M mun
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`ncalions
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`MBUSA LLC
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`EXHIBIT 1006
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`Page 1
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`cosmonauts and astronauts appear together publicly for the first time to compare
`experiences on Salyut and the Shuttle. The history—making event will take place
`October 7 at the 36th International Astronautical Congress in Stockholm.
`
`Advanced Tactical Fighter costs questioned D A Congressional Budget Office analysis says the
`USAF estimate of aircraft flyaway cost, already 60°70 higher than the F-l5’s, will
`climb even higher. Could this portend Augustine’s Ninth Law: “In the year 2054
`the entire defense budget will purchase just one tactical aircraft”?
`
`The recent $85—million loss on Hughes’ Syncom [V-3
`High rates sustain space insurance pool
`(Leasat) and a.subscquent$l5—mil1ion partial failure of Telesat Canada’s Anik D—2
`apparently will have little affect on availability of coverage. Johnson & Higgins VP
`Alden Richards claims that current near-20°70 premiums for both Arianc and the
`Shuttle make spacecraft insurance sales attractive despite heavy payouts. Thomas
`Redmond of Alexander and Alexander pointed to spacecraft losses as the main
`reason for increased commercial airline premiums.
`
`
`
`Do not ignore Soviet airborne weapons threat [:1 Recent growth in Soviet bomber and cruise-
`missile fleets, and especially forthcoming stealth missile deployment, makes large
`new aircraft warning satellites essential, according to DARPA Director Robert
`Cooper. No such U.S. capability exists today, he says, and its priority should be at
`least as high as the Strategic Defense lnitiative’s ballistic—missilc effort.
`
`International cooperation surges on in space... E] NASA has signed memoranda of understanding
`with Canada, the European Space Agency (BSA), and Japan on Phase B space sta~
`tion studies. Canada will spend $8.8 million on servicing systems, remote sensing,
`and solar arrays. ESA’s $64 million will go for studies on a pressurized lab module,
`unmanned payload carriers, a service module, and a resource module.
`
`...and in turbine engine development and marketing... E] Following the pattern set by the five-
`nation International Aero—Engines (IAE) consortium, a European Small Engines
`Cooperation Agreement has been signed by France’s Turbomeca, U.K.’s Rolls—
`Royce, and West Germany’s Motoren und Turbinen Union to jointly develop and
`market engines in the 850—2,l00 hp range, mainly for helicopters but also for fixed-
`wing aircraft. Other small—engine firms may be invited to join the team.
`
`the annual economic summit conference last month,
`...but stalls on Star Wars research D At
`French President Mitterand became the first national leader to reject the U.S. offer
`to join the Strategic Defense Initiative research program. .lapan’s policy limiting
`space activities to peaceful purposes may pose another barrier. So far only West
`Germany and Israel have voiced strong support.
`
`
`Computer-speed war heats up D Japan’s National Aerospace Laboratory has installed a Fujitsu
`Model VP—40O supercomputer with a top speed claimed to surpass 1.1 gigaflops
`(billion floating—point operations per second). In the U.S., meanwhile, DARPA’s
`Sherman Karp told an AIAA meeting that Raytheon is testing hardware for a next-
`generation satellite computer promising up to l.6 gigaflops.
`
`
`
`AEROSPACE »\.‘v1ERlCA’.lL':\
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`6
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`Page 2 of 6
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`SPECIAL SECTiON—SPACE AGE lMlofli3iiE coMi{4U1§iicATioNs
`Aerospace mobile communications: building the mass market.
`Technology and competition are cutting both hardware and service costs.
`By Nathaniel E. Feldrnan.
`
`Secure UHF satellite links for the '90s.
`
`UHF will carry the bulk of small military platform demands.
`By Frank M. Brauer.
`
`On the phone at 30,000 feet.
`Low-cost convenient service for airline passengers.
`By Tom L. Dennis.
`
`Canadian MSat program moves out.
`Mobile satellite systems will not give way to tibereoptics competition.
`By P.M. Boudreau and BW. Breithaupt.
`
`Broadening Inmarsat services.
`Consortium will offer new services to ships and seek aircraft customers.
`By Ahmad F. Ghats, Paul Branch, and Alex da Silva Curie].
`
`COMPUTERS
`
`Designing aircraft on small computers.
`Apples and PCs can do some jobs faster and better than mainframes.
