ro ta tio n o r tra n sm is sio n ,
`solid cutter M ech a n ica l D evices, th e c u ttin g p a rt o f a m a c h in e tool,
`m a d e fro m a s in g le p ie c e o f m a te ria l,
`solid die M ech a n ica l D evices, a n in te r n a lly th r e a d e d , screw -cu ttin g
`to o l, c o n s tru c te d o f a s in g le p ie c e o f m a te ria l,
`solid d rillin g E ngineering, a p ro c e s s u s e d in d ia m o n d d rillin g , in which
`th e e n tire face o f a n a re a is g ro u n d , a n d n o c o re is e x tra c te d fo r sam ­
`p lin g .
`solid electrolytes M aterials Science, m a te ria ls th a t c o n d u c t electricity
`b y io n ic d iffu s io n , in c lu d in g c ry s ta llin e , v itre o u s , p o ly m e r ic , o r clec-
`tro ly te -c o llo id a l-p a rtic le c o m p o s ite s ; u s e d a s th in -m e m b ra n e separators
`o f tw o re a c ta n ts, as in b a tte rie s,
`solid electrolytic capacitor E lectricity, a c a p a c ito r th a t u se s a solid
`e le c tro ly te fo r o n e p la te ,
`solid explosive M aterials, a n e x p lo s iv e in th e fo rm o f a pow der, a
`g ra n u la te d m a ss , o r so lid stic k s,
`solid geom etry M a th em a tics, th e g e o m e tr ic s tu d y o f s p a c e figures
`s u c h as p o ly h e d ra , c y lin d e rs , c o n e s, a n d s p h e re s , in c lu d in g th e notions
`o f s im ila rity , c o n g ru e n c e , a n d c o m p u ta tio n o f a re a a n d v o lu m e ,
`solid helium Physics, a so lid p h a s e o f h e liu m th a t is o n ly o b ta in ed with
`th e a p p lic a tio n o f a b o u t 2 5 a tm o s p h e re s o f e x te rn a l p re s s u re w h ile at a
`te m p e ra tu re n e a r a b s o lu te z e ro ,
`solidifica tion P hysics, th e tra n s itio n o f a liq u id o r a g as to the solid
`p h a se ; th e p ro c e s s o f b e c o m in g so lid ,
`solidification inclusion M aterials Science, a d e fe c t in a m e tal casting
`re s u ltin g fro m th e in c lu s io n s o f g e n e ra lly n o n m e ta llic m a te ria ls , such as
`sla g , th a t c a n a ffe c t th e m e c h a n ic a l p ro p e rite s b y a c tin g a s stress raisers,
`solidification shrinkage M etallurgy, in c a s tin g , th e sh rin k a g e occur­
`rin g d u rin g s o lid ific a tio n ,
`so lidify P hysics, to u n d e rg o o r c a u s e to u n d e rg o s o lid ific a tio n ,
`solid injection system M echanical E ngineering, a d iese l-en g in c in­
`je c tio n sy ste m in w h ic h a p u m p fo rc e s th e fu el th ro u g h a lin e and an at­
`o m iz in g n o z z le in to th e c o m b u s tio n c h a m b e r,
`solid insulator Electricity, a n y d ie le c tric m a te ria l w ith h ig h m echani­
`cal s tre n g th th a t is u s e d to s e p a ra te c o n d u c to rs w ith o u t a llo w in g electric
`c u rre n t to flo w ,
`solid laser O ptics, s e c s o l id -s t a t e l a s e r .