`By Eric I. Lerner.
`
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`AIRCRAFT
`
`Taming the deadly spin.
`Stalled for decades, spin research has now recovered.
`By Richard DeMeis.
`
`Oblique wing ready for research aircraft.
`Structural and aerodynamic advantages outpoint symmetrical wings.
`By Tom Gregory.
`
`Military missions call for oblique wing.
`
`Composites and digital controls make practical the scissor wing.
`An Aerospace America report.
`
`'
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`V;
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`Pagg 3 Of6
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`5
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`' 2 AEROSPACE AMERICA/.lUNEl98S
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`Page 3 of 6
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`€
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`--~...—-.«-
`
`V
`
`MOBILE
`
`CQMMUNLIQATIONS
`
`Airfone reaches
`
`new heights in
`
`spectrum-
`
`efficient and
`
`convenient air-
`
`to-ground
`
`communications
`
`for the airline
`
`passenger
`
`by Tom L. Dennis
`Airfone, inc.
`
`On the phone at 30,000
`feet
`
`You can now reach out and touch some-
`one from a commercial airliner much as
`you would from a limousine,
`train, or
`ship. A joint‘ venture of Western Union
`and Goeken COY{lInLlIllCLl[l(,)flS, Airfone is
`the first public air--to--ground telephone
`service, with equipment installed in over
`one hundred airliners, including those of
`American, Continental, Delta, Eastern,
`Northwest Orient, Pan American, Repub-
`lic, TWA, and United. The company
`owns, services, and supplies all of the
`hardware. Airlines receive a percentage of
`gross revenues as an incentive to promote
`the concept. Service is expected to in-
`crease to 20-30 calls for every 100 passen-
`gers flown.
`Fully automatic, the system consists
`of a cabin handset cradle and a cordless
`
`serted into one of the cabin’s handset
`holders. This in turn releases a cordless
`
`handset. The system is activated by press-
`ing a green button labeled “dial tone."
`Area code and number are then punched
`in.
`If
`the passenger dials
`zero (for
`“operator”),
`the call
`is automatically
`transferred to customer service operators
`in Oak Brook, Ill., who explain proce-
`dures. The operators cannot place the
`call, which must be direct-dialed from the
`aircraft. Pressing a red button labeled
`“hang up” terminates billing and discon-
`nects the call. The credit card is sur-
`rendered to the caller as soon as the hand-
`set is returned to the holder.
`A call costs $7.50 for the first three
`minutes and $1.25 for each additional
`minute. Calls to the Airfone customer ser-
`
`phone handset. The rest of the equipment
`nestles
`in a tray and includes
`four
`900-MHz air—to-ground transceivers,
`a
`common power
`supply for all
`trans-
`ceivers, and an airborne computer.
`To place a call, a credit card is in-
`
`vice center and to information operators
`(555-1212) are free. All others, including
`800—prefix calls, and calls to Alaska and
`Hawaii, get billed at the stated rate. Inter-
`national service is not yet available.
`Airfone operates in the full—duplex
`Page 4 of 6
`Copyright © 1985 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
`
`-:.3;.«=
`
`
`
`Tom L. Dennis is a com-
`munications consultant and
`technical advisor to Airfone.
`./'
`
`58 AEROSPACE AMERICA/JUNE 1985
`
`Page 4 of 6
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`

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` .mode-—simultaneous
`
`transmit and re-
`
`i
`
`ceive, using 4 MHz of spectrum space
`—-compared to 40 MHZ for cellular mo-
`bile telephone. Ground stations transmit
`to the aircraft in the frequency range of
`944-946 MHz, and aircraft
`transmit at
`899-901 MHz. The pairing of frequencies
`maintains exactly 45 MHz between an air-
`borne channel and the corresponding
`ground channel. Compatible single-side-
`band carries all voice and data transmis-
`: sions to and from the ground. The 6-kHz-
`, wide communication channel yields a
`f 5-to-1 spectrum advantage over the more
`commonly employed frequency—modula-
`tion technology.
`Scattered throughout the continental
`U.S., Airfone’s ground stations have an
`operating diameter of about 400 mi. The
`system places calls via a ground station
`ahead of the aircraft, thus assuring a con-
`nect time in the range of 20-40 min. Each
`ground station is equipped with a pilot
`transmitter that continuously broadcasts
`a list of the available channels. When an
`
`
`
`
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`
`Airfone, the first public
`dircct—dialing air-to-ground
`telephone service, consists of a
`handset cradle and a cordless
`phone handset.