`solid-liquid equilibrium P h ysica l C hem istry. 1. th e therm odynam ic
`re la tio n sh ip b e tw e e n a s o lid a n d its m e lt w h e n v a p o r p ressu re remains
`c o n sta n t. 2 . th e th e rm o d y n a m ic re la tio n sh ip b e tw e e n th e concentration
`o f a so lid an d a s o lv e n t, o th e r th a n th e m e lt o f th a t s o lid . A lso , liquid-
`SOLID EQUILIBRIUM,
`solid logic technology E lectronics, a c o m p u te r d e s ig n technology
`th at in c o rp o ra te s m in ia tu riz e d m o d u le s , re s u ltin g in fa s te r circu itry >l'ie
`to th e re d u c e d d is ta n c e s th a t e le c tric c u rre n t m u st tra v el,
`solid lubricant M aterials, a th in film o f so lid m a te ria l in terp o sed p6
`tw ee n tw o s u rfa c e s to re d u c e fric tio n an d w e a r u n d e r s e v e re o p e ra te s
`o r e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s ; in c lu d e s s o lid in o rg a n ic co m p o u n d s sue
`a s g r a p h ite , s o lid o r g a n ic c o m p o u n d s s u c h a s s o a p s a n d w ax es.
`m e ta l s u rfa c e c o a tin g s s u c h a s c h e m ic a lly d e p o s ite d o x id e film s, •s
`m e tal film s, an d b o n d e d c o a tin g s ,
`solid moment of inertia P hysics, a q u a n tity a p p lic a b le to a solid n .'^
`in g a d e fin ite v o lu m e ; u sed to d e s c rib e th e ro ta tio n a l in e rtia o f the s
`ab o u t s o m e s p e c ifie d a x is.
`. > (|je
`solid-phase sequenter B iotechnology, a d e v ic e u s e d to determ ine ^
`a m in o a c id s e q u e n c e in a p ro te in ; th e s a m p le is c o v a le n tly attacnec
`s o lid -p h a se g la ss o r s ty re n e b ea d a n d p a c k e d in a m i c r o - c o l u m n |>r|(
`in
`d e g ra d a tio n .
`solid-phase w elding M etallurgy, a n y o f s e v e ra l w e ld in g P r0“ s „0t
`w h ic h jo in in g o c c u rs b y s o lid -s ta te d iffu s io n a n d a fille r m eta
`u sed . A lso . SOt.ID-STATE WELDING.
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`Exhibit 1021, Page 0003
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`

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`permanent fault
`
`1612
`
`permanent fault CO!IIfllll r Programming. a computer error thut con(cid:173)
`sisten tly occur. whl!n enain ~:ondi tions exist.
`permanent gas hemisrr)'. l.\ gas that cannot be condensed or liyuefied
`by pressure alone. Tlr •mwdyntimics. a gas that is at a temperature far
`above its critic11l tcmpemturc.
`lremisrry. water hardness that cannot he re-
`permanent hardness
`moved by boiling; a property of water that contains sulfates or chlo(cid:173)
`rides, as distinguis hed from th e temporary hardness of water that
`comains bicnrbonnr s.
`permanent Ice foot /Jydrol<~gy. a narrow strip of ice attuched to a
`polar coast that does not melt completely in summer.
`permanent magnet EIL•clromagnefism. a ferromagneti c substance thOI
`has been subjected to a magnetic field . trong enough to cau c the mate(cid:173)
`rial to retain its own magnetization indefinitely.
`permanent-magnet focusing Elecrronics. an adju sting of the elec(cid:173)
`tron bemn in u televi ion 1 icture tube by tl1e magnetic field produced by
`permanent mngnets mounted around the neck of the tube.
`permanent-magnet generator Elecrric:iry. a generator in which the
`magneric field is crea ted by pe1111anent mt\gncts.
`permanent-magnet loudspeaker A ·ousrical Engluecrlng. an induc(cid:173)
`tive. Joud pcaker in which n steady-state magnetic l'ietd is produtel.l by
`permanent magnets.
`permanent mold Merallwxy . in casting, a term for a mold that is used
`more than once.
`permanent press Textiles. 1. the proces or npplying a synthetic finish
`to fabrics and gnnnent · in order to make them rewln desired creases and
`to impart shape retention and crease resistance. 2. a f.lbric produced by
`such a process. 3. permanent-press. of or re l:uing to th is process. Also,
`DURABLE PRESS.
`permanent-press resin Orgauic hemistr •. a Ll1ennoseu ing resin
`to tex til · and fibers.
`used to impart crease resisranc
`permanent set M · htmltw. the plastic defonnation of u body that re(cid:173)
`mains after the applied load is removed. Also, PLASTIC or.FOR MATIO~ .
`permanent-spilt capacitor motor Electri('ily. a c11pacitOr motor thnt
`operates whlt the Slllrting capacitor nnd auxillim'Y winding closed r op(cid:173)
`erative in the ircuit. AlsO, APACI'f R START-RUN MOTOR.
`permanent spring sec Pt.:Rt.:N 'IAI-
`f'RtNO.
`omputar T, chnolo,r:y. 1. storage that cannot be
`permanent storage
`modified. J\ lso, PI XED S'l'ORAGI!, Rf!AO-ONL Y . TORAGE. 2. storage, such as
`magnetic tupes nnd di skettes. d1ut doe. not lose its contents in the event
`of a loss of power.
`, tAL ,\"l'Rf!AM.
`permanent stream ~ee l'f.RE
`permanent tooth Anatomy. any of the thirty-two adult teeth, including
`rllplacement for the decidu us teeth.
`permanent water HydraiO!I)I. ll wa ter so urce that stays constant
`throughout the year.
`permanent wave Fluid Mec/wnics. a wave in a fluid whose streamline
`pattern remains constant in time in a coordinate system that moves with
`the wave.
`permanganic acid Chcmisrry. HMn04, an acid known only in solu(cid:173)
`tion.
`Permasyn motor Elecrricily. a synchronous motor that provides an
`eyuivalent DC field as a result of permanent magnets embedded in its
`squ in'lll-cage motor.
`permatron Elecrl'rmicJ·. a thermionic gas tube in which cond uction is
`controlled by an ex ternal magnetic field.
`permeability [per'tne :1 bil'<l tel Fluid Mechanics. the capability of a
`porou sub •tan ce or membrane to allow a fluid to filter through it.
`Agrl/nomy. the ease with Wl1ich water, air, or plant roots penetrate or
`pass throug h a oil horizon. En[lincering . the relative ability of a rock or
`. oil Lo conduct magnetic lines of force. E/ecrmmagnerism. a factor that
`is characteristic of the magnetic properties of a substance; given by the
`ratio of the magneti flux induction 8 to the magnetizing force H , and
`symbolized by m; in most ellS s, 13 is parallel to H and m is a scalar
`quantity, o therwLe m. is a tens r.
`permeability alloy ee PERMALLOY.
`permeability coefficient Fluid Mechanics. a yuantity associated with
`a porous s ubstance indicating its ability to allow fluid to pass through it;
`given by the rate of Ouid Oow through a unit cross section of the sub(cid:173)
`. tance, subject to a unit pressure gradient while maintained at a speci(cid:173)
`fied temperature.
`permeability number Engineering. a number used to indicate the rela(cid:173)
`tive ability of u subst:u1ce to allow a fluid to permeate its surface.
`permeability trap Geolo~:y. an oil trap formed by lateral variation of
`pem1eabilit.y within a 1 ·er'voir bed.
`
`permeability tuning El ctriciry. the process of tunrng a re,
`CtLit b)' moving n ferTile core in or out of u coil , thus changin:~~~lll ~
`~~ artCC:
`live permenbili ty of the core and the inductAnce ol' the Circuit
`permeable [per' me :J bal] Sci lit·. capable of being pcnnea'1
`istry. specifically, capuble of be.ing pas~ed through by very s~a. lrrnr.
`lall P~ru.
`cles, such u. inns.
`permeable bed G (l/ngy. tl porous reservoir fonnmion lhrali t
`g 1 Whith
`oil. nawral gas, or water can flow.
`permeaple membrane Physical Clrl!misrry. u thin luyer of
`11
`syotheuc muteriul that :tlltJws some . ub tunces. but not Othel'l\ ~lul'lll Qr
`through it; used in reverse osmosis.