`
`To sense Doppler accurately, the air-
`borne system needs accurate frequency
`standards, one on the aircraft and one at
`each ground station. This shift will ap-
`proximate
`1 Hz/MHZ/Mach number.
`Thus a commercial jet flying directly to-
`ward a ground station will sense a Dop-
`pler shift of about 400 Hz. The system
`frequency standards must maintain an ac-
`curacy of 30 Hz at 900 MHZ.
`When a passenger dials area code and
`number,
`the airborne computer “code
`converts” credit—card and telephone num-
`bers into an audio frequency-shift keying
`format that is transmitted to the ground
`on one of the available ground station
`channels. When a ground response is re-
`ceived,
`the airborne computer connects
`the handsetivia a crosspoint switch to the
`airborne radio in use. Meanwhile,
`the
`ground computer dials ‘the requested
`number. The airborne passenger
`then
`hears the telephone ring and conversation
`may proceed in a normal fashion. The
`ground computer
`times
`the call and
`records the credit-card number, telephone
`number dialed, and length of call on a
`l0—MB hard disk in the ground computer.
`Once daily the Oak Brook central compu-
`ter “dials up” the ground stations by tele-
`phone and collects billing data on the
`hard disk. The central site sorts the data
`
`and produces billing tapes. Bills are item-
`ized on monthly statements.
`The airborne computer is the brains
`of the system. It consists of two printed-
`circuit cards, each 7 x 12 x ‘/2 in., that do
`the following:
`0 Decode touch-tone, store and con-
`vert to audio frequency-shift keying and,
`conversely, generate touch—tone to com-
`municate with the handset holder.
`
`’ Crosspoint connect any handset to
`any airborne transceiver.
`0 Select ground stations based on
`digital signal strength and Doppler data.
`0 Verify credit card.
`' Generate local dial tone and syn-
`thesized voice.
`
`' Select air—ground channels to be
`used and tune airborne radio to frequency
`by a serial data stream.
`0 Key cordless handset systems on
`and off.
`
`The airborne computer uses a Poly-
`FORTH program, which can be changed
`by up-lineloading from any ground sta-
`tion. The airborne computer will request a
`program update from any ground station
`if its software becomes obsolete.
`
`Both air and ground computers use
`
`aircraft “seizes” a channel to place a call,
`the ground station removes that channel
`from its data stream.
`Airfone now has a total of 310 commu-
`
`nications channels and 10 different pilot-
`transmitter
`frequencies
`are
`currently
`available. Each ground station uses a
`maximum of 31 communications channels
`
`and only one of the pilot frequencies.
`These same frequencies are reused several
`times, by keeping at least 50O—n1i. separa-
`tion between ground stations operating on
`the same pilot frequency. The frequencies
`allocated to Airfone could be used by
`other services. At least 76°70 of the allo-
`
`cated frequency spectrum is available to
`other services anywhere in the US. The
`exact
`frequencies used at
`the Chicago
`ground station, for example, cannot be
`used by another service in Chicago, but
`can be used in Atlanta, Los Angeles, or
`Miami. Ground transceivers always oper-
`ate on fixed frequencies. Aircraft trans-
`ceivers are tuned to match a ground trans-
`ceiver’s frequency under the control of
`the airborne computer.
`Using one of its four transceivers, an
`Airfone-equipped aircraft scans the 10
`pilot frequencies every five minutes and
`selects a ground station for placing the
`next telephone call. If all transceivers are
`tied up, the system waits until one is free
`before making a scan. Because most calls
`take 2-4 min, only rarely has a call been
`lost when an aircraft flies out of range of
`a ground station.
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`Page 5 of 6
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`monitoring and troubleshooting from the
`control center
`in Oak Brook. Typical
`parameters monitored include pilot-
`transmitter power output, all d.c. power-
`supply voltages, and level of all injection
`frequencies used by ground transceivers.
`The alarm system is bidirectional, to the
`extent
`that circuit breakers and the
`ground computer can be reset from the
`central site. Critical hardware items are
`redundant. Failure of the primary pilot
`transmitter causes an immediate switch to
`a backup and sounding of a fault alarm.
`The ground computer manages each
`ground station, keys on the appropriate
`ground transceiver when queried by an
`aircraft, and produces the “handshake”
`signal with the aircraft. It also accepts and
`stores credit—card numbers,
`takes a tele-
`phone line “off the hook,” and dials the
`appropriate telephone number, times the
`call, disconnects the telephone line upon
`receipt of a signal from the aircraft, and
`stores data on the hard disk. In addition
`to billing information, the disk also stores
`the identification number of the aircraft
`making a call, airborne and ground sta-
`tion radio used, and mean signal strength
`during the call.
`The Airfone power budget is deter-
`mined by taking the effective radiated
`power (+ 33 dBm after subtracting all
`combining and coaxial cable losses) then
`subtracting the path loss of -142.5 dB at
`200 mi., yielding a received signal strength
`of —l()9.5 dBm. Allowing another 1.5 dB
`for bandpass filter and coaxial cable loss
`brings the received signal strength to -111
`dBM. Receiver sensitivity is —-1 17 dBm for
`a signal to noise and distrotion ratio of 12
`dB, thus the fade margin is 6 dB.
`Although appearing to be a small
`fade margin, 6 dB could extend the radio
`horizon to over 400 mi.
`if the aircraft
`were able to fly high enough. In the actual
`case,
`the signal-to-noise and distortion
`ratio is simply improved to be better than
`the minimally acceptable l2—dB signal to
`noise and distortion ratio.
`Airfone has not ruled out later use of
`either dedicated or non—dedicated satellite
`relays. The system described here, how-
`ever, will allow up to 1,581 simultaneous
`telephone calls and could be expanded to
`at least twice that number by adding more
`ground stations. For the time being, we
`consider the frequency—reuse plan, cou-
`pled with narrow-band technology, to be
`the most efficient use of spectrum for a
`high grade of telephone service to the fly-
`ing public.
`) d
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`Page 6 of 6
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`the 8088 microprocessor chip. The ground
`computer uses up to four processors
`(linked to an interprocessor bus) depend-
`ing on the number of ground channels in-
`stalled at that site. Airborne computers
`are identical and interchangeable. Each
`has 4KB of erasable programmable read-
`only memory, 64KB of electrically eras-
`able programmable read-only memory
`(containing the operating program), a
`scratch-pad memory of 4KB static ran-
`dom access memory, and some 18,000
`equivalent lines of assembly code.
`Airborne transceivers—all solid-state
`
`and frequency-synthesized——operate on
`any of the 310 communications channels
`under the control of the airborne com-
`
`puter. Each transceiver delivers approx-
`imately 5 W of carrier power. Amplitude
`“compandering”
`(compression/expan-
`sion) improves the audio signal-to-noise
`ratio, particularly at the limit of range
`from a ground station. Transceivers oper-
`ate from a common power supply. A
`common down-converter
`translates the
`944-946—MHz received signal to a first in-
`termediate frequency of 15-17 MHZ to
`feed each airborne transceiver.
`
`Each Airfone—equipped aircraft has
`two small blade antennas. The transmis-
`sion output of two transceivers is com-
`bined and fed to one antenna. The other
`two transceivers feed the second antenna
`
`by transmitter combining and a duplexer.
`The second antenna receives the ground
`station signals.
`The cordless handsets operate full
`duplex on one of eight paired channels in
`the 49- and 1.7-MHZ frequency bands,
`with narrow-band frequency modulation.
`An antenna running the full length of the
`passenger cabin’s ceiling allows very low
`power in both handsets and station base
`transceivers. The eight base station trans-
`ceivers occupy the same aircraft transport .
`rack box as the airborne computer.
`Ground stations differ only in the
`number of transceivers installed and the
`frequency of the pilot transmitter. In the
`event of a primary power outage, each
`ground station incorporates a 24—V bat-
`tery backup that can operate the station
`for about three hours. The batteries con-
`
`stantly “float” on the main d.c. bus,
`which operatesthe entire ground station,
`thus, the batteries also filter any transient
`or
`lightning disturbance that could in
`some way affect the ground computer or
`data—storage disk.
`Each ground station has a fault-
`detection and reporting system that allows
`
`You can now reach
`out and touch
`
`someone from a
`
`commercial airliner
`
`much as you would
`from a limousine,
`train, or ship.
`Dennis
`
`,/~
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`Page 6 of 6