`' t(l PR&&
`permeameter En 'int>cring. u device for measuring the pcnne b' ,
`soil~ or other m:uerinls, usually. con isti.bg of two roserv irs 0~ till~ (If
`by a conduit onll~ining rhc mot~rial bein?.mel\Sur'Cd, as wmer i "~~d
`from one rescrvo rr under varymg cond tll ons through the con"~~~
`Chn•
`conduit.
`permeametry Anolylica/ hemisrry. u method of measuring the
`age size of smal t partlcl~:~ in a gas or liquid by pas~ing th(l m· •IVcr.
`through n powder bed of known dimens ions and recording lhc (lr~ure
`11rt
`lrop and Dow rate.
`·I rromagnctlsm . the reciprocal of the reluctance
`f
`permeance
`mngneti ci rcuit., symbolized by P and determined by the magnetic~ a
`u~
`divided by the magnetomotlvc. force.
`permeant Ec(J/ogy. an organism that habitually moves from cornrnunit
`Y
`to commumty.
`permeaplast Cell Biology. a cyanobacterial cell that has been exposed
`to agents causing spheroplast formation, usually to facilitate genetic
`lrtulSform:ltion.
`permease !Jiochemistry. a membnme prote in that controls the passage
`of ll substance t.hroug h the membrane,
`permeate Scicm:e. to pass, penetrate. or diffuse through.
`permeation Cltem;.vrry. the diffus ion or penetration ol' ions, atoms, or
`molecules through a penne:~ble sub~ tan e.
`permeation gneiss Perrolagy. gneiss t'onned or altered by geoch~rnl­
`cally mobile materials pas ing through or into solid rock.
`permeator Chamical Engiutterin~:. 11 membnllle device used for seplU'a·
`lion that allows specie.~ t pass from one plmse to another.
`Permendur Mctul(urgy. an iron-cobniL alloy, at times with vanadium
`thnt is suitable for soft magnets when high permeability at lllgh lield
`streng th is requi re d.
`permenorm alloy M ra(l11rgy. an iron-nickel alloy used in magnetlu
`amplifiers and as a magnet core material.
`Permian (;e(J/Qgy. J. a geolog ic period of the pper Pitleorolc era, e~·
`tending from the end f th Carboniferous period to the beginning ofl he
`Mesozoic era (from about 280 lO 225 million years ngo). 2. the roc~
`fonned during that time.
`Permian extinction Pa/eonrology. a period about 245 million years
`ag during which large number. of marine invertebrate families and
`other spe-Cies beca m extinct.
`per mi l or per mill S iance. per d1 usand.
`permlnerallzatlon Gt!ology. a process of fossilization by which addi(cid:173)
`tional min ra J material is deposited in the pore spaces of original hard
`animal parts.
`permissible dose Radiology. the suggested maximum amount of ex(cid:173)
`posure to radiation over a specified time interval that an individual may
`safely endure and that is, therefore, allowable by current radiation pro·
`tection guide .
`permissible length Naval Archiracturc. a vessel's floodnble length
`multiplied by it factor of subdivisi n.
`permissible velocity Civil Engineerin;:. the maximum snfe peed at
`wh ich warer muy flow through a cha nnel. pipe, or other faci lity .
`permissive action link Ordnance. a $llfely device thut prohibits arm(cid:173)
`ing or launching a nuclear weapon ystem until a specified code or col11·
`bination has been inserted.
`permissive cell Virology. any cell in which a given virus can replicate,
`or in which a conditional mutation hns no deleterious effects.
`.
`permissive host Virology. any
`rgnnism or cell culrure t.hut pei'Ttllt
`the replication of a given virus, resulting in a productive infection.
`1
`permissive stop Trunspouarion Euglnl't'riJrg. a raiJroacl signal 11
`1
`which trains are permitled to pause and tben proceed at a s l w spee<
`through a "stop" indication, rather thun waiting for the indiontion 10
`change.
`. h. 1
`11
`permissive temperature Genetics. the temperature range WJt
`which a given conditional lethal mutant can survive.
`permittivity see DIELECTRIC CONSTANT.
`
`Exhibit 1021, Page 0